Comparisons of the Date of First Contact, Date of Earliest Sustained Interaction, and Date of Earliest Record ofDepopulation from Disease for 11 Populations Used in this Stu

s could have resulted from smallpox movingfaster across space compared to other diseases

able 1 . List of the Earliest Accounts of Disease-Related Depopulation among a Native American Population Used in thisStudy. Those with Reliable Information on the Type of Disease Are Listed

sumption of decreasing virulence with time is a double-edged sword in NativeAmerican disease history. Recent Native Americans have extreme susceptibility to oftenacute infections such as influenza and tuberculosis (Indian Health Service 1999; Koenig1921; Matthews 1886). Although, as detailed later in this paper, many factors, includingsocio-economic conditions, diet, and other concurrent infections, could be contributing tothis incidence, these factors seem to pale by comparison with disease history. Essentially,current incidence rates account for the absence of crowd infections prior to Columbus andabsence explains the present incidence rate

se diseases, once introduced, severelywinnowed Native American populations.

Since the mid-twentieth century it has been widely accepted that Old World populationsintroduced infectious diseases to Native Americans beginning with the Columbianvoyages of AD 149

People of all cultures utilize symbolism found in their various religions and spiritual practices to cope with health problems. NA healing ceremonies rely heavily on a combination of traditional and Christian religious symbols, icons, and ritualistic objects. These symbols cue bio-psycho-social-spiritual healing responses by restoring the harmony necessary for health. Symbolism, whether associated with ceremonies or church services, can be incorporated into their treatment plan to create a powerful healing synergy.

NA ceremonies involve the patient, the family, and the community in the healing process. Ceremonial gatherings may last for days or weeks; the more people that are present, the greater the healing energy. Through their participation in songs, prayer, music, and dance, the family and community contribute healing energy to the patient.

Native diets, ceremonies that greet the seasons and the harvests, and the use of native plants for healing purposes have been used to live to promote health by living in harmony with the earth

Native Americans in Arizona run each day to greet the dawn, a practice that not only conditions their bodies but also nourishes their spiritual wellbeing. Stories and legends are used to teach positive behaviors as well as the consequences of failing to observe the laws of nature. Herbs, manipulative therapies, ceremonies, and prayer are used in various combinations to prevent and treat illness.1

apply feedback

ake ownership of both the feedback and the revision process

e understand that no matter how much time you spend in the field of writing, and how much experience you have as a writer, that never takes away that sense of vulnerability or that sense of…you know, putting yourself out there when you put ideas on a page and give them to somebody else to get feedback

best way to ask questions really depends on your context

any sort of feedback that you’re getting is really just to help you improve your writing

don’t take it personally

he way that you receive writing or who you receive writing from can really vary, depending on your context.

Check it for binary thinking2. Review the relationship between your evidence/reasons and claims

It is best to address challenges to your argument once you have taken the time to develop yourargument and offer evidence for your claims

So What

Instead of promoting the development of the idea, the five-paragraph essay formatpromotes the repetition of it

In the five-paragraph format, each point gets repeated (but not developed!) several times.

Notice how Nick refers to specific choices the writer had made

Students placed greater value in professors’ feedback vs. peers’, usu-ally ignoring peer

“Good opening,” he would write, then next to eachparagraph, “Give examples,” and at the bottom, “I like the ending, butmaybe expand.” I began to realize all his comments were the same, and astudent who was in his group

The most important element of any map isthat it allows you to see how different elements of a text (e.g. its argument, evidence, characters) arerelated and structured.

three specific types ofappeals

When reading rhetorically, there are at least four rhetorical elements to which you should payattention by asking yourself the following questions about purpose, audience, claims, evidence, andappeals

The first paragraph introduces while the second describes and argues.

Itasks you to notice what the text says—its content—and what the text does—how it functions.

As you skim, you may want to annotate a piece by noticingthe elements in the following list

That heading, “Laundry,” acts as a schema that allows you to understand the para-graphs.

Is it an informational text or a literary text?

Your written annotations will show you what you were thinking and how you wereconstructing meaning as you were applying each strategy

As you practice each strategy, you also need to reflect on it, to think about it.

Highlighting draws your attention to what you deem to be the important parts of a reading. High-lighting can help you recall those moments and the information presented in them. On the otherhand, annotating encourages you to mark additional elements of the text—those beyond just “theimportant parts.”

To annotate is exactly that—it’s when you make notes on a text

as a col-lege-level reader and writer it is important that you become a visible and active part of your writing,just as you are expected to be an active reader.

Academic discourse is not as casual as everydayspeaking and writing, but strives to be more formal, complex, and precise.