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  1. Apr 2019
    1. Perceived Discrimination against Black Americans and White Americans Authors

      The topic of perceived discrimination in the United States is obviously important, at least in the context of US psychology. Not surprisingly, a single cross-sectional original research report was published in Perspectives on Psychological Science, which normally publishes in-depth meta-psychological articles that reflect on major developments in psychology. The significance of Norton and Sommer’s article is more the political message than the contribution to psychological science. The key finding in Norton and Sommers’ article is statistically robust, t(208) = -3.94,p< .001, suggesting that a replication study in the same population would produce the same result. Of course, we cannot go back to the year the survey was conducted (which is not reported) and redo the study. The political climate in the United States has changed considerably after Obama was elected in 2008 and then again after Trump was elected in 2016. Thus, period effects alone can produce inconsistent results. However, as Zigerell points out, method effects may also play a role. Norton and Sommers asked participant for their opinions about racial discrimination in different time periods going back to the time before the civil rights movement. It is possible that ratings of current levels of perceived discrimination were influenced by a contrast effect in comparison to a time when official laws discriminated against African Americans in the United States. This hypothesis is not dependent on the time the survey is conducted. Thus, it would be interesting to see whether the reversal effect can be replicated in a direct replication of the original methodology. If so, it would strengthen the interpretation of Norton and Sommers’ results as an artifact of their methodology. Zigerell reports results from two new surveys. One survey was conducted right after Trump won the 2016 election. Study 2 was conducted in 2017. The actual month should be reported. During this time, police killings of African Americans and the “Black Lives Matter” movement were salient reminders of ongoing discrimination against African Americans in the United States. The results show clear differences in perceptions of discrimination by White and Black Americans. However, in contrast to Norton and Sommers’ findings there is no evidence that White Americans now perceive more discrimination against their own group than against African Americans. These results that were obtained in a larger sample make an important empirical contribution and help to prevent overgeneralization of Norton and Sommers’ results across time and methods. However, at present it is unclear what explains the inconsistent findings. Is it the survey methodology or is it another reversal in public opinions after 2016? A replication study of Norton and Sommers’ study could address this question. It could also produce new insight into context effects in surveys that ask for ratings of different time periods. The Conclusion was a bit unclear. I am not sure what the author means by “still have much potential for movement in a conservative direction,” and I suggest deleting this sentence. I think what is more important is to compare the perceptions to actual inequality and discrimination and to examine the large differences in perceptions between White and Black Americans. How much of this difference is purely due to cognitive differences (availability of examples) and how much is it due to (politically) motivated biases. In sum, although I think this manuscript could be expanded in several ways to make a bigger contribution, I think the results alone are worthy of publication.