OPEN CONTENT LICENSING

OER do not offer but presumeadequate solutions for understaffing, infrastructural and other problems ofeducational systems, in both developed and developing countries, and conse-quently direct attention away from these problems rather than towards theirsolution.

OER rely on the self-initiative andself-directedness of their users, because they do not offer a dynamic learn-ing environment that fosters the formation of a genuine collective.

Open educational resources and developingcountries: One critical view

We've failed: Pirate black open access is trumping green and gold and we must change our approach

This would make all content free to read, answering the plea that the results of publicly funded research be available to the public, reveal the true values for the existing bundle's component parts, and lead to a situation where each stakeholder has the choice to pay for the particular benefit they get from the scholarly communication process. This might prove to be a fairer, cheaper, more sustainable, and less controversial model in the long run.

it is time to recognize that, in this age of digital disruption, there must be something structurally wrong with an approach that after two decades of collective effort has yet to reach base camp. The pirates have recognized this, and it is time we did too.

services could include higher‐utility versions of articles, books, and data sets; access to productivity tools like downloadable citations, semantically driven navigation, and alerting services; and tools to report impact to funders and employers. Librarians might value rich metadata and feeds to build catalogue databases, usage reports, and user support services.

without mandates, only around a fifth of authors actually make the effort to deposit green versions, a figure that struggles to rise above 70% with mandates

Sci‐Hub, which is self‐reporting more than 60 million articles freely available (Sci‐Hub, 2017) and could have harvested nearly all scholarly literature (Himmelstein, Romeo, McLaughlin, Greshake, & Greene, 2017) – if true, Sci‐Hub has single‐handedly won the race to make all journal articles open access.

Note that licensors can use notices to broaden the license grant and give additional permissions, but notices cannot restrict any permissions already granted by the CC license.

Marking/Creators/Marking third party content

Licenses/NC

Creative Commons license

Elinor Ostrom And The Digital Commons

It is fair use to make appropriately tailored course-related content available to enrolled students via digital networks.

his is a code of best practices in fair use devised specifically by and for the academic and research library community. It enhances the ability of librarians to rely on fair use by documenting the considered views of the library community about best practices in fair use, drawn from the actual practices and experience of the library community itself.

he results demonstrated clearly both that fair use is an essential component of copyright exemptions for librarians, and also that they lacked a clear sense of what they and their peers might agree to as appropriate employment of fair use in recurrent situations.2 As a result, librarians frequently did not use their fair use rights when they could have, and they overestimated the level of conflict between the strictures of copyright law on the one hand and their respective libraries’ missions on the other.

CODE OF BEST PRACTICES INFAIR USE FOR ACADEMIC ANDRESEARCH LIBRA

Elinor Ostrom's 8 Principles for Managing A Commmons

Ironically, as the Access and OER movements gain momentum, greater attention is being paid to attribution and legally shared permissions.

Content sharing in the digital environment relies on a wide range of business models and revenue streams, many of which are still emergent

Creative Commons makes provision for an ‘ND’ (No Derivatives) clause, in which case the right to modify the content is reserved by you, the author. Anyone who wishes to adapt the resource needs to seek your explicit permission to do so.

Open content licensing has been designed to protect authors against unauthorised forms of content exploitation in the digital realm. It is beneficial to the global user community (or ‘Commons’) because it limits the bureaucracy associated with frequently sought permissions for reuse. It is important to remember that you are not giving up your copyright by utilising open content licensing; instead, you are making the terms and conditions of reuse more explicit, and you are choosing to waive some of your rights where you feel this is appropriate.

OER do not offer but presumeadequate solutions for understaffing, infrastructural and other problems ofeducational systems, in both developed and developing countries, and conse-quently direct attention away from these problems rather than towards theirsolution.

In developing countries, large ICT companies are simultaneously exploitingchild labour (Russell, 2016) and sponsoring OER, by means of which theypromote themselves19.

OER are createdmostly by elite institutions of developed countries while all other institutionsare easily reduced to passive users of available resources, contributing littleor nothing to the global exchange and flow of knowledge.

they cannot be translated into otherlanguages and adapted to local contexts

OER rely on the self-initiative andself-directedness of their users, because they do not offer a dynamic learn-ing environment that fosters the formation of a genuine collective.

, OER contribute primarily to theeconomic development of developed countries, and accordingly to the expan-sion of already dominant cultures and world views.

There is no singular, correct way to give a notice, and different situations may require more or less complicated notices and marking.

Compilations which are sold are another example of commercial use.

a share-alike license serves the goal to protect your work from unethical exploitation equally well.

To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called "porting."[28] As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide.[29]

CC provides an author flexibility (for example, he or she might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work.[1][2][3][4][5]

Creative Commons License

The cable and telephone companies that provide access to the Internet are not allowed to favor large corporate users with superior service while leaving the rest of us--including upstart competitors and non-market players--with slower, poorer-quality service.

"Bureaucrats sometimes do not have the correct information, while citizens and users of resources do,"

Provide accessible, low-cost means for dispute resolution.

Ensure that those affected by the rules can participate in modifying the rules.

Define clear group boundaries.

Ostrom discovered that in reality there were no problems with overgrazing. That is because of a common agreement among villagers that one is allowed to graze more cows on the meadow than they can care for over the winter—a rule that dates back to 1517.

“noncommercial publishing industry,” which before the Internet was limited to people with large egos or with political or social causes. But with the Internet, it includes a wide range of individuals and groups dedicated to spreading culture generally. [1]