if it is con-sidered that the alterations in the quantity or structure of heterochromatieelements during this cycle were primarily responsible for the initial ap-pearance of these mutable loci. This report has shown that, once suchloci arise, other mutable loci arise through transposition of the inhibitingchromatin substances to other loci which in turn become mutable.
imp
The study of the behavior of Dsin its several states makes it possible to reinterpret the variegation patternsin Drosophila, which in some cases appear to be associated with loss ofsegments of chromosomes and in other cases appear to be associated withchanges in the degree of action of the genes involved.
imp
The different doses of Ac together with thechanged states of Ac control the time of occurrence of these mutations.The changes in time of occurrence of visible mutations are thus reflectionsof changes in dosage or changes in state of Ac.
imp
It isbelieved that this action produces a stickiness
imp
The dosage action of Ac may be studied in the diploid plant or in thetriploid endosperm tissue of the kernels. When marked dosage effectsare produced by a particular state of Ac, they are registered alike in boththe plant and the endosperm tissues; the higher the dose of Ac, the moredelayed is the time of occurrence of mutations at the A c-controlled mutableloci. Ac determines, therefore, not only the mutation process at thesemuta
important
Again, as in Ds, changes in state mayoccur at the Ac locus These changes in state are of two main types:either changes that resemble the known effects produced by differentdoses of the Ac locus from which it was derived, or changes that result ina decidedly altered time of action and dosage response of Ac.
inhibition mutation
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talkes about what happens during mutation and they think it is due to stickiness
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summary: says recombination is what is causing the mutation
A locus was found inthe short arm of chromosome 9 at which breaks were occurring in somaticcells.
recombination
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summary: talking about the paper
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summary: talking about the different types of mutations that are possible in the locus
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summary: explains how they know that it was chromosome 9 causing the mutation and that the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle has something to do with it
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summary: talks about where the mutation occurred in the chromosome and how many different fusions in each chromosome caused the mutation
pachytene
the third stage of the prophase of meiosis during which the paired chromosomes shorten and thicken, the two chromatids of each separate, and exchange of segments between chromatids may occur.
heterochromatic knob
a dense region of heterochromatin ( a very dense region of DNA that is less accessible to transcription factors)
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summary: the variegation that occurs is common in many other living things
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summary: want to find a mutation that occurs more frequently in experiment in maize and has also been seen in drosophila
mosaicism,
the presence of two or more cell lines with different genetic makeup within a single organism, resulting from an error in cell division after fertilization
"TTX was found to be effective in mitigating ischemic damages by occlusion of vessels in rat hippocampus" can be translated into: TTX can help in preventing lack of blood due to a blockage in the rats brain.
"One possible application is as a neuroprotective drug in the treatment on ischemic damage of the brain" this is translated into: TTX can be used to protect brain cells and make sure there isn't a lack of blood in the brain.
how did they come up with the hypothesis on TTX being able to be used for therapeutic applications?
how did they measure the affect in the rars hippocampus?
Ischemic damage is relevant to our class because if there isnt a lot of blood flow to the lungs your body could experience lack of oxygen
the sodium channel is relevant to class as it has an important role in the membrane potential
glutamatergic: anything related to glutamate, an amino acid and neurotransmitter in the brain
neurotransmitter: endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body
depolarization: a process that occurs when a cell's internal charge becomes less negative, or more positive, relative to the outside of the cell
peri-infarct: an area of heterogenous myocardial scar containing fibrotic tissue intermingled with viable cardiomyocytes hypothesized to act as an arrhythmogenic substrate
infarction: obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.
ischemic: a less-than-normal amount of blood flow to part of your body
Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the neural systemsthrough which GLP-1 and long-acting GLP-1 analogs reduce food intake and bodyweigh
how did they figure out it does this?
Arelatively low dose of peripheral liraglutide (25 g/kg) reducedfood intake through a specific reduction in meal size whenadministered alone.
why did it specifically impact the meal size?
we focus on themost widely studied: the interaction between GLP-1 and theadipocyte hormone leptin
why is it so common to study?
risen by 300 –500 kcal perday
what caused this?
These compounds also reduce foodintake and body weight in both human clinical trials and inexperimental animal models
does this drug influence human metabolism?
GLP-1 and weight loss: unraveling the diverse neural circuitry
this article relates to the stuff we are learning about in class because a drug that lowers food intake can affect the metabolism of an animal and can alter the body's chemistry
attenuatesfood intake suppression by intracerebroventricularly adminis-tered lepti
it reduces the effect of food intake suppression by infecting into the brain
may be mediated, in part, through a concert ofcommon and complementary intracellular signaling pathways
it can be controlled through signals that impact a cells behavior
long-acting GLP-1analogs are presently used as pharmacological therapies
GLP-1 drugs are used to treat diseases
recent discoveriesreveal that peripheral administration of these drugs reduces food intake
recent discoveries show that the administration of the drug into your blood stream reduces food intake
examined the behav-ioral and intracellular mechanisms through which centralLepRb and GLP-1R interact to reduce food intake.
they examined how your brain knows when to stop eating
Leptin appears to be an importantbiological signal through which GLP-1 additively or synergis-tically interacts to reduce food intake and body weight
leptin interacts with GLP-1 to tell your brain you are getting full and need to lose weight
accumbens
a brain region that plays a key role in motivation, reward, and addiction
hypothalamic
a small part of the brain that controls many bodily functions
substrates
an underlying substance or layer
humora
relating to the body fluids, especially with regard to immune responses involving antibodies in body fluids as distinct from cells.
pharmacotherapies
a medical treatment that uses drugs to treat or prevent disease, or to improve symptoms