61 Matching Annotations
  1. Last 7 days
    1. Since the main goal of this study was to capture the experiences of Asian American girls, I did not include most of the other Basement Group students in my research. There may be gender, ethnic, and/or racial differences that are not reflected in this study. As an exception, I talked with Savannah and Meli, two Salvadoran immigrant girls who were close friends with the Asian American girls and part of the core members of the Basement Community. Their perspectives helped deepen my understanding of the experiences of the main participants

      I think step-by-step studies that control variables are important. It is precisely because of the various details of the research objects that we pay attention to that determine the rigor and objectivity of our research. We can also count them on a large scale in the future. thereby completing the objectivity of the entire study

    2. This study uses ethnography, a methodology that aims for ‘cultural interpretation’ (Wolcott, 1999, p. 68), to explore the behaviors, meaning, thoughts, and perspectives of a group of Asian American girls. As ethnography values ‘field-oriented activity’ (Wolcott, 1999, p. 77), I became immersed in the girls’ every-day experiences by accompanying, observing, and having conversations with them in different settings

      I think it is precisely because of the different environments that we can more objectively observe the changes in the children of a family in different periods. This way we can see whether the child's own changes have a lot to do with the family. It is precisely because of these differences that they lead different lives.

    3. Espiritu, 2003), body images created by media and popular culture (Lee & Vaught, 2003), and model minority stereotypes (Lee, 2009), as primary forces in these girls’ live

      Stereotypes and body image also weigh heavily on them. Regardless of gender, they are required to have a body that they think looks good, otherwise they will make jokes at home that make you sad, intentionally or unintentionally, as if just because you gain a little weight, the whole world will leave you and you will be The whole world is abandoned. They ask you to do your best in everything, and your children never stop for a moment. They don't have time to look at the world around them, and they don't have time to enjoy campus life. Everything should be the same as a robot. What they think is good is good, but when they ask for it, it becomes wrong. They will only tell you with what they have given, and you are not qualified to refute what they have given so much.

    4. such as strict gender roles and expectations

      Strict gender roles and expectations, their own daughter has very strict requirements and does not feel that her daughter should succeed. Rather than success, they think that success is when their daughter marries a good man. This is actually very abnormal. After working hard for more than 20 years to get close to the best university and get the best job, they are required to be successful only if they are married. This is really unreasonable but true.

    5. While some scholars have studied the lives of Asian American girls and young women specifically, they have almost exclusively exposed the adverse circumstances influencing them. Studies have revealed family pressures, such as strict gender roles and expectations (dasGupta & dasgupta, 1998; Espiritu, 2003), body images created by media and popular culture (Lee & Vaught, 2003), and model minority stereotypes (Lee, 2009), as primary forces in these girls’ live

      I think family stress really affects a child throughout his or her life. When their parents ask them to get into a good university without considering the setbacks in the process, a child can only face it alone. Because they only see what they have paid but not what their children have borne under their pressure and effort. They often lose their best childhood years. When they still fail to get a good result after working hard, they will be swept away by the previous pressure again and press them harder on the beach.

    6. Mired in a crucible of profound contradiction, alienation, and ambiguity, the girls fashion a borderland community of their own where they can affirm cultural hybridity, question and reject the mainstream values and beliefs that surround them, and imagine new possibilities for their present and future.

      They want to build a community where people in their own circle can speak freely and develop as they please. The original intention is good, but I think it will only get harder and harder in the future. Because this method of not communicating with the outside world is not feasible. From an early age, this is why we have to go to school instead of being educated at home. Generally speaking, if a country closes itself off, it will only lead to the country's regression. I wonder if we need a hundred flowers to bloom internally, but we also need to learn knowledge from the outside that is in line with everyone's thoughts and progress.

    7. They face a world of multiple, often contradictory, messages about who they are, what they should become, and how to navigate the world. Their parents expect them to follow and inherit their homeland traditions, beliefs, and values

      I think it is unfair for parents to require their children to inherit and follow the traditions and faith values of their motherland. Parents can teach their children their traditions and beliefs, but they should have the right to choose whether to follow their beliefs or not. Good traditions and values are of course helpful to their growth.

