Nearly a quarter of teams disagree or are unsure whether their meetings result in actionable recommendations, and almost half report that they do not develop work groups or subcommittees to focus on implementation of specific recommendations.

The test corpus of clinical notes was extracted from any clinical encounter for a second, separate health system.

We also excluded studies conducted in the hospitalor childcare setting and those focused on educating healthcareprofessionals

2. Impacts

Figure 2. Program impacts, overall and by ECE sector.

More than 500 center- and home-based child care sites

and many more are usingAmerican Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) funds to support teacher compensation andtry to improve employment stability for early educators.

Nevertheless

Documenting these pathways may be particularly challenging in an intersectional framework because downstream factors that serve as mechanisms for one axis of structural inequality may function like confounders for a different type of structural inequality.

Table 4.

Intersecting systems of oppression are likely to shape health via an array of mechanisms, including differential access to economic and flexible resources (e.g., social capital, power, prestige, autonomy, self-esteem) and increased exposure to health risks such as social stressors, toxic living conditions, discrimination, stigma, and relative deprivation

Broadly, intersectionality is a framework and analytic tool to understand the impacts of overlapping systems of oppression such as racism, sexism, classism, and other forms of inequality

We first summarize and distill core ideas of intersectionality. Next, we discuss how intersectional perspectives have made major contributions to the understanding of health disparities over the past few decades. We then describe how incorporating new structural approaches to population health can enhance quantitative intersectional health disparities research in ways that embody the core ideas of intersectionality.

Thus, several scholars have recently highlighted the need for a synthesis of intersectional and structural approaches

Similarly, Homan (2019) proposed a theoretical framework for structural sexism and health and developed state-level structural sexism measures that were then shown to be negatively associated with physical health among both women and men.

whether the child’s abductor was an acquaintance or a stranger was a far more important factor in safe recovery than whether the Amber Alert generated a helpful tip.

Indiana’s criteria for issuing an Amber Alert say the missing child must be under 18 years of age, law enforcement must confirm the child has been abducted and officers must believe the child is in danger of harm or death. The criteria also call for “enough descriptive information to believe that the broadcast will help.”

In cases where harm is imminent, Griffin told USA TODAY, authorities almost never issue an Amber Alert fast enough to prevent a tragedy.

1 in 7 involving Black children.

Issuing alerts too often, or with too little information, Poupard said, risks public fatigue, causing people to ignore them instead of keeping their eyes peeled for a missing child.

That rules out missing children considered runaways

That effort came in response to the case of 9-year-old Amber Hagerman

Most children who receive Amber Alerts are found safe, police told USA TODAY, but the alert itself was credited in just 1 in 4 Amber Alerts across the country over six months last year.

Bynum said police told him they needed a license plate number.

the reason to study how injustice harms health is not to prove that injustice is wrong, since it is, by definition (92). Instead, the reasons are to deepen understanding of how injustice shapes population health, for whose benefit at whose expense; to contest narratives that naturalize inequities; and to generate evidence for accountability.

Instead, we live embodied—and our bodies each and every day biologically integrate each and every type of unjust, and also beneficial, exposure encountered, at each and every level (96, 97). The construct of intersectionality, a term originating in the legal and social sciences (67, 74), similarly conveys the socially structured entanglement of multiple types of injustice, albeit without a focus on the pathways and processes of literal biological embodiment (

Drawing on the ecosocial theory of disease distribution (91, 93, 97), I synthesize key features of these isms (Table 1) and provide a measurement schema (Table 2), which together inform my discussion of concrete examples of such research from the Global North and the Global South (Table 3)

This paper summarizes existing evidence about the range of state-level immigration and immigrant-focused policies that affect Latino health, indicates conceptually plausible but under-explored relationships between domains of policy and Latino health, traces the mechanisms through which such policies might shape Latino health, and points to key areas for future research.

