which makes it very strong and resistant to stretching
Maybe we note that the parallel fibers provide good tensile (straight-line) strength, not very good shear (perpendicular) strength, leading to tears when perpendicular forces are applied as in many knee injuries.
diffuse across during gas exchange
A useful analogy here might be that simple squamous epithelium is similar to a screen door, letting smaller substances through but not larger ones. I then explain that we find this tissue in areas that we need exchange to occur.
The sloughing off of dead cells
Maybe a note that the deepest layer of the tissue is the only one that divides, and as cells get pushed closer to the surface they flatten out and die.
it doesn’t have a blood supply
Maybe add that this contributes to its role as a barrier, preventing infectious material from directly entering the bloodstream from the environment.
.
Do we want to mention a very brief overview of meiosis and the reasons we need it here for those students who will not move on the Advanced A&P?
.
I like to point out that Telophase effectively undoes Prophase, so that if we know what happens in Prophase we can predict what happens in Telophase (the opposite).
.
We may also mention here that this is when the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.
use of energy
I would suggest altering to say "use of cellular energy"
In other words, water moves from a dilute or watery environment towards a concentrated (“saltier”) environment, commonly referred to as “water follows salt.”
I like to point out here that this still fits the definition of passive transport because the substance that is moving (in this case, water) is moving down ITS concentration gradient.
. T
I would reemphasize here that substances move until they achieve equilibrium. This is going to set us up better for the external respiration conversation and the problems with breathing at altitude, for example.
Passive transport is the movement of substances across the membrane without the use of energy. For example, when riding a bike down a hill, no energy is needed to move the bike. You can coast down the hill without pedaling the bike. This is similar to passive transport of substances across the membrane. No input of energy is required to move the substance across the membrane. Active transport is the movement of substances across the membrane using an energy molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). For example, riding a bike uphill requires energy. You have to pedal the bike to get up the hill. This is similar to active transport of substances across the membrane. Energy is also required to move the substance across the membrane.
I much prefer to define passive transport as using energy from the environment (repulsion of like charges, for example) while active transport requires the cell to provide the energy needed for movement. If we say passive transport does not require energy, students wonder why they are moving at all. If we use environmental energy that more naturally leads to a conversation about equilibrium and how particles with like charges establish a maximum distance from each other. It also sets up the conversation for moving up or down concentration gradients.
form genes
We define what genes are made of, but never discuss their role in the body. Some reference to genes being the instructions for forming proteins is probably warranted.
The unique sequence for every protein is ultimately determined by the gene that encodes the protein.
We haven't introduced genes or their role in the body yet, so this may be a very confusing sentence. Maybe put the nucleic acid conversation before the protein conversation in this chapter in order to help define this concept before it is applied?
using protein for energy causes tissue breakdown and results in body wasting
I'm afraid that students may misinterpret this to mean that using dietary protein for energy causes body wasting. Maybe some reference to starvation, etc. to make this clearer?
hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Have we defined these terms?
y. A
A comparison of the relative energy content of fats vs carbohydrates (kcal/g) may be useful here.
r g
Nitpicky, but maybe say "blood glucose levels" instead of just glucose levels for better tie-in to future blood glucose regulation conversations.
.
A sentence here about how forming compounds changes how these substances interact with the body may be useful here. An example to potentially include could be that elemental sodium explodes when exposed to water, but when combined with chloride it becomes table salt and is critical to the functioning of the nervous system. There is a lot of misinformation out there claiming that some substances are dangerous to the body in all forms when they are demonstrably perfectly safe in compounded forms.
nine regions
We are getting feedback that some GAP students struggle to identify organ location as they move on to future courses. Identifying major organs/structures in each abdominopelvic region may be a wise investment of our time here.
back
Stating that dorsal means toward the spine side may help to differentiate "dorsal" from "posterior."
Toward the side
"Away from the midline" might be clearer here?
with the palms facing forward
I like to point out that palms forward allows radius and ulna to be seen distinctly instead of being partially superimposed as a way to help them remember which direction the palms should be facing.
A temperature of 102.5° F is a disruption of that homeostasis, and the body will work to restore the temperature back to the normal temperature of 98.6° F.
I feel that this statement may cause confusion when discussing fevers. A temperature of 102.5 from exercise or exposure to a warm environment would be a disruption of homeostasis. A fever of 102.5 due to illness does not constitute a disruption of homeostasis, rather a resetting of the set point. In this case, the body will not try to restore a temperature of 98.6F, but will maintain the higher temperature. More info on this discussion here:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/209609
I would maybe add the phrase "due to external sources" or some other qualifier so that students don't later become confused about the relationship between homeostasis and fever.