Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).1

The Strategic Defense Initiative, proposed by the Reagan administration,was an attempt to design such a shield against the threat of a nuclear attack from theSoviet Union.

It is not possible to be a scientist unless you believethat the knowledge of the world, and the power which this gives, is a thing which is ofintrinsic value to humanity, and that you are using it to help in the spread of knowledgeand are willing to take the consequences

Usenanotechnology to create a vampire; for extra credit create an antidote

Anything that can go wrong, will.

ecause therobots couldn't be conscious

hemust be aware of his wrongdoing at the time of the crime—he mustdisplaymens rea: that is, the mind must be guilty.

s that WILL has causal properties (WILL affectsbehavior) and yet WILL arises in a noncausal way; society“demands”that WILL be“free”—we want to be able to holdpeople accountable for their actions.

However, if we no longer entertain theluxury of a belief in the“magic of the soul,”then there is little else tooffer in support of the concept of free will.

n individualcannot be held responsible for either his genes or his environment

Since your choice was a rational one, arrived at through careful deliberation, there should be a reason for it. This reason would supposedly be a second-order reason indicating why you weighted one set of reasons more heavily than another.

There’s a difference between making a conscious decision and becoming con-sciously aware of the fact that a conscious decision was made.

ou might pretend to decide, but genuine deliberation is out of the question. Therefore, when we deliberate, we must believe that we can perform free actions.

We should not begin byassuming that free will requires a conscious self that exists beyondthe brain (where?),

So, if people mistakenly take causal determinism tomean that everything that happens is inevitable no matter whatyou think or try to do, then they conclude that we have no free will

moraland legal responsibility may be closebehind

If you put everyone whoreacts badly to an American flag in a concentration camp or Guantánamo,that would be bad, but in an occupation situation, to mark someone downfor further surveillance, that might be appropriate.”

They’re in legal proceedingsthroughout the world, and they’re looking to bolster their credibility

We think you started with places and we will prove to you that it wasn’t justluck.” Marois showed me a picture of my parahippocampus, the area of the

To suggest that criminals could beexcused because their brains made them do it seems to imply that anyonewhose brain isn’t functioning properly could be absolved of responsibility.

Fifth Amendment.

including consid-50erable risk of false-negative and false-positive results.

"Itwouldcertainlyrepresentaninvasionofprivacy,

sgoingtochangetheentirejudicialsystem.Firstitwillbeusedforhigh-profilecrimesliketerrorismandEnron

Imanagedtoincriminatemyselfwithoutevenopeningmymouth.

Thepolygraphiswidelyconsideredunreliableinscientificcircles,partlybecauseitseffectivenessdependsheavilyontheintimidationskillsoftheinterrogator.Whatapolygraphactuallymeasuresisthestressoftellingalie,asreflectedinacceleratedheartrate,rapidbreathing,risingbloodpressure,andincreasedsweating.

then we may need to ask ourselves important questions about the kind of relationship we wish to have with our memories.

Many people, it appears, are quite open in principle to the idea of deliberately manipulating memories, if doing so could benefit the patient

have tackled their clients’ psychological troubles by manipulating their memories

Or maybe outraged, that this person had brainwashed you without your consent?

because these technologies are currently only tested on mice.

f a memory manipulation technique threatens personal numerical identity, then it should be regulated from an ethical

memory and emotion.

f we modify thesememories, we might deprive ourselves of the opportunityto learn how we might act in similar circumstances in thefuture.

may rob the userof the ability to grow from experience.

When theymade the mice produce an excess of this protein,memories of painful events were completelyeliminated.

Or would a mind void of bad memories onlypresage a future of monotony, of a tendency to lose track of who we were, andin so doing, lose track of who we want to be?

CT is now being used to alter and destroy memories

Freud discovered had more to do with psychologicaltrauma than physical illness

Oxytocin has been shown to promote trust• SSRIs to increase co-operation/reduce aggression

Secondly, there is a set of dispositions from which the sense of justice or fairnessoriginates. The most basic of these dispositions are, we believe, the ones that have beencalled ‘tit-for-tat’

Genetic memory enhancement has been demonstrated in rats and mice. For example,Tang et al.4 modified mice to overexpress or overproduce a receptor in the brain calledNR2B. The NR2B ‘Doogie’ mice demonstrated improved memory performance, bothin terms of acquisition and retention.5 The modification also made them more sensitiveto certain forms of pain.6 In other experiments, increased amount of brain growthfactors7 and proteins (such as the signal transduction protein, adenylyl cyclase)8 havealso produced memory improvements.

