But a multi-dimensional poverty assessment, combining various traditional social indicators from GDP per capita to illiteracy rate and sex ratio and indirect data based on advanced technology such as average light index and call detail records, may develop a dynamic data set with geospatial data which can accurately detect the changing phases of the poverty alleviation process and map the poverty level.

Oscar Lewis

They not only increase the delivery cost of various assistance measures and lead to low efficiency of assistance; and in addition, the changes of situation of macroeconomics at home and abroad caused by the epidemic, such as the pressure of maintaining economic growth and the increase of international environmental adverse factors, will also bring more uncertainty to the implementation of various assistance measures, especially some of the hidden problems which are difficult to predict at present may not be revealed until the end of the year, and the overall difficulty of completing the task of poverty alleviation on time will be increased.

The country has seen a steady decline in the number of impoverished rural residents from nearly 100 million in late 2012 to 16 million by the end of 2018, as shown in data from China’s National Bureau of Statistics. It should reach zero by the end of 2020. (China on its way to end poverty by 2020, 2020)

Among all the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations until 2030, “End poverty in all its forms everywhere” is the first on the list (Tollefson, 2015)

These advances are all the more important as society continues to change at a rapid rate and the world’s population continues to climb, especially in developing countries where development issues are the most severe.

To date, my research has developed into a definitive question about how to improve data collection methods on the topic of gender equality

It then becomes necessary to devise methods of collecting and measuring the data on these inequalities to be able to better address the complex nature of this issue of gender inequality, both in Nepal and around the world.

The fact that, within this inequality, women are then subjected to lower levels of care allows one to see that there is a double standard, not only when it comes to the relationship between a husband and his wife or wives, but also in the way that the members of the relationship are valued.

The extremely patriarchal societal structure and high levels of poverty throughout the country combine with traditional views to put women in a place of disadvantage that is more severe than in many other countries throughout the world (Bosco et al., 2019)

They not only lack this care, but also the ability to learn how to maximize that care and best raise their children since they often do not complete their education.

This often means that the girl drops out of school and remains dependent on her husband, also isolating her from opportunities to participate in the economy, politics, or her community.

Women are often expected to remain at home and care for the family and, in many countries, girls are forced into an early marriage because it is believed that marriage and caring for a family is her sole purpose.

These inequalities span back into the history of almost every culture, where women were placed in a subordinate position to that of men.

More research needs to be done to quantify how much food security is being strained as a result of rapid urbanization in Sub Saharan Africa.

Kiambu also has different burgeoning economic opportunities than the other research areas and the region will continue to evolve based on its unique circumstances.

but none of the aforementioned sources were able to identify the rate of food production in relation to the loss of agricultural land

the traditional view of development processes are too linear

one-dimensional policy recommendations for development problems rarely work

call for new regulations surrounding land use practices such as protection of agricultural lands and limits on industrial activities like mining

Kiio and Achola find this especially troubling for Kenya as a whole as Kiambu County represents a considerable chunk of the meager 17% of fertile land in Kenya suitable rainfall for rain fed agriculture.

Analysis of these maps shows that from 1986 to 2016, urbanized land increased by 54.6% while agricultural land decreased by 16%.

Maximum Likelihood supervised classification

Land Use Changes - Agricultural to Urban

Forkour

The article cites the country’s history of Apartheid, which prompted people from rural fringes as well as surrounding countries to seek urbanized areas as they fostered a stable economy and better living conditions.

Researchers use land use land cover maps to quantify the change in land use over various timeframes.

Complexity is at the very root of human development. Each region, issue, and system is unique in its way. Whether that be through policies, the economy, or social levels, no one problem is the same. Data science allows us to look at those specific details and provide a solution for that area.

Another method that was looked at utilized Integrating process-based modeling and Bayesian networks. A lot of the time, when forecasting a storm, scientists will employ a “process-based modeling approach.” This approach takes account of “spatial gradients both alongshore and cross-shore.”

This entailed removing subscribers who were not active before and after the cyclone while excluding those destroyed due to the cyclone or belonged to relief workers.

But then the Forecasters’ Dilemma comes into play. This considers the “trade-off” between finding and analyzing data and the need for timely and accurate predictions.

Climate action is not only needed, but a detailed and efficient response to its effects is needed as well.

spatial gradients

researchers can use this data to understand the severity of predicted floods and consequences to prepare for

process-based modeling approach

It allowed humanitarian agencies to identify where support was needed and which regions were not recovering as well as they had intended.

can

CDR data is looking to be a powerful contender.

