A com-parison between the study groups found no statistically signif-icant diff erences in age, sex, main medical diagnoses, history of intensive care, death of patient, and the reason of insertion of catheter ( Table 1 ). Slightly less than 20% of urine cultures (n = 24; 19.6%) were positive. Th ree cultures (2.4%) were consistent with col-onization, 10 (8.1%) indicated contamination, and 11 (9.1%) indicated CAUTIs. Th ere was no statistically signifi cant group diff erence in the proportion of contaminated or colonized cultures. CAUTIs occurred in 11 patients (9%): 6 patients from the povidone-iodine group (15%); 2 patients (4.8%) in the chlorhexidine gluconate group; and 3 patients (7.5%) in the sterile water group. Th ere were no statistically signifi cant group diff erences in the CAUTI rate ( Table 2 ). Th e CAUTI rate was 11.8 per 1000 urinary catheter-days. We also examined the pathogens found in the 11 urine cul-tures indicating CAUTI. Th ree cultures in the povidone-iodine group grew Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae , 3 in the sterile water group grew Escherichia coli , and 2 in the 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate group grew Candida albicans ( Table 3 ).

Two investigator-developed forms were used for data collec-tion.

Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (version 17.0; SPSS, Chicago, Illinois). Characteristics of the 3 groups were compared using the χ 2 or Fisher exact test. Th e Kruskal-Wallis test was used for contin-uous variables.

Slightly less than 20% of urine cultures (n = 24; 19.6%) were positive. Th ree cultures (2.4%) were consistent with col-onization, 10 (8.1%) indicated contamination, and 11 (9.1%) indicated CAUTIs. Th ere was no statistically signifi cant group diff erence in the proportion of contaminated or colonized cultures. CAUTIs occurred in 11 patients (9%): 6 patients from the povidone-iodine group (15%); 2 patients (4.8%) in the chlorhexidine gluconate group; and 3 patients (7.5%) in the sterile water group. Th ere were no statistically signifi cant group diff erences in the CAUTI rate ( Table 2 ). Th e CAUTI rate was 11.8 per 1000 urinary catheter-days.

We found no statistically signifi cant diff erences in CAUTI oc-currences comparing sterile water, a povidone-iodine solution, and a chlorhexidine gluconate solution for periurethral cleans-ing prior to indwelling catheterization.

Two investigator-developed forms were used for data collec-tion. One documented demographic and pertinent clinical characteristics. Demographic and baseline data included age, history of urinary tract infection, and length of time the cath-eter remained in situ before the specimen was collected. A daily monitoring form was prepared in accordance with the literature; it was used to monitor patient status and signs of clinical infections. 3 , 10 ,

Th e main limitations of our study were

Data collection during the subsequent observation period in-cluded daily care based on procedures described in the CAUTI Prevention Bundle document described previously. Daily moni-toring forms, which included physiologic and physical parameters and catheter-related infections, were completed for all patients.

Th e main limitations of our study were the absence of a power analysis to determine sample size needed to detect clinically relevant diff erences in CAUTI occurrences and the relative-ly small sample size of our study