    1. I start with Paco, the 3-year-old bilingual child whose mother is a U.S.-born Latina woman and whose father is a U.S.-born white man. The mother grew up in a bilingual home, the father in a monolingual one, but he studied Spanish in high school. The family is comfortable in a translanguaging space, where their use of English and Spanish is unbounded, dynamic, and fluid and adapts to meet the communicative expectations of the many different people who enter the home

      I think such a bilingual family is the most perfect situation, because both parents can speak two languages at the same time, so that the child can be fluently exposed to the two languages and can learn the communication methods of the two languages. He has mastered both languages at birth. language. This is the state that many bilingual families most hope to achieve. But more often than not, children can only master the language wherever they live. But when bilingualism occurs in a family, children naturally become bilingual.

    2. Translanguaging focuses on the unbounded and agentive dynamic actions of bilinguals as they use their entire linguistic/multimodal repertoire. Bilingual readers leverage all of their meaning-making resources and all of themselves as they engage with text.

      I believe that non-verbal elements are very important in bilingual work, and they play a decisive role in situations where language barriers do not exist. People only go back and remember the meaning of each word after they understand it. I think fluency can only be required after understanding, and after that, mastery.

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    1. Schooling is particularly important for immigrant youth. For them, it is the first sustained, meaningful, and enduring participation in an institu-tion of the new society. Today, more immigrant children spend more time in schools than ever before in the history of the United States.

      Schooling plays a particularly important role for immigrant youth, as it is the key interaction that brings them into contact with their new society, and it plays a key role in their socialization and adaptation to their new cultural environment. Today immigrant children spend the majority of their day in school, more than at any other time in U.S. history, so schooling is critical.

    2. In order to foster higher-order cognitive skills, competencies, and interpersonal sensibilities, schools will have to accomplish more than ever before. If schooling is to be relevant and in synchronicity with the problems and opportunities of the day, it will need to prepare youngsters to deal with the increasing complexity and diversity that characterize their lives

      I believe that the need for educational institutions to adapt and evolve is emphasized here, and that schools must work harder to develop students' cognitive skills, competencies and interpersonal skills. The goal is to prepare young people to respond effectively to the complexities and variations of society and life. Schools can ensure that students are equipped not only with academic knowledge, but also with the competencies and skills needed to adapt to the fast-changing world in today's fast-paced changing society.

    3. How does immigration shape the changing realities and experiences of recently arrived youth? What ambitions do these newest and youngest Americans bring with them, and how effectively are we as a society har-nessing their energies? Do boys and girls experience the migration journey differently?

      These questions question the impact of the lives of young newcomers. The question of whether there are differences in the experience of migration between genders is raised, suggesting that boys and girls can have different ideas and understandings of the journey.

    4. Yet our understanding of the expe-riences of immigrant children and youth remains limited. This gap in our knowledge is troubling because immigrant-origin children are enter-ing the United States in unprecedented numbers, making them the fastest-growing segment of the youth population.2 Today, 20 percent of young people growing up in the United States have immigrant parents, and it is

      The representation of immigrants in the U.S. is discussed here through a variety of cultural and academic mediums, emphasizing that too little attention has been paid to our understanding of adolescent immigrants, and that immigrant children, who currently make up about 15 percent of the total U.S. population, are the fastest-growing segment of the youth population. It is projected that by 2040, one-third of U.S. children will grow up in immigrant families.

    5. Many facets of the story of immigration to the United States are well known, captured in endless iterations in family narratives, legends, poems, folk songs, novels, memoirs, films, history and civic textbooks, academic monographs, and research reports.

      Discussed here are the ways in which the story of immigrants in the United States has been presented in various forms of media and scholarly works, including family narratives, legends, poems, folk songs, novels, memoirs, films, history and civics textbooks, and academic studies.

    6. iE AMERICAN STORY is one of immigration and accommodation, in which groups of people from diverse backgrounds arrive and seek to forge a common destiny. After the peoples we now call Native Americans made their way to these lands, three major human flows-the settlement of the original colonists, the involuntary transfer of African slaves until the Civil War, and the great trans-Atlantic diaspora that began at the end of the Napoleonic Wars and endured until the Great Depression-set the stage for the current realities of immigration to the United States.