Cognitive enhancement by means of drugs, implants and biological (includinggenetic) interventions could thus accelerate the advance of science, or its application, and soincrease the risk of the development or misuse of weapons of mass destruction.

here has beenconsiderable research on abnormal people, like psychopaths, but weneed to know more about relatively stable differences (perhapsrooted in our genes) in the great majority of people as well

Why are some people prepared to risk their lives to help a strangerwhen others won’t even stop to dial an emergency number?

eflects the traditional medical model that medicine is for the treatment of disease only

with a particular focus on what must be done to make the use of cognitive enhancement drugsamong the healthysafer

his policy would allow Zach to mandate that Alice useneurointerventions for her job and would also require Aliceto disclose any use of non-medical neurointerventions toZach. This policy would maximize the value of employer

stimulant, caffeine increases alertness, reducessleep, reduces fatigue, improves vigilance, improve perfor-mance on many tasks, is well tolerated, is well managed bymost caffeine consumers, and overall is seen as having pre-dominantly positive effects (Smith2002). The commonnessand legality of caffeine leads it to be overlooked as a cog-nitive enhancer, but it is one.

weather—her performance, she says, is optimal, pre-dictable and consistent. She says she can work harder,longer, and better, and can prove it

ill agree to be tested for any drugsthat might affect performance

Reliable monitoring of attention and vigilance allows toidentify when it is time to reduce tasks related demands onusers, by slowing down the task, removing distractions, or simplyasking users to take a break, all of which would lead to an overallcognitive performance advantage over the cases where all is fixed

risks imposed by an increasing dependence on neurosciencetechnologies, which might have unforeseen negative societaleffects

brain-to-brain communication has been used to transmitinformation between individuals in a collaborative task,

Cinel et al.Neurotechnologies for Human Cognitive Augmentationbrain, such as perception, learning and memory—see the reviewbyBalan et al. (2014)using text mining technology

and the kinds of enjoyments and productivity we can have because of the Internet.

-knowledge about the relationship between our brains and behavior---may allow us to develop what some people have called "moral enhancements

we should at least consider the possibility of improving

humans' nature

n academics, whether you’re a student ora researcher, there is an element of competition, but it’s secondary. The main purpose is to try to learn things, to get experience, to write papers, to do experiments. So in that case if you can do it better because you’ve got some drug on board, that would on the face of things seem like a

ays only financial compensation for having unintentionally caused the miscarriage,

An unborn fetus in Jewish law is not considered a person (Heb.nefesh,lit. “soul”) until it has been born

speaking, being aware of others, havinga will, loving, etc.

We would first have to define what “person” means

They areaccessing their own minds andthinking their own thoughts.

"They have a similar sense. They can look in a mirrorand say, 'Hey, that's me'."

person needs to be an individual. If individuals count, then the deliberate killing of individualsof this sort is ethically the equivalent of deliberately killing a human bein

They believe dolphins and whales are sufficiently intelligent to justify the same ethicalconsiderations as humans

But if whole-brain death remains the legal standard, should the "dead-donor" rule be modified to permit organ harvesting prior to whole-brain death

Whole-brain death is now a sufficient condition for declaring a person to be legally dead in every U.S. state.

ell with a person's DNA has died

property dualism

But there turn out to be serious conceptual problems with the belief that the mind and body are essentially different substances.

In fact, our society uses a variety of factors as criteria fordistributive justic

autonomy thanto other duties.

it is now commonly accepted that thepatient must be given an opportunity to make an informed choice about hisor her care.

diff erencein the facts of the

So cultu ral re lati vism would have us be-lie ve th at whenpeo ple disagreeaboutthe mor alit y of abor tio n, what they’rereallydi sagreeingabo ut is whethertheirsociet y approves of abor

ccording toem otiv ism ,all moralutter ance s (u tterances tha t use moral termslik e “rig ht” and “w ron g”) are expressionsof emotion.

h right andwrong,an d as we’vesee n, that’simpossible

. We all mak e mo ral judgments, get into mor al dispu tes, and act im -morallyfrom time to

beenmen of goodcharacter who thou ght th ey wer e doingGod’swork.

We often try to supp ort ou r vie ws by cit -in g exp

An argumentis fallaciousif it contains(1) unacc epta ble pre mises , (2) ir -rele vant premises,or (3) insufficientpremis

ypo the sis. Choosingamong theor ies isn’ t the pur ely logi -cal processit is often ma de o

f p, then q.Not p.The refore,

Only thi ngs made of flesh and bloo d can think. Therefo re comput erscan’t thi

. Th e claim you ’re trying to make is know n as theconclusionof the ar -gument.

The laws of logic, then, not only determine the bounds of the rational, they also determine the bounds of the real.

The law of noncontradiction can’t be demonstrated to someone who won’t say something definite, for demonstration requires that our words mean one thing rather than another.

How do you define the holy and the unholy?

Ideally, then, our search for understanding should result in both necessary and sufficient conditions.

To inquire into the nature or essence of something is to try to identify the features of it that make it what it is.

We are survival machines—robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes.”

t also seems that both of these beliefs can’t be true, for minds do not appear to be material objects.

you may discover that some of your philosophical beliefs are mistaken.