1. Foxman B . Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbid-ity, and economic costs . Am J Med . 2002 ; 8 ( 113 ): 5-13 . 2. Hu B , Tao L , Rosenthal VD , Liu K , Yun Y , Suo Y , et al. Device-associat-ed infection rates, device use, length of stay, and mortality in intensive care units of 4 Chinese hospitals: International Nosocomial Control Consortium fi ndings . Am J Infect Control. 2013 ; 41 : 301-306 . 3. Webster J , Hood RH , Burridge CA , Doidge ML , Phillips KM , George N . Water or antiseptic for periurethral cleaning before urinary catheterization: a randomized controlled trial . Am J Infect Control’ . 2001 ; 29 : 389-394 . 4. Conway LJ , Larson EL . Guidelines to prevent catheter-associated uri-nary tract infection: 1980 to 2010 . Heart Lung . 2012 ; 41 ( 3 ): 271-283 . 5. Flores-Gonzaleza JC , Hernandez-Gonzaleza A , Rodriguez-Lopeza C , et al. [ Nosocomial urinary tract infection in critical pediatric patients] . Med Intensiva . 2011 ; 35 ( 6 ): 344-348 . 6. Arda B , Ates ̧ K , Bakır M , et al. Uriner kateter infeksiyonlarının önlenme-si kılavuzu . Hastane Infeksiyonları Dergisi. 2012 ; 16 ( 1 ): 1-18 . 7. Aygün P. Katater I.lis ̧ kili Üriner Enfeksiyonların Önlenmesi. Hastane Enfeksiyonları Korunma ve Kontrol . 1.baskı. Istanbul, Turkey : Aksu BasımYayın ; 2008 . 8. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report. Data summary from January 1992-June 2004 . J Am Infect Control . 2004 ; 32 : 470-485 . 9. Rosenthal VD , Maki DG , Mehta Y , et al. International Nosocomial In-fection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 43 coun-tries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module . Am J Infect Control. 2014 ; 42 : 942-956 . 10. Brindha SM , Jayashree M , Singhi S , Taneja N . Study of nosocomial urinary tract infections in a pediatric intensive care unit . J Trop Pediatr . 2011 ;57(5): 357-362 . 11. Ulusal hastane enfeksiyonları sürveyans ag ̆ ı (UHESA) raporu özet veri . Sag ̆ lık Bakanlıg ̆ ı Sag ̆ lık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüg ̆ ü Sag ̆ lık Hizmet Standartları Dairesi Bas ̧ kanlıg ̆ ı. Türkiye Hastane Enfeksiyonları Sür-veyans Sistemi Web site . http://uhes.saglik.gov.tr/public . Published 2013. Accessed January 14, 2015. 12. Cheung K , Leung P , Wong YC , et al. Water versus antiseptic periure-thral cleansing before catheterization among home care patients: a randomized controlled trial . Am J Infect Control . 2008 ; 36 : 375-380 . 13. Wong E , Hooton T . Guidelines for the Prevention of Catheter-Associat-ed Urinary Tract Infections. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections . Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ; 1982 . http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_cathe-ter_assoc.html . Published 2008. Accessed January 16, 2015. 14. Willson M , Wilde M , Webb ML , et al. Nursing interventions to reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection . J Wound Osto-my Continence Nurs. 2009 ; 36 ( 2 ): 137-154 . 15. Jordan S , Pogorzelska M , Larson E , Stone PW . Range of policies for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units. Paper presented at: Association for Professionals in Infec-tion Control and Prevention Annual Educational Conference and Inter-national Meeting ; 2010 ; New Orleans, LA. http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.cul.columbia.edu/science . Accessed February 4, 2015. 16. Gould CV , Umscheid CA , Agarwal RK , Kuntz G , Pegues DA ; Health-care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) . Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009 . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 2010 ; 31 ( 4 ): 319-326 . 17. Al-Farsi S , Oliva M , Davidson R , Richardson SE , Ratnapalan S . Periurethral cleaning prior to urinary catheterization in children: sterile water versus 10% povidone-iodine . Clin Pediatr . 2009 ; 48 ( 6 ): 656-660 . 18. Dossaji S , Çelik Ü , Alhan E , Yıldızdas D , Ünal I . Nozokomiyal enfeksiy-onlariçin enfeksiyon belirteçleri . J. Pediatr Inf. 2008 ; 2 : 12-18 . 19. Leblebicioglu H , Erben N , Rosenthal VD , et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) national report on device-associated infection rates in 19 cities of Turkey, data summary for 2003-2012 . Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2014 ; 13 : 51 . 20. Leblebicioglu H , Rosenthal VD , Arikan OA , et al. Turkish Branch of INICC. Device-associated hospital-acquired infection rates in Turkish intensive care units. Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) . J Hosp Infect. 2007 ; 65 : 251-257 . 21. Ozinel MA , Bakir M , Cek M . Üriner kateter infeksiyonlarının önlenmesi kılavuzu . Hastane Infeksiyonları Dergisi. 2004 ; 8 ( 1 ): 3-12 .

Th e study setting was a PICU of a university hospital in Is-tanbul, Turkey;

A com-parison between the study groups found no statistically signif-icant diff erences in age, sex, main medical diagnoses, history of intensive care, death of patient, and the reason of insertion of catheter ( Table 1 ).

2 Critically ill children are especially vulnerable to hospital-acquired infections associated with indwelling devices such as urinary catheters. 1-3 Catheter-as-sociated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) in the intensive care unit (ICU) are among the most common of all hospital infec-tions and are an important cause of morbidity in patients in ICUs. 1-

Despite ongoing debates about the use of additional antiseptic solutions, some recommend the use of 0.1% to 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solution. 3 , 1

Randomization was maintained using a Web-based program: http://www1.assumption.edu/users/avadum/applets/RandAssign/Group-Gen.html .