We find common ground in the belief that conceptualizing and intervening into abstract social formations is a skill that requires study and practice over time. And, that the competency that results from such efforts helps clinicians develop, not the hubris of mastery, but the humility to recognize the complexity of the structural constraints that patients and doctors operate within

We thus argue that medical education needs to more broadly engage with knowledges and methods beyond its traditional purview if it wishes to train its practitioners to effectively address the pressing health issues of our time. And, ultimately, that increasing recognition of the ways in which social and economic forces produce symptoms or methylate genes then needs to be better coupled with medical models for structural change.

On the other hand, many of these physicians work in a country that has never invested less in infrastructure, or done less to correct fatal and fatalizing inequities—even in the aftermath of the Affordable Care Act.

because the forces Carmichael described have become ever-more destructive to human life.

Carmichael protested the silent racism of “established and respected forces in the society” that functioned above the level of individual perceptions or intentions, and that worked to maintain the status quo through such structures as zoning laws, economics, schools, and courts.

Less encumbered by the politics of the moment and in tandemwith philanthropic interests, the business community serves as the keeper of the longview

Based on the results of this project and national research, policymakersshould revise the PTQ rating system to become more reliant on measuring outcomes that areclosely associated with holistic readiness for kindergarten and beyond.

Among these,structural racism was quantified within the contexts (domains)

The dismissal of residents’ concerns was particularly upsetting as General Motors’ factories in Flint were granted permission to reconnect to water from Detroit Water and Sewerage in October 2014 because the Flint River water was damaging their machines and products.

Pair-wise versus summary approach

Accordingly, Healthy People 201037 (and, subsequently, Healthy People 2020) used the group with the most favorable (or, alternatively, the least adverse) rate to highlight opportunities for improvement.

Social position can be defined as “relative advantage and disadvantage in social hierarchies.”

Within a multiple case study approach,42 individual in-person interviews, focus groups, policymaker phone interviews, archival media and document review, and participant observation took place under the University of California–Berkeley institutional review board protocol and formed the basis of our present analysis.

Trade, Health, and Environment (THE) Impact Project

highlights the interaction between evidence and civic engagement to shift political power

How research can be leveraged to promote health equity policy, or the role of locality-based research strategies, in particular community-based participatory research (CBPR), is less understood.

we have identified gaps in theliterature, outlining the following list of opportunities for use ofmeasurement, which is not about new measures, but, instead,using accurate measures consistently and mapping such measuresto investments to become more accountable

Such racism takes on one of two forms: internal-ized oppression or internalized dominance, both of which hinge onthe concept of embodiment, in which engagement with the materi-al and social world transforms the body

It isimportant to note that the purpose of measurement is not to mere-ly document disparities but to incite anti-racist action by identify-ing opportunities for intervention.6

Such racial biases arise because existing algorithms predict healthcare costs rather than illness, but health care costs are a poorproxy for health care needs because health-related expendituresare impacted by barriers to health care access.

Restricted health access forMedicaid patients disproportionately affects racial and ethnic mi-norities, who are 2.5 times more likely to have Medicaid coveragethan non-Hispanic Whites.

Fullcritical consciousness occurs when corrective actions are taken inresponse to the cognitions and emotions (Johnson, 2000).

One school of thought furtherposits that without conspiring to do so dominant institutions andgroup members tend to make decisions in ways that preserve theircollective interests

Although race is considered a proxy for racism, research shouldnot just treat measures of race as indicators of racism because therace proxies do not necessarily explain the mechanisms by whichracism effects occur

First, a fundamental disconnect typically exists between policymakers and researchers. A study of policymakers’ use of evidence in their daily work demonstrated the need for improving their understanding of the relative merits of different evidence, and for researchers to better understand the needs of, and demands upon, policymakers to better provide customer-sensitive products.

Head Start family day care programs do not appear to provide quality advantages for at-risk children, and this warrants further investigation

Race/ethnic disparities in child care quality are present across types of child care settings, with African American and Hispanic children most likely to experience lower-quality child care

Head Start centers provide a means of accessing high quality child care for at-risk populations of children, but reach comparatively few children who could benefit from them

The research objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the types and quality of child care settings currently experienced by populations of children at elevated risk of developmental delay as compared to child care settings experienced by other children; (2) to examine differences in child care quality between Head Start and non-Head Start settings for populations of children at elevated developmental risk; and (3) to identify characteristics that are associated with enrollment in higher-quality child care settings, focusing on aspects of socioeconomic position that may facilitate or impede access to quality child care.

