potential for self-selection biasamong exhibit attendees

survey respon-dents indicated they were more likely toconsider and prefer the sponsor’s auto-mobiles after experiencing the event andexhibits, the sponsor should be able toleverage the sponsorship over time

experience with sponsor’sproducts during an event may have aneven greater influence on spectators’ atti-tude and vehicle preference than associa-tion with a cause, naming rights, signage,and other event-related communications

One-fourth (25.0 percent) of those who hadnotexperienced the automotive exhibits indi-cated that their first choice of vehicle wouldbe one of the sponsor’s vehicles, com-pared with more than half (55.7 percent)of those who had experienced the spon-sor’s exhibits

the data were splitbased on respondents’ experience withthe title sponsor’s exhibits.T-tests wereperformed

................................................................................Male 344 64.5...................................................

19–33 131 24.7....................................................................................34–40 127 23.9....................................................................................41–50 139 26.2....................................................................................51 and older 134 25.2....................................................

Nearly one-third (32.9 percent) had an-nual incomes greater than $75,000

average age of re-spondents was 42.2 years, with a minimumage of 19 and maximum age of 97

In the current study,the sponsor’s promotional activities willbe examined and effectiveness will beevaluated using (a) spectators’ experi-ence with sponsor exhibits, (b) attitudestoward the sponsor and its products, and(c) likelihood of considering the spon-sor’s products for a future vehiclepurchase.

P]aying a sponsorship fee to have [a] company’s name. . . associated with an event does not guarantee thatcustomers will recognize the sponsorship, let alone pos-itively alter their attitudes or behavior.

football cul-ture,

indicating that she was sexually active

symbolicannihilation”

ead body” (

what’s a good reason not to do this?

There really is nothing worse boyscan be called than like a girl.

And then we talk about wanting men to be morenurturing fathers to their children.

unhealthy for any child who isgender-nonconforming or who will not grow up to fulfill traditionalheterosexual gender roles.

This assumes that promiscuity is a male trait,

egemony of white cultural domination

denounced the stereotype of having a large penis

repeatedly referring to him as “the Russian

traditional female and male roles of breadwinner are reversed here

this way, the woman becomes nothing more than the commodities she wears and owns.

they can only choose whether or not to watch

desire serves as the driving force of the narrative

dictato

The hegemon represents its own narrownational interests

hegemonic instability

moderates disputes

economic growth

keepsthe peace

Because the current international system built around U.S.hegemony thus contains both elements of coercion andconsent, over time it could evolve in either the direction ofan expanded informal empire or a more democratic, peacefulworld order.

relatively free

friendlyrelations

strongest military in the world

civilsociety can also be a public sphere of political struggle and contestation over ideas and norms.

‘manufacture of consent’ (

workers accepting crumbs that fall off the table (or indeed are handed out tokeep them quiet) rather than claiming a rightful place at the table.

One potential answer is that White students might have perceived me as challenging their White privilege.

Students of color were much more open to discussing issues of race with me, while White students were what can best be described at reticent.

recipients may not have the knowledge and beliefs needed to challenge thediscourses or information they are exposed to (Wodak 1987)

First, recipients tend to accept beliefs, knowledge, and opinions (unless they areinconsistent with their personal beliefs and experiences) through discourse from whatthey see as authoritative

In many situations, volume may be controlled and speakers ordered to"keep their voice down" or to "keep quiet," women may be "silenced" in many ways(Houston and Kramarae 1991)

we may examine how powerful speakersmay abuse their power in such situations, e.g. when police officers use force to get aconfession from a suspect (Linell and Jonsson 1991), or when male editors excludewomen from writing economic news (van Zoonen 1994).

Similarly, not all members of a powerfulgroup are always more powerful than all members of dominated groups: power isonly defined here for groups as a whole

The power of dominant groups may be integrated in laws, rules, norms, habits,and even a quite general consensus, and thus take the form of what Gramsci called"hegemony" (Gramsci 1971). Class domination, sexism, and racism are characteristicexamples of such hegemony.

the coercive power of the military and of violentmen will rather be based on force, the rich will have power because of their money

power if they are able to (more or less) control the acts and minds of(members of) other groups. This ability presupposes a power base of privileged accessto scarce social resources, such as force, money, status, fame, knowledge, informa-tion, "culture," or indeed various forms of public discourse and communication

a racist speech in parliament is a discourse at the microlevel of socialinteraction in the specific situation of a debate, but at the same time may enact or bea constituent part of legislation or the reproduction of racism at the macrolevel

roleofcorporations,questionsoverwhatvaluesaredrivingthedecisions,andissueswiththemechanismsofaccountability

Althougheditorialcontrolofinformationaccessisnotnew,thenotionthatanalgorithmmightbeprovidingtheeditorialroleofcurationandfilteringorpersonalizingcontentbothersmanywhoareseekinganidealizedpublicsphere.