10% povidone-io-dine solution, 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solution, and sterile water

Th e effi cacy of periurethral cleansing using a 10% povidone-io-dine solution, 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solution, and sterile water was evaluated via a randomized controlled trial.

Th e purpose of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of periurethral cleaning with 10% povidone-iodine, 0.05% ch-lorhexidine gluconate, or sterile water on CAUTI occurrences in critically ill children. A secondary aim was to identify the pathogenic species resulting in CAUTIs.

Th e fi nal sample comprised 122 critically ill children who used an indwelling catheter for 48 hours or longer.

Th e study setting was a PICU of a university hospital in Is-tanbul, Turkey;

The WAVES study is a large childhood obesity prevention trial within a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse population, with sufficient sample size to assess the primary outcome.

At 15 months the mean BMI z score was non-significantly lower in the intervention arm compared with control arm:

a two sided α of 0.05,

Sample size was based on the primary outcome (BMI z score), t

primary outcome for clinical effectiveness specified in our analysis plan and trial protocol was the difference in BMI z scores

aged 5 and 6 years) pupils

Primary schools in the West Midlands, UK,

This intervention comprised activities within two broad aims: increasing children’s physical activity levels through school and home and supporting the development of health behaviour skills in families through activity based learning.9

body mass index (BMI) z scores at 15 and 30 months after baseline measurements (3 and 18 months post-intervention completion).

This was a school based, cluster randomised, controlled trial e

We report the results of the West Midlands ActiVe lifestyle and healthy Eating in School children (WAVES) study; a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating an intervention that aims to prevent excess weight in primary school children.

a sample size large enough to detect clinically significant differences in adiposity;

In the UK around a quarter of children have excess weight at school entry (age 4 or 5 years).4

Evaluation of the built environment in three differentdomains showed that the physical activity environment wasthe most strongly associated with BMI in schoolchildrenenrolled at schools of Florianópolis

The primary limitation of the study is its cross-sectionaldesign, meaning that additional evidence is needed

Previous studies10–12,39 found that low-income children aremore susceptible to the effects of the built environm

Overweight/obese children who use parks/playgrounds hadlower mean BMI than those who do not use parks/play-grounds (P <0.001).

Coefficients and their respective 95% confidence intervals,estimated by univariate linear regression analysis, were usedto analyze factors associated with the outcome BMI.Exposure variables with P-values ≤0.25 f

Dietary data were obtained using another survey, the thirdversion of the ‘Questionário Alimentar do Dia Anterior’(Quada-3), which is a qualitative, illustrated questionnairefor evaluating children’s food consumption on the previousday.

Data on use of facilities were categor-ized post hoc as follows: uses (grouping weekly and fortnightly)or does not use (combining never used, used rarely, and usedmonthly).

Weight and height were objectively measured by trainedanthropometrists

The sample was selected byclusters, according to the number of students enrolled ineach school.

sample (2506schoolchildren)

In this investigation, a cross-sectional analysis with the whole probabilistic sample (2506schoolchildren) was performed.

in schoolchil-dren aged 7–14 years living in Florianópolis

The aim of this article was to evaluate associationsbetween BMI and use of and distance from subjects’homesof elements of the food and physical activity environmentsand use of the social assistance environment, in schoolchil-dren aged 7–14 years living in Florianópolis (South Brazil),stratified by their families’monthly incomes.

First, although each ASP school agreed to implement 30-minutes of daily PE, compliance to this regimen was not monitored and thus program fidelity is unknown.

The weakest outcome effect was change in BMI percentile, which was not significant in the full sample (p = .06), but was significant in the female subsample (p < .05) and at-risk female subsample (p < .05).

The intervention group demonstrated significant improvement on BMI percentile,

Participants in this investigation included students from intervention (9,722 students) and control (4,881 students) middle schools spanning the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

The mean percentages of intervention students who were at-risk (37.7%) at pre-assessment were not significantly different from control students (37.0%) at pre-assessment (p = .48).

a one-sample t test was performed on each outcome measure. All tests of statistical significance used p = .05

The mile run was a timed test. The curl-up test required students to perform as many curl-ups as possible in one minute. The push-up test required students to execute push-ups using proper form until failure.

body mass index [BMI

Height and weight were measured by a school nurse using PADoH protocols.14 Physical fitness was measured using three physical fitness tests, including, one-mile run, curl-ups, and push-ups.

