land
Treaty with the Sioux—Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee—and Arapaho, April 29, 1868, 15 Stat. 635.
land
Treaty with the Sioux—Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee—and Arapaho, April 29, 1868, 15 Stat. 635.
compact
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Record of Decision: Colorado River Interim Guidelines for Lower Basin Shortages and the Coordinated Operations for Lake Powell and Lake Mead (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, December 2007).
good
Rob Nixon, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).
overturned
Arizona v. Navajo Nation, 599 U.S. 555 (2023).
infrastructure
Allyson Frantz, Cara Steinberg, and Jolijn Battaglia. “Indigenous Inclusion in Water Resource Governance and Legislation of the Upper Colorado River Basin,” Journal of Science Policy & Governance 25, no. 1 (October 28, 2024): –, https://doi.org/10.38126/JSPG250108.
projects
U.S. Public Law 90‑537, “Colorado River Basin Project Act,” 90th Cong., enacted September 30, 1968, 82 Stat. 885.
year
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Glen Canyon Dam and Powerplant Operations: Final Environmental Impact Statement (Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1995).
river
Zuni Tribe, “Comments on the LTEMP for Glen Canyon Dam.”
~50%
U.S. Geological Survey, Grand Canyon Humpback Chub Population Improving, Fact Sheet 2007–3113 (Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, December 2007), https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3113/pdf/fs2007-3113.pdf.
nations
U.S. Geological Survey and Bureau of Reclamation, “Groundwater Flow to Colorado River May Decline by a Third over Next 30 Years,” USGS State News Release, October 28, 2021.
rights
Water & Tribes Initiative. The Status of Tribal Water Rights in the Colorado River Basin. Policy Brief No. 4. April 2021. Accessed August 18, 2025. https://naturalresourcespolicy.org/publications/policy-brief-4-final-4.9.21-.pdf.
irrigated
Arizona v. California, 373 U.S. 546 (1963).
aqueduct
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, About Us, accessed August 17, 2025, https://www.usbr.gov/.
tribes
Colorado River Compact, November 24, 1922, 70 Cong. Rec. 324 (1928), https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g1000/pdfiles/crcompct.pdf, 2.
reservations
Winters v. United States, 207 U.S. 564 (1908), https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/207/564/.
requirements
Daniel Butt, Colonialism and Postcolonialism (2013), 2.
growth
Andrew Curley, “Unsettling Indian Water Settlements: The Little Colorado River, the San Juan River, and Colonial Enclosures,” Antipode 51, no. 3 (2019): 3.
categories
Chris Shuey, Summary of the Literature on Uranium Mining’s Health Effects on Navajo Miners (Albuquerque: Southwest Research and Information Center, for Nuclear Information and Resource Service, 2014), 4, https://www.nirs.org/wp-content/uploads/climate/background/shueyuraniummininghealthliteraturesummaryexhibitc12114.pdf.
arsenic
Kristina Marusic, “Decades-old Oil Wells Leak Toxic Water across the Navajo Nation,” Environmental Health News, July 25, 2025,
23x
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profile for Uranium (Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 2013), 317–318.
day
Sarah M. Kelly, “COVID-19 in the Navajo Nation Without Access to Running Water: Protecting Public Health During a Global Pandemic,” Voices in Bioethics, June 1, 2020, https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/bioethics/article/view/7889.