By applying an integrated method of human and machine analysis to data collection, the gender-based gap in data collection may finally be bridged, allowing real-world disparities in women’s social, economic, physical, and mental health to be alleviated as well.

granular databases constructed from regional micro-surveys (e.g., a “bottom-up” approach)

Dr. Vaitla and his cohorts were also able to produce a machine-learning algorithm that can “accurately identify mental illness” through “genuine self-disclosures” posted on online social platforms with a 96% success rate

an accurate image of women’s physical and mental wellbeing

to interpret and enumerate the causation of explicit phenomena

One of the clearest, albeit crudest, indicators of gender-based duality in developmental progress is the wage gap.

across both tiny pockets and large swathes of land

Bayesian generalized linear models, artificial neural networks, and repeated cross-validation processes

longstanding patriarchal precepts dominate women’s social interactions, educational opportunities, economic activity, access to healthcare, political engagement, and human security

human capabilities

In Amartya Sen’s book Development as Freedom, the famed economist discusses the tenuous balance that often arises between culture and progress on the path towards human flourishing and development.

detailed, accurate understanding

big data and data science will allow the pace and ease of scientific discovery to drastically increase

In West’s view, it is not enough to rely on the analytical constituents of big data alone; theoretical frameworks are necessary to understand any kind of collected data.

The ability to fully comprehend the complexities and then provide an articulate model makes data science and its techniques unparalleled in its aid in human development.

previous approaches to human development have been too narrow in the variables they consider and naive in their analysis of the complexities which followed

This differs from past methods of qualitative analysis

that a majority of the area is only 1.5 meter above sea level

this would negatively affect 660,000 residents, putting their lives at risk

These findings allow a predictive model which is updated monthly, allowing proper solutions to the ongoing transmission of the Avian Influenza [6].

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 90-meter resolution digital elevation model data

logistic regression model that resulted in an odds ratio, where 1 indicated no relationship, greater than 1 is a positive relationship, and less than 1 is a negative relationship

multivariate logistic regression (MLR) to look at the likelihood of spreads

Similarly

two

kernel-based probabilistic classification system which is similar to a bayesian inference

The results showed that 660.2 km^2 of cropland had been converted to built up areas, with 62% of that expansion being strictly peri-urban.

machine learning algorithm, one example being a support vector machine (SVM) classifier

30 m to sub-one meter resolution

making

The increased expansion of the peri-urban area leads to a major amount of both direct and indirect risks

The Use of Geospatial and Remote Sensing Techniques to Track The Increase of Peri-Urban Areas and Associated Health Risks in Disease and Flooding in Vietnam

For that reason, I propose two central research questions. 1) Within the context of population shifts in the Middle East and Africa, what is the impact of political crises such as terrorism, government instability, or climate change? 2) Can shifts in demography serve as indicators to predict the insurgence of crisis events?

However, there exists a severe gap in the literature regarding accounting for uncertainty

The synthesis of census data, mobile phone CDRs, and predictive population models reveals a promising future for communicable disease eradication.

logistic regression models

Gravity-type spatial interaction models have applications in the past and future—they can explain migratory patterns and predict future within-country migration to a staggering accuracy.

Introduction & Abstract

Overall, the sheer scale of data science is what makes it such a powerful tool in human development, and all of its complex implications.

to Bayesian modeling, neural networks, and the use of CDR data

Besides being able to view real-time population mobility, CDR data can be used to predict future mobility patterns. An impedance model implements CDR data to predict how people will move during an epidemic. According to a study where it was used to estimate population mobility during the 2010 Cholera epidemic in Haiti, it can relatively accurately predict the population mobility in the absence of parameters, using only CDR data (Sallah). This makes an impedance model a powerful tool in low-income countries such as those in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, it was especially accurate when predicting the movement of heterogeneous populations, which are prevalent in many low-income countries where people in the same area may have very different levels of wealth.

Models such as these are inexpensive since they use widely available resources and require little labor. As a result, Low-income countries, such as many Sub-Saharan countries, can take advantage of these neural networks.

Newer methods that implement big data and deep learning algorithms such as Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) models are more effective (Chae)

it is less expensive

Hierarchal Bayesian modeling can assist census data by estimating values to fill in the gaps of incomplete or outdated census data.

It will also identify some subsets of people who may be more vulnerable than others.

Scientists, decision-makers, and ordinary global citizens need access to nuanced, robust information in order to uncover inequities and suffering and, ultimately grapple to find a solution. Data science is the first step.

Essentially, drastic changes in the climate can strip farmers in Sub Saharan Africa of their livelihoods and they are left with no means to supplement their diets with imported food. Farmers and their families are already suffering.

Nonetheless, there is a potential relationship between climate change and education, as one investigates the interplay between three development goals: climate action, zero hunger, and quality education.