      The passage provides an overview of the history of immigration to the United States, emphasizing four key stages: the initial migration of Native Americans from Asia, the arrival of European colonists in the 17th century, the forced migration of African slaves prior to the Civil War, and the migration of mass slavery. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars through the Great Depression, there was a massive influx of European immigrants.

  3. Apr 2024
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    1. This meant that my parents were never going to make an effort to communicate with my teachers and that they would never come to the school, and for the most part this ended up being true.

      This statement reflects the speaker's frustration with the reality that the speaker's parents are reluctant to interact with the speaker's teachers or participate in school activities due to work commitments or limitations in understanding how to participate in the educational system. The challenges faced by families under economic pressures are numerous, financial pressures and life burdens prevent parents from investing a lot of energy into their children's education and lives, it is not that they don't want to be involved in their children's upbringing it is that the burdens of life don't give them a chance to breathe. Lack of parental support and encouragement can lead to low self-esteem due to anxiety caused by family financial pressure and lack of love. The cyclical pattern of economic hardship impeding educational support perpetuates the disconnect between poor families and educational institutions.

    2. When I started school, I soon learned that being poor might mean both the things I thought it did and also something much, much worse: It meant that I was inferior to those who were not poor; I was less than. It's a terrible feeling to become aware at an early age that not having money somehow means that you are less deserving in the classroom than students who are more privileged, that you are less deserving of a teacher's attention or praise, that you arc less deserving of good grades, that your financial shortcomings indicate that your parents have failed in some way. I remember not being spoken to-being flat-out ignored-by kids in my class when we were at lunch or recess. I would sit and wonder what it was that I could have done to make them dislike me and not want to talk to me. It was much later that I began to understand that the kids didn't have to talk to me in order to not like me. All they had to do was look at the clothes I was wearing to know that I was a poor kid, which meant that I was to be avoided.

      This paragraph provides an insightful description of the psychology and impact of poverty on students in the school environment. It conveys deep-rooted societal attitudes that equate economic status with personal worth, leading to feelings of inferiority among the economically disadvantaged, as well as affecting social interactions and academic recognition. This experience of social exclusion based on economic disparity highlights the wider social problem of economic prejudice and its profound impact on children's self-esteem and social development. We need to be more informed and aware of how sensitive groups recognize how socio-economic factors affect interactions and perceptions in educational settings.

    3. 4 COUNTERSTOIUES Now that I am a teacher, I often hear stories of how this or that student is struggling, and there always seems to be a student who has problems stemmin from a "lack of parental support" at home. There is always evidence of this lac~ of support, reasons such as ''the parents don't seem to be involved academi-cally-they never come to the school" or "academics are not being supported at home because the reading log has not been signed, even though the student claims to have read every night." Some parents don't come to school because of a hectic work or personal schedule that leaves little room for even small changes in routine. Other students may have trouble getting school items signed by a parent or guardian who works long hours or on a night shift. The point is, it can be a mistake for a teacher to make assumptions about a student's circumstances or support system without knowing the situation.

      This segment discusses the complexities that can arise in educational settings regarding parental involvement. Act reflects on the various challenges that students face due to lack of parental support. Examples include parents not attending school events or not signing academic records, which are often interpreted as a lack of commitment to a child's academic life. It may not be that parents are irresponsible or do not keep their promises, but rather that heavy workloads or other constraints limit their involvement in their children's educational activities. Do not make hasty judgments about families and emphasize the need for empathy in assessing students.

    4. Still, all in all, life was great. My parents loved me, and I got along with my younger brother. In fact, the biggest downside to being poor was that my mom and dad had to work really hard.

      It reflects the warmth that families give to their children and the positive attitudes towards life, despite economic difficulties. The strength of family bonds and the emotional support of family members is crucial. The speaker appreciates the love and relationships with parents and siblings as providing the basis for happiness and stability. The main drawback was the financial burden of hard-working parents, which emphasized a common aspect of poverty, namely that hard work is a necessity and not an option.

    5. I mean really poor; not poor like a college student living on ramen or struggling-artist poor. I mean poor as in working as hard as you can your whole life and still living week to week and check to check. Have you ever been that kind of poor? I have.

