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genes with TE's in 5' and 3' ends experience increase in gene expression in tissues
83 Matching Annotations
- Dec 2025
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explains TE's
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transposable elements
mobile DNA sequences that can move to different positions within a genome
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says speciation is mainly due to expression
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explains why there are so many species
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neo- or subfunctionalization
Neofunctionalization is when a duplicated gene evolves a new function after duplication, while subfunctionalization is when the two gene copies divide the original function between them
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taxa
a scientific classification group of organisms, from the species level up to a kingdom
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background of gene duplication discovery
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lists genes responsible for differences
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evolution of jaw morphology is higher in haplochromine fish
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talks about what causes the differences
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nonsynonymous/synonym-ous nucleotide substitution
A nonsynonymous substitution changes the amino acid sequence of a protein, while a synonymous substitution does not
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ontology
a set of concepts and categories in a subject area or domain that shows their properties and the relations between them.
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concatenated
link (things) together in a chain or series
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background of radiation
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main radiation differences is because of phenotype
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explains differences between species
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background of radiation
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adaptive radiation,
the rapid diversification of a single ancestral species into a multitude of new species that are adapted to different ecological niches, often triggered by new resources, empty habitats, or key adaptations
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- Nov 2025
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on. Proteins an-alyzed by electrophoresis, sequencing,or microcomplement fixation tech-niques, on the other hand, all havedefinite cellular functions and maytherefore have been conserved to agreater extent during ev
these differences are more accurate and relevant to the study
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First, more changes may appear inDNA than in proteins because of theredundancy of the code
class concept DNA redundancy
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8.
summary: explains equation and how electrophoresis is helpful and shows probability of allele differences
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showing probability of amino acid sequence differences
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1
summary: explains how they did the electrophoresis
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bl
summary: explains how they detected the proteins
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a
summary: used a thing to detect the characteristics of proteins to then determine how identical they are
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n
summary: differences in sequencing
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l fibrinopep
peptides that are released from fibrinogen by the enzyme thrombin during blood clotting
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e
summary: discusses techniques to do the study
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s microcomplementfixatio
a sensitive serologic technique used to detect and quantify changes in macromolecules, like proteins and DNA, by measuring how effectively an antigen-antibody reaction binds complement
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summary: explains that genes are so similar it could not be the reason humans and chimpanzees are so different, it must be something else like expression
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o. By 1963, it appearedthat some of the blood proteins ofhumans were virtually identical inamino acid sequence with those ofapes such as the chimpanzee or go
really interesting, is it because the blood serves a very similar function and therefor didnt need to change throughout evolution?
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s
summary: the result of this article shows the distance is too small for how much difference there uis
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ve
Summary: context for study
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a
summary: context of previous science done
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by electroph
the movement of charged molecules like DNA, RNA, or proteins through a fluid or gel under the influence of an electric field
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The different doses of Ac together with thechanged states of Ac control the time of occurrence of these mutations.The changes in time of occurrence of visible mutations are thus reflectionsof changes in dosage or changes in state of Ac.
imp
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It isbelieved that this action produces a stickiness
Causes the reason for the breakage
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The dosage action of Ac may be studied in the diploid plant or in thetriploid endosperm tissue of the kernels. When marked dosage effectsare produced by a particular state of Ac, they are registered alike in boththe plant and the endosperm tissues; the higher the dose of Ac, the moredelayed is the time of occurrence of mutations at the A c-controlled mutableloci. Ac determines, therefore, not only the mutation process at thesemuta
shows gene expression
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if it is con-sidered that the alterations in the quantity or structure of heterochromatieelements during this cycle were primarily responsible for the initial ap-pearance of these mutable loci. This report has shown that, once suchloci arise, other mutable loci arise through transposition of the inhibitingchromatin substances to other loci which in turn become mutable.
imp
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The study of the behavior of Dsin its several states makes it possible to reinterpret the variegation patternsin Drosophila, which in some cases appear to be associated with loss ofsegments of chromosomes and in other cases appear to be associated withchanges in the degree of action of the genes involved.
imp
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Again, as in Ds, changes in state mayoccur at the Ac locus These changes in state are of two main types:either changes that resemble the known effects produced by differentdoses of the Ac locus from which it was derived, or changes that result ina decidedly altered time of action and dosage response of Ac.
inhibition mutation
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talkes about what happens during mutation and they think it is due to stickiness
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summary: says recombination is what is causing the mutation
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A locus was found inthe short arm of chromosome 9 at which breaks were occurring in somaticcells.
recombination
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- Oct 2025
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summary: talking about the paper
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summary: talking about the different types of mutations that are possible in the locus
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summary: explains how they know that it was chromosome 9 causing the mutation and that the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle has something to do with it
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summary: talks about where the mutation occurred in the chromosome and how many different fusions in each chromosome caused the mutation
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pachytene
the third stage of the prophase of meiosis during which the paired chromosomes shorten and thicken, the two chromatids of each separate, and exchange of segments between chromatids may occur.