The scientific question which the author is seeking to answer was finding out which type of land was the most susceptible to climate change in Northern Ethiopia, and the result was those living in lowlands areas.

absence of updated spatial information on the quantity and distribution of groundwater

data from remote sensing of satellite imagery of Northern Ethiopia, as well as previous data, and identifies where the best relative sources of water are

the study showed that there were 341 km^2 of land measured, and showed about 43% of land usable, about 40% of land somewhat usable, and about 18% of land unusable for irrigation

semivariogram model types and interpolation methods were used to generate geospatial distribution maps.

The article and study were successful at finding the areas in Ethiopia where access to clean water was needed the most, which was the question that was trying to be answered.

The study examined in this article was conducted in 2016, and was able to receive data from over 10,000 homes. This survey used a structured questionnaire, and from the results, statistical analysis was able to be applied.

having safe access to water and food

By using Big Data, businesses were able to provide more timely and effective aid to those affected by the earthquake, Through monetary and service aid, data in humanitarian efforts help accelerate disaster response and management.

Open Cities Project of Kathmandu Living Labs

Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team

However, in places that are more rural and have smaller populations, there are fewer cell phone towers. Since disasters can damage the towers, this method would prove utterly useless. Furthermore, the researches explain that in more rural regions, mobile phone usage is lower among “children, the elderly, the poorest, and women.” This can lead to a bias in the data, which is something the researchers are trying to avoid inc comparison to earlier methods.

They recorded 2.8 million SIMs and discussed estimations within the Port au Prince metropolitan area

SIMs (subscriber identity modules), to get this data

The displacements can also muddle with rescue and relief operations

The authors used CDR analysis to calculate and analyze the locations of different mobile users over Nepal

Another aspect to look at is the return of populations to their original homes

Furthermore, an estimated “2,600” government building had been completely obliterated with “3,700 more” damaged

Bengtsson

masts

masts

While these methods are valuable for record-keeping, they are inadequate at working efficiently during the aftermath of a disaster.

By applying an integrated method of human and machine analysis to data collection, the gender-based gap in data collection may finally be bridged, allowing real-world disparities in women’s social, economic, physical, and mental health to be alleviated as well.

By layering a series of localized partial perspectives over geospatial data collected using an approach of positivist epistemology, however, Bosak and Schroeder argue that a “more objective representation of reality” can emerge (235), allowing for a more accurate vision of development within the context of southeast Asian cultural norms.

failing to recognize important data like income disparity between husbands and wives (234)

which has led to the long-term incubation of inherent bias in modern data collection tools

chart literacy, stunting, contraception use, and income rates on various geographic scales with a relatively small margin of error “in the range of 2-30% explained variance…

geospatial covariates with correlating, pre-established data pools to more accurately predict social, health, and economic phenomena in both tiny pockets and large swathes of land

Bayesian generalized linear models, artificial neural networks, and repeated cross-validation processes

Bosco, C.

United Nation’s Global Pulse program

As implied by Amartya Sen in his book Development as Freedom, both the social and economic aspects of development mentioned in this article must be monitored carefully in order to dismantle the unfreedoms that prevent women from achieving them.

women make up barely 3% of politicians and C.E.O.s in India

gender inequality.

Vietnam serves as an interesting and important case study to not only attempt to alleviate the ailments of the area, but also to serve as a groundwork for similar areas in the future.

The 9 classifications it was able to identify were water, urban and built up, rice, other crops, grasslands, orchards, barren, forest, and mangrove

bayesian interface kernel-based probabilistic classification

multi-temporal and multi-sensor satellite imagery

This has the inadvertent effect of decreasing crop land and other vital areas for survival

remote sensing techniques and bayesian models to accurately label the growing areas into 9 different categories

Together, these variables produce an accurate prediction of the amount of runoff

QuickBird Imagery

However, the increased amount of housing meant that groundwater was being extracted and pushed down to lower elevations, causing a dramatic increase in flooding for those houses which were built at a lower elevation.

whether there was a correlation between the increased urbanization of Beijing and nitrogen dioxide levels in the troposphere. They found a strong correlation between both variables using a scatter plot where the correlation coefficient was .9036 and the coefficient of determination was .821. This illustrates a positive correlation between the two variables.

Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) for 2000-2002 and Scanning Imaging Absorption SPectrometer for Atmospheric Chartogray for 2003-2009

When developing countries no longer have to focus on life threatening diseases such as malaria, freedoms in other areas such as social and economic opportunity will promote development in all other aspects of life.

malaria

gravity-model based approach

The authors detail how people can unknowingly spread malaria parasites, including anti-malarial resistant strains, to new areas.