It was hypothesized that teachers whowere exposed to AAE text, who were informedabout dialect transformation strategies, andwho received guided practice would acquiregreater proficiency in the use of AAE and morepositive attitudes toward AAE than teacherswho received only one or two of these instruc-tional components.

The present study focused on the acquisitionof written rather than oral language proficiency.

The goal of the present study was to educateand sensitize teachers to the use of AAE dialectforms so that they would be better prepared tohelp dialect-speaking students in their class-rooms to distinguish differences between AAEand SE features in the course of acquiring SE.

The social-cognitive view ofself-regulated learning provides one approachfor designing such instruction.

The purpose of the pre-sent study was to examine how effective dialectinstruction might be structured for SE-speakingclassroom teachers.

As Derman-Sparks and Ramsey (2006) note, teaching about anti-racism may be even more important in majority White classrooms (teachers and students) than in racially diverse settings.

To enact and sustain an anti-racist approach, early childhood educators need to understand the racial history of early childhood programs and the racism in current early childhood programs. In this article, we outline the past and present along with strategies for creating anti-racist early childhood spaces.

“Most Perry Preschool teachers—including the two of us—held the empowerment perspective, while administrators mostly took the cultural deprivation perspective. The teachers’ empowerment beliefs shaped actual practice with the children and families, although publications about the program reflected the administrators’ cultural deprivation thinking” (85)

Though there are mixed impact of Head Start for children's school readiness and later outcomes, there is ample evidence of its importance in providing comprehensive services for children and families from preventative medical care and early intervention supports to job, food, and housing assistance for parents (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, 2010).

The purpose of CRT is to describe and critically analyze how racism is and has always been embedded in life, law, and culture.

Black children and their families are often victims of residential, economic, social, and psychological segregation

we seek to uncover how early care and education programs and systems can better leverage the assets of Black children and their families and communities in the learning setting, rather than the continued marginalization and deficit approach often taken when caring for and teaching Black children.

putting an end to separate and unequal hospitalcare

andwhen they do not, then the government must impose penalties onthem, such as fines

As the community is revitalized, the government needs toensure that the benefits go to the current residents, not to those who willmove in once the community is better,

Since structural racism is a multifacetedproblem, it can only be addressed by adopting multifaceted solutions

or example, even though Afri-can Americans live closer to high-quality hospitals than Caucasians,they are more likely to undergo surgery at low-quality hospitals.

unin-sured trauma patients were found to be 1.8 times more likely to diefrom their injuries from auto accidents and were 2.6 times more likelyto die from gunshot wounds, as compared to privately insured patients

the uninsuredtended to wait longer and to become sicker before seeing a doctor

Therefore, racism makes people sick through these intervening varia-bles. The health of people subjected to racism at work or elsewhere isbeing damaged, and the damage increases according to the frequencyaccording to which a person experiences racism

urrent job referral practicesdo have a disparate impact on minorities and women, yet the practicescontinue unfettered by the government.

the lack of enforcement of civil rights laws is anexample of structural racism, which causes racial disparities in healthstatus and access to healthcare

Ultimately the better care at like hospitals and stuff like that. [Focus group four]

this was what was wrong

While young men generally did not report experiencing overt racism or discrimination in health care settings, they did describe the ways in which they were treated unfairly and received substandard care.

Rationalization

Notably, while the creation of these standards may comprise efforts to prevent unequal access to resources, it is often the socially advantaged groups that already possess those resources that facilitate meeting those standards

Because it is often reinforced through shared cultural processes, institutional racism is not easily associated with malicious intent on the part of specific individuals or groups. Furthermore, while the cultural processes are shaped and driven by historical pressures, historical accounts of the roots of inequality are often erased (Farmer, 2004) and this erasure leaves contemporary racial health inequalities without a clear link to structural forces.