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heterochromatic knob
a dense region of heterochromatin ( a very dense region of DNA that is less accessible to transcription factors)
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summary: the variegation that occurs is common in many other living things
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summary: want to find a mutation that occurs more frequently in experiment in maize and has also been seen in drosophila
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mosaicism,
the presence of two or more cell lines with different genetic makeup within a single organism, resulting from an error in cell division after fertilization
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- Feb 2025
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"TTX was found to be effective in mitigating ischemic damages by occlusion of vessels in rat hippocampus" can be translated into: TTX can help in preventing lack of blood due to a blockage in the rats brain.
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"One possible application is as a neuroprotective drug in the treatment on ischemic damage of the brain" this is translated into: TTX can be used to protect brain cells and make sure there isn't a lack of blood in the brain.
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how did they come up with the hypothesis on TTX being able to be used for therapeutic applications?
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how did they measure the affect in the rars hippocampus?
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Ischemic damage is relevant to our class because if there isnt a lot of blood flow to the lungs your body could experience lack of oxygen
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the sodium channel is relevant to class as it has an important role in the membrane potential
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glutamatergic: anything related to glutamate, an amino acid and neurotransmitter in the brain
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neurotransmitter: endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body
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depolarization: a process that occurs when a cell's internal charge becomes less negative, or more positive, relative to the outside of the cell
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peri-infarct: an area of heterogenous myocardial scar containing fibrotic tissue intermingled with viable cardiomyocytes hypothesized to act as an arrhythmogenic substrate
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infarction: obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.
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ischemic: a less-than-normal amount of blood flow to part of your body
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- Jan 2025
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Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the neural systemsthrough which GLP-1 and long-acting GLP-1 analogs reduce food intake and bodyweigh
how did they figure out it does this?
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Arelatively low dose of peripheral liraglutide (25 g/kg) reducedfood intake through a specific reduction in meal size whenadministered alone.
why did it specifically impact the meal size?
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we focus on themost widely studied: the interaction between GLP-1 and theadipocyte hormone leptin
why is it so common to study?
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risen by 300 –500 kcal perday
what caused this?
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These compounds also reduce foodintake and body weight in both human clinical trials and inexperimental animal models
does this drug influence human metabolism?
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GLP-1 and weight loss: unraveling the diverse neural circuitry
this article relates to the stuff we are learning about in class because a drug that lowers food intake can affect the metabolism of an animal and can alter the body's chemistry
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attenuatesfood intake suppression by intracerebroventricularly adminis-tered lepti
it reduces the effect of food intake suppression by infecting into the brain
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may be mediated, in part, through a concert ofcommon and complementary intracellular signaling pathways
it can be controlled through signals that impact a cells behavior
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long-acting GLP-1analogs are presently used as pharmacological therapies
GLP-1 drugs are used to treat diseases
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recent discoveriesreveal that peripheral administration of these drugs reduces food intake
recent discoveries show that the administration of the drug into your blood stream reduces food intake
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examined the behav-ioral and intracellular mechanisms through which centralLepRb and GLP-1R interact to reduce food intake.
they examined how your brain knows when to stop eating
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Leptin appears to be an importantbiological signal through which GLP-1 additively or synergis-tically interacts to reduce food intake and body weight
leptin interacts with GLP-1 to tell your brain you are getting full and need to lose weight
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accumbens
a brain region that plays a key role in motivation, reward, and addiction
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hypothalamic
a small part of the brain that controls many bodily functions
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substrates
an underlying substance or layer
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humora
relating to the body fluids, especially with regard to immune responses involving antibodies in body fluids as distinct from cells.
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pharmacotherapies
a medical treatment that uses drugs to treat or prevent disease, or to improve symptoms
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