Manyplatforms,particularlythosethatnowserveassignificantsourcesofnewsandinformation(Facebook,Google,etc.),developsystemsthatvaluecontentbasedonwhetheranindividualismorelikelytobeinterestedinthatcontent,basedonthatuser’spriorinteractionwiththeplatformaswellastheactionsofotherusersinthenetwork.

ThehopeofmanythattheInternetwouldprovideaplatformforformerlymarginalizedvoices,particularlythosechallenginginstitutionalpowerstructures,iscomplicatedbythefactthatindividuals’accessisincreasinglymediatedbycompaniesdeployingalgorithmsthatimpactwhatcontentisseenandbywhom.

OneofthemorepersistentmythsabouttheInternetisthatitwouldbethisgreatdemocratizingforce:allpeople—whohaveaccess—wouldbeabletoparticipateinpublicsphere(s)enabledbytechnology.Thisassumptionhassincebeencalledintoquestion.AsMatthewHindmanargues,whilepreviousgatekeepingbarriersmayhavebeenalteredbytheInternet,concentrationsofpowershifted“fromtheproductiontothefiltering”ofinformation.

theearlydaysoftheInternetwerefilledwiththepromiseofbreakingdowntheseimpedimentstoadiverseandrepresentativemediaenvironment.Intheory,anyonewithaccesstotheInternetcouldstartablog,andspreadinformationonsocialmedia.Thetraditionalmaterialmeansofcreatinganddisseminatingnews—accesstoairwaves,cameraequipment.—werenolongeraprerequisite

Atthecenterofthesetensionsisadebateaboutwhatrolethemediashouldbeplayingindemocracies–asaspacetoinformonepublicunifiedbyacommonsetofissues,ortosupporttheemergenceofmultiplepublicsthatmayotherwisebemarginalizedbytheconstructionofasingular,commonsetofconcerns.

AscontentontheInternetflourishedandweenteredtheeraof“bigdata”,algorithmstookonaseeminglynatural,needed“managerial”roleofsortingandfilteringcontenttogivepeople“whattheywant.”Criticsoftenarguethatthisdynamicisuniqueandunprecedented,butmanyoftheissuesthatemergeresembleearlierconcerns.

AlthoughthepotentialforadecentralizedInternetisstillgalvanizingforInternetactivists,mostpeople’sexperiencewiththeInternetisfarfromwhatadvocatesidealize

Theseconceptsareoftenreferencedinrelationtotheemergenceofalgorithmicmedia,callingintoquestionwhetherprevioustheoriesaboutgatekeepingandethicsapplytodata-drivenmodels,ortotheinstitutionsthatdeploythem

And despite all of the hype and hoopla about new technologies disrupting old models of education, we see this fixation on knowledge acquisition becoming hard-coded into our practices in the latest ed-tech software — software that now promises to make the process more “personalized” and more efficient.

how I think about integrating it into my own work on a daily basis

Also, if you want your tweet to be shared by others, you need to leave at least 20 characters free so that subsequent retweets are not cut off.

When I tweet, I try to include three things in each tweet: a short statement, a link, and a hashtag. For example, let’s say you found a great online journal you wanted to share. Your tweet might look like this:

I use Twitter almost exclusively as a professional communication tool.

 Professional Learning Networks (PLNs). You may not realize it, but you already have a personal learning network. You might have some buddies from college that you bounce ideas off, or turn to when you are stuck.

I show them what I know, share how I think it’s valuable, and ask them how they might use it. I ask them if they use it already, and when I make a mistake, I ask them for suggestions.

But what happens when we engage in a kind of thinking that is still more sophisticated, when we must hold in our minds many units of information and their relationships, as we must when we are creating, say, a sonnet or a philosophical argument? We look for a pencil and paper. We simply cannot engage in such inquiries in our heads or talk them through out loud. If we try to do so, we find ourselves getting muddled and saying things like "Now where was I?"

Until writing, most kinds of thoughts we are used to thinking today simply could not be thought

the activity of writing is a powerful means to self-realization

But if you're trying to make money? Then multiples can be a real problem. Because in that case you're trying to stake a claim to ownership, to being the first to think of something. Learning that other people have the same idea can be anything from annoying to terrifying.

When you can resolve multiples and connect people with similar obsessions, the opposite happens. People who are talking and writ-ing and working on the same thing often find one another, trade ideas, and collaborate.

he Internet is a connection-making machine. And making connections is a big deal in the history of thought-and its future. That's because of a curious fact: If you look at the world's biggest breakthrough ideas, they often occur simultaneously to different people.