These recommendations aim to continue and strengthen the shift from a biomedical/risk factor model that documents the health behaviors, experiences, and outcomes of marginalized racial groups, to a broad, systemic view that situates these inequalities within the social, economic, and political structures of societies that maintain the dominance of a single racial group.

Consider also condescending public health efforts that take the form of apparently benevolent whites seeking to free people of color from “destructive health habits.”

While concordance studies indicate many patients prefer practitioners from their racial-ethnic group (Saha, Komaromy, Koepsell, & Bindman, 1999), this situation is especially difficult for African Americans facing a mostly nonblack health care system.

A growing number of studies (Burgess et al., 2008, Hausmann et al., 2008, Krieger, 1990, Ryan et al., 2008) have reported on the important, often revealing views of patients of color.

They most often blamed patients themselves—black patients for being passive and failing to make medical requests of practitioners. They rarely implicated white practitioners' discrimination in explaining inequality in care.

In 1945, white doctors, working with the Atomic Energy Commission, injected plutonium into patients of color without consent to observe effects of radiation, without follow-up care (Washington, 2006, Welsome, 1999).

Beginning in the 1960s, black men seen by clinicians as anti-establishment protestors were frequently diagnosed as “schizophrenic” or otherwise mentally ill (Metzl, 2010).

White study directors sought a cure for the disease and to study how it manifested, positing that it affected neurological systems of white men but only sexual organs of black men--because in these directors' racist framing blacks had primitive brains and sexual desires.

All physician-patient relationships, especially those involving white (or white-oriented) physicians and patients of color, are relationships shaped by societal-power imbalances, and thus are matters of public health.

The majority-white decisionmakers include public health researchers and policymakers, medical educators and officials, hospital administrators, and insurance and pharmaceutical executives, as well as important medical personnel.

Although we find the evidence of the health effects of structural racism to be convincing, and supported by more than a century of wide-ranging theoretical and empirical scholarship, it remains marginalized and eclipsed by other research priorities.

we must reflect on the ways our everyday, accepted practices reify race

innately diseased

By the time Congress passed the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, lynching had become rare and the convict-leasing system had been long abandoned. But just months later, President Lyndon Johnson declared a “War on Crime,” which was followed in the next decade by President Richard Nixon's “War on Drugs,” both of which appealed to fears about supposed Black criminality.

Racialized science, with its emphasis onidentifying immutable differences between racial groups,can be expected only to maintain and reinforce existingracial inequality, in that its adherents indirectly argue thatno degree of government intervention or social change willalter the skills and abilities of different racial groups

In the early 20th century, intelligence tests became thedominant interest of scientists who were seeking ways ofdocumenting significant differences, especially betweenBlacks and Whites.

There is widespread agreement in historical andsociological studies about the following characteristics:

Ethnicity was recognized asplastic and transmissible, but race conveyed the notion ofdifferences that could not be transcended.

It follows from this brief account of historical factsthat physical characteristics should never be included in adefinition of ethnic identity.

such conflict has not been perceived as being racial. Nu-merous wars, historical and contemporary, around theglobe, including both world wars, attest to the reality ofethnic conflict as primarily a local phenomenon (Barth,1998; A. Smedley, 1999b). Thus, most human conflictshave not been racial, and there is no reason for antagonismto exist or persist simply because protagonists are identifiedas racially different.

Our aim is not to review the psychological literatureregarding the construction of race but to bring anthropo-logical and historical perspectives to the study of race.

and more recently, Rushton(1995) and Rowe (Rowe, 2002; Rowe & Cleveland, 1996)

Also during this time, Black citizens in Pittsburgh ran the Freedom House Ambulance Service that pioneered paramedic-staffed emergency medical services and contributed to the development of national standards in emergency care.

African Americans with tuberculosis were the focus of Lung Blocks in Baltimore and St Louis where, writes historian Taylor Desloge, “coercive and often discriminatory policies [were] designed to control and monitor patients”.

Dorothy Roberts has shown in Killing the Black Body that some Black women were sterilised without their knowledge or consent into the 1970s and 1980s.