Such residential and commercial building projects have led to a significant decrease in agricultural land, a concerning trend considering the county’s rapid rise in population

unplanned urban development often leads to major flooding, air pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, and desertification

urban planning and management, slum upgrading, crime reduction, transport and traffic management, and waste management

Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS)

land parcel data, road network data, high resolution satellite imagery, elevation data, LiDAR, and bathymetry

access to this technology

Nearest Neighborhood Analysis and Weighted Sum Analysis was also used to compile various sources of data to assess PHC accessibility for the native population

there are myriad factors that go into determining which areas have access to adequate healthcare facilities. Such factors include availability of quality roads, travel distance, travel speed, mode of transport, PHC population coverage, and topographic impediments such as bodies of water, forests, or rugged terrain

As stated above, accurate population data is imperative for effective management of public health and effective healthcare, which is probably the aspect of human development I will be focusing on.

Finally, the model assumes that no one lives in unsettled areas, which is likely false.

To create the models of Beijing’s urban development over time, radar backscatter data collected from QSCAT satellites and modified using a DSM (Density sampling mean) method to format it into a grid. The DSM method was used to overcome the weakness of QSCAT data, which is its low spatial resolution.

Population tracking is imperative to understanding the spread of a virus, and how to mitigate it, so these methods are incredibly useful in the domain of public health.

Using GPS data from social media, such as twitter geotags and location data from web browsers, is more accurate then CDR data.

Models that have used CDR data, such as ones used to try and eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, have been successful in identifying transmission routes and local foci.

Lai, S.; Farnham, A.; Ruktanonchai, N.W.; Tatem, A.J.: 2019

Spatial distributions of potential demand for obstetric care were determined by a gridded map(100x100m) of estimated pregnancy in 2015

to determine the effect of distance and quality of health care facilities on birthing services

The maternal mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa is high in comparison to the rest of the world, at 546 deaths per 100,000 live births, and this number has declined at half the rate of the rest of the world. The key factor relating to this problem has shown itself to be skilled birth attendance during childbirth.

further inquiry

Alegana, V.

Bayesian geospatial logistic regression model

educational and financial opportunities are often lost for both her and for her child

correlation

gap in the research

STATA

it proves that changes to the gathering methods must be made so that the specific issues caused by gender inequality can be addressed, not just issues plaguing the general population

Machine Learning techniques and Bayesian Geostatistical models

Subscriber Identification Module-card (SIM-card)

Identifying older disabled people might inspire a push to prioritize their freedom to participate in the market as they have outgrown their public school ages, and are therefore excluded from the annual census.

Rather than posing the freedom to learn as a basic freedom, they emphasize the exclusion of disabled students as an unfreedom

As it stands today in the United States, which has one of the most impressive special education programs in the world falling behind European natitons, the schools are often criticized for collapsing the amount of cognitive levels they separate the students into

difficulty with reading material on screen, and lack of subtitles on videos from external providers

E-learning has gained momentum during the pandemic making

pressure schools to make structural improvements

introduce inclusivity standards

Few emerging nations collect data on children with disabilities and those that can do not know how to effectively integrate disabled students into their exclusive education systems

Therefore, although the researchers came to an interesting conclusion, it would be beneficial to look at this problem in a more holistic manner.

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)

access to electricity

The most challenging part of this facet of food security is that effective climate change mitigation policy may in fact hurt developing countries.

millet

The scientists end by entreating people to heed the warning of these IPCC projections and begin to address climate change, in tandem with investing in heat-tolerant plant strain and specialized irrigation systems, especially in underdeveloped areas like the Sahel.

They found a negative correlation between birth weight and temperature and a positive correlation between birth rate and rainfall

NDVI

IPUMS

DHS

birth weight in societies of cash croppers, food croppers, and pastoralists in Kenya and Mali

Taking these researchers’ conclusions into account, it may be possible to achieve both these goals with a single approach.

undernourished children in rural Zimbabwe

data using longitudinal surveys

n situations that are far detached from my finances, well-being, and community, I am far less carefu

according

lightbulb and a rubix cube

It is good for analysis of the interaction between variables because you can clearly view patterns and ranges in which the data resides

The image sizes decrease thanks to the MaxPooling command

After 10 epochs my DNN had a test accuracy of 0.9771. My CNN had an accuracy of 0.9982.

If processing big data, this simplification could help decrease the amount of time a computer will be calculating and analyzing an image.

This method is useful as it simplifies images without letting go of the message of the image.

diverged so drastically

my accuracy was a bit higher at nearly 100%

This allows the computer to pull out important features and get rid of extraneous information

extracts features that show a commonolatity in the image

Convergence

this course itself is about teaching machines how to learn like a brain in order to make predictions and analyze data about the world around us. Two, this data we analyze is often about ourselves and our brains: our effect on the environment, the social sciences, etc. Data science