An evaluation of the ASP was conducted to determine the effects of 30-minutes of daily PE on weight status and physical fitness, and to make comparison to control schools (non-daily PE).

The control schools (N=9) were selected in 2010 using similar selection criteria to allow for a comparison of physical fitness and weight status outcomes between intervention and control groups

intervention schools (N=30) were competitively selected to participate in the ASP

quasi-experimental design was used t

Restrictions on Smile and Healthy Growth dataset use prohibited us from 1) linking the child-level obesity data to any school-level variables or 2) restricting the dataset in other ways (e.g., rural or FDSW districts only) to test the sensitivity of the obesity results to different control groups.

At both time points, FDSW schools spent a significantly greater amount of time administering PE, both as an absolute measure (120 versus 101 minutes/week in four- versus five-day schools in 2017–2018, p<0.01) and relative to total time-in-school

No significant differences in obesity prevalence were observed between children attending four- versus five-day schools (BMI z-scores of 0.536 versus 0.548 for four- versus five-day, respectively) (Table 2). BMI z-scores were significantly higher for FRL eligible children compared to non-eligible children in five-day schools (p<0.001) and were significantly higher for non-eligible children in four-day schools compared to non-eligible children in five-day schools (p=0.024).

For the obesity data, we conducted sample weighted t-tests clustered at the school-level to compare mean BMI z-scores and percentiles across four- and five-day schools.

Given the random sampling strategy

four- versus five-day weeks

we conducted t-tests to compare mean demographic and time-in-school factors across four-day and five-day schools;

Schools were eligible to participate if at least 15 children attended 3rd grade during the previous year. Eligible schools were stratified by Oregon Public Health Division planning regions and then ordered by rates of FRL eligibility.

height and weight were collected by trained study personnel and converted to body mass index (BMI) percentiles and z-scores using age- and sex-specific criteria

total analytic sample included 76 schools

four- and five-day schools in Oregon.

unique longitudinal FDSW database

This study aimed to compare PE exposure and child obesity along with other school-level factors (e.g., enrollment, instructional minutes, demographics) between four- and five-day schools in Oregon, which is among the states with the most FDSW districts.8 We hypothesized obesity would be higher and PE exposure would be lower in four- compared to five-day schools given the reduced exposure to the school environment.

Limitations of the study include the restriction in the choice of schools and discrepancy in participants between the intervention and control groups in order to meet the requirements of two PE lessons weekly delivered by PE teachers.

The BMI z-score decreased in both the control and intervention groups. However, whereas in the control group, the BMI z-score decrease (0.021) was not significant (p = 0.308), the 0.090 decrease in the intervention group was (p = 0.007). Furthermore, there was a reduction in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the intervention group.

The intervention group reached a mean of 60.43% of lesson portion in MVPA, in contrast with 39.06% achieved with the national PE curriculum.

Overweight and obesity prevalence in the intervention group decreased by 15.7% vs 3.2% in the control group.

The Shapiro–Wilk’s test was used to check for normality of variables and Independent samples test/Mann Whitney test was used to compare mean scores between the two groups, whereas the paired samples t-test/Wilcoxon Signed ranks test was used to compare means before and after the intervention. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the main effects. Interaction analysis was performed to jointly evaluate the effects of gender on various health parameters.

The current PE curriculum for state primary schools in Malta focuses mainly on skill acquisition of different basic activities, including athletics, educational dance, gymnastics, fundamentals, game activities, outdoor activities and swimming

randomly assigned

Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) PE education program, which is an evidence-based PE curriculum specifically created to achieve a percentage MVPA of more than 50% of the PE lesson (Lonsdale et al. 2013Lonsdale C, Rosenkranz RR, Peralta LR, Bennie A, Fahey P, Lubans DR. 2013. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Prev Med. 56(2):152–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.004. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]).

Two of the three schools were randomly assigned to the intervention group in which specialist PE teachers implemented the SPARK PE 3-6 curriculum, whereas specialist PE teachers in the control school provided students with the standard national PE curriculum.

All three schools provided the same amount of PE lessons both in frequency (twice a week) and duration (45 minutes).

time-series, control group study design

three randomly selected state primary schools in Grade 5 level from the same regional college district

children aged 9-to-10–years

Malta