The first compulsory sterilisation law was passed in Indiana in 1907

Medical schools relied on enslaved Black bodies as “anatomical material” and recruited students in southern states by advertising its abundance.

Our specific question on “street race” was: “ If you were walking down the street,what race do you think other Americans who do not know you personally would assumeyou were based on what you look like?”

ascribed

Ourself-rated health measure takes into the consideration the recommendations by Sanchezand Vargas (2015), who confirm Viruell-Fuentes et al. (2011), work that researchersshould be using “mas o menos” instead of “regular” as the Spanish translation of “fair”health (as “regular” overinflates poor health). We acknowledge these recommendationsand use “mas o menos” rather than the traditional “regular” in our analysis.

Monk (2015:20) concludes that it isimperative that we consider the “relationality” of skin color as the meaning of race in agiven context has the potential to shape the pathways of wellness and illness throughracialization and embodiment.

First

Ours is perhaps the first study to use the model in the Indian context and utilize individual-level data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) to examine the effects of factors like spatial and nonlinear covariates, including survival status of older siblings during infancy, (captures the clustering of infant deaths) on the probability of infant death of the index child.

The Bayesian geoadditive discrete-time survival model is one of the recently developed techniques which helps in drawing meaningful conclusions about the spatial pattern of clustered infant deaths.

mapped the residuals from these models to examine their spatial distribution

CPD

PHDCN

No fecal sample was positive for RNA prior to detection of the virus in nasal samples.

and nicotine exposure

Similarly, 24 h urine NEQ has been suggested to be a surrogate measure for smoke exposure (Wang et al., 2011). 

Figure 1

The rationale for data exclusion was documented. 

equivalent

Four databases (PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, TOXNET®, and Google Scholar™) were queried for each search to represent relevant publications in the field of cigarette smoking.

This analysis was initiated by scientists from five global tobacco companies involved in the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) Biomarker Sub-Group (BMSG). Founded in 1956 under French law and consisting of 158 member organizations across 37 countries, CORESTA is a non-profit organization whose mission is to promote international cooperation in scientific research relative to tobacco and its derived products. CORESTA seeks to develop standardized nomenclature, definitions, and methodologies as well as provide guidelines, reports, and training across four research domains: agronomy and leaf integrity, phytopathology and genetics, product technology, and smoke science. One of the objectives of the BMSG is to review present knowledge of tobacco and smoking related BOEs and effects. We share the findings from our pooling of weighted average-observed values in this manuscript.

We estimate a single pooled weighted average representative of the population level exposure.

from 2008 through 2020

Total urinary NNAL represents metabolites of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone), which is found in the particulate-phase of the smoke aerosol and identified as a carcinogen (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2012).

relative effects

biological matrices

most harmful tobacco products

CORESTA

5.21 %

According to Pilsen staff, about 50 percent of those who come to the shelter move to a subsidized permanent housing destination. Of the other half, some return to the encampment, some leave without notifying staff of their destination, and some move in with family or friends.

The city fenced off the Triangle

That means that black New Yorkers will be barred from public accommodations at a far higher rate than will white New Yorkers.

There’s less justification for government coercion now than months ago with the pandemic having subsided and the city’s hospitals no longer facing the threat of being overwhelmed by Covid-19 cases.

Imposing vaccine certification requirements on nonessential businesses would send a strong signal that having no shot equals having no fun.”

But if officials want people to take those assurances seriously, they should pass laws that will make people whole in the (very rare) cases they’re injured by the vaccines… 

People who choose to go unprotected are risking mostly themselves.

At worst, disparately observed and entirely unenforced mask mandates threaten to accelerate the spread of this disease [by creating incentives for the unvaccinated to gather among themselves].

Why get jabbed if life is going back into lockdown

This is what success looks like… It is well past time we move past the hysteria and get on with our lives.

you have nothing to worry about

Both groups are at extraordinarily low risk.

pointless

You can’t claim you ‘believe in science’ unless you also believe in the science of vaccine efficacy… What’s more, the masking endgame seems unclear.

Also, individuals who had no documented receipt of homeless services, were more likely to be in the youngest age category. Relatively young homeless individuals are likely more physically able to cope with the burden of homelessness. Also, there may be reduced awareness of services among the younger homeless population.

Since dates are considered Protected Health Information, data sharing agreements prohibited sharing dates at a level more granular than calendar year; thus, we could not assess temporal relationships between housing and healthcare services.

Medicare

This virus does not does not look at your race, or your color. It looks at vulnerability.

Importantly, medical respite care is distinct from skilled nursing facilities, nursing homes, assisted living facilities, hospice care, and supportive housing programs.⁷

Conduct a citywide housing condition assessment.

f necessary, the city could improve participation in the landlord academy by making participation a pre-requisite for applying for city rehabilitation loans or similar funds. Landlords that do participate could receive a “good neighbor” designation that they could include in their rental listings.

The city could also make such plans required for all properties receiving city subsidy dollars.

To date, few published studies evaluate the impact of housing investments led by hospitals and health systems.

Preference and need should be used to refer Veterans to VASH; without standardized, comprehensive need measures, preference often takes precedent and particularly vulnerable Veterans with the greatest need for VASH may not receive its services.

As VASH Veterans use the VA more than currently homeless Veterans, they may have relatively higher DCG,10 contributing to the mixed findings of our hypotheses.

We used the “behavioral model for vulnerable populations,”11 which identifies factors that predispose individuals to access services, which interplay with factors enabling service use, and needs to influence health behaviors. Adjusting for predisposing (demographics) and need (medical complexity and disability) characteristics, we identified differences in health service utilization behaviors (diagnoses treated) between VASH and currently homeless Veterans.

What

Furthermore, as homelessness is associated with a wide range of chronic disease such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, schizophrenia, diabetes and hepatitis C [117-119]

It is also of note that, despite a wide literature search, no new methodologically strong or moderate studies were found that examined interventions for homeless women, families or children.

These data are consistent with findings reported by Hwang et al. [6] that attending sessions of an educational program aimed at reducing sexual risk behaviours for HIV was associated with reduced sexual risk behaviour for HIV in homeless runaway youth when compared to usual care

In addition, abstinence-contingent housing appears to provide greater impact on sustained abstinence than non-abstinence-contingent housing

utilized mental health services

There were no differences in mean adjusted consecutive weeks of abstinence between the NH and NACH groups (p = .51).

The accessibility of hospital emergency departments may be higher dueto better location and transportation facilities, compared to healthcenters and offices of private physicians.

Nosuchplanforrevitalizationinacommunityborderingauniversitysucceededinthecasesreviewedwherepartnershipswerenotmade between the university and the community.

TheintersectionsatWestStreetandIndianaAvenueisextremelywideandproduceshighvolumesoftraffic,whichconsequently,makestheAvenuelessdesirableforwalkingtraffic.

Therefore,unlessalong-standingrelationshipwiththetheatreisestablished,theareawillnotbeawareofitscurrentprogramming.

TheintervieweeidentifiedtheareahasreceivedsignificanthelpfromSENDandbenefittedgreatlyfromthecreationoftheFirstFridayeventsandtheCulturalTrail.

Theintervieweestatedthishascausedsomediscomfortasdesiresfortheneighborhood,neighborbehavior,andgeneraldesireforFountainSquarediffergreatlyamongdifferentpopulations

TheintervieweestatedtheCulturalTrailalleviatedsafetyconcernsforpedestriansandincreasedfoottraffic,aswellasmakingtheareamoreattractiveforpotentialhomeowners.

Theintervieweeassertsthedeclineofcultureexperiencedintheareacanbedirectlycorrelatedtotheamountofgovernmentsupportaffordedtominorities.

FLANNERHOUSEHOMES/INDIANALANDMARK

Theuniversityandneighborhoodneedtohaveastableandreliableformofcommunication.

Considertheregionasacollectionofurbanvillages

necessarycomponentinidentifyinggentrificationinvolvesthedisplacementofaspecificracialorsocialclass

revitalization