      The sense of powerlessness that economic stability remains elusive despite constant effort and hard work is expressed here. This severe poverty is contrasted with the state of poverty that everyone reviews and flirts with. I believe that many people can empathize with the state of not being able to make ends meet through repetitive work day in and day out, but few people truly understand the harshness of reality.

    1. By applying the diagnosis of “poor,” teachers often further wound the patient, rather than pro-vide for a meaningful remedy

      This is what we have to face to improve the quality of teachers. Graduating from a prestigious school does not necessarily mean a responsible and quality educator. What we need to see more is the feedback of students. To see what students need rather than what we hope they need.

    2. The United States has long prided itself on the belief that anyone can succeed in this country—that anyone can pull themselves up by their bootstraps and reach their economic goals. Much of what is lacking from this discussion is the manner in which social policies and institutional arrangements reinforce poverty.

      However, it is becoming more and more difficult to realize the American dream. For poor local families, I don’t see any way for them to rise up in class other than studying and having innate talents. So if everyone can succeed, why are there so many billions of people still struggling with poverty? I believe that learning is the only way to jump across classes.

    3. As teacher educators, we are concerned with perceptions about how poverty impacts students. It is these perceptions that seem most ripe for attention. Much in the way we wish our students to be race-conscious, we wish our teacher candidates to be class-conscious as well.

      It is true that sometimes blindly being fair will only affect students, and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is the best solution. Sometimes what students need is not absolute fairness but mutual respect for people and equality of human rights. This does not mean that class will suppress people, but class does have an impact.

    4. Comparing public schools with charter schools, he explained how charters are (perceived as) successful with poor children because of their no excuses approach to serving children who are in poverty. In his model, poverty can simply be overlooked

      Therefore, some people think that the success of private schools is deserved. This is also a very difficult part of public schools, and it is also a great thing. Students who have been abandoned by private schools, students whose families cannot provide help, and students who come from poor backgrounds. All these negative factors will affect the ratings of public schools. But this is also the school that society needs most. Most people cannot afford to go to private schools, and studying is their only way out.

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    1. Even in the classroom, I couldn't get away from the sting of high-school poverty. In history when we learned about the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl a rich student named David started calling me "Dust Bowl" as a nickname. ' High school algebra taught me that some people are "greater than" and others are "less than.

      This class gap will indeed make students feel inequality and disparity. However, in the study of knowledge, the students decide what can be learned. In this aspect, it is fair. It does not mean that he can learn more just because he is rich, nor does he learn more because he is poor. I cannot know what the teacher taught me. No matter how much effort you put into learning this aspect, there will be equal rewards. Therefore, learning is the simplest and fairest way to make a positive leap.

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    1. eepen staff understanding. It’s crucial for educators to keep in mind the many factors, some of them invisible, that play a role in students’ class-room actions

      I believe that teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is the highest realm of education. It is indeed very difficult but we can work harder to get closer to this aspect. On a smaller scale, you can pay attention to why students failed to complete their Homework several times. Generally speaking, why should we choose the major we like? These are very meaningful things for students.

    2. elative poverty refers to the economic status of a family whose income is insuffi cient to meet its society’s average standard of living

      I think this is also relative. The average level varies depending on the region. We have no way to use economic level to comment on the happiness of a family. Moreover, the economic level in the suburbs is lower than the average level in the city, and life in the suburbs may even be more nourishing and happy.

    3. Absolute poverty, which is rare in the United States, involves a scarcity of such necessities as shelter, running water, and food. Families who live in absolute poverty tend to focus on day-to-day survival

      I think the homeless people on the street should be regarded as absolutely poor. They have no clothes, no food to eat, and no place to clean. Survival is a problem every day, and there is no time to think about how to achieve class advancement.

    4. Generational poverty occurs in families where at least two generations have been born into poverty. Families living in this type of poverty are not equipped with the tools to move out of their situations

      As I wrote in a book a few days ago, there are only three ways to turn around in this situation. Reading, learning and increasing knowledge. Only with certain success in the academic field can you have the opportunity to break out of the class. Second, just as divorce above can lead to poverty, marriage can also escape poverty and achieve class advancement. In China, this often occurs among traditional women. Marrying into a good family is still the wish of some Chinese families for their daughters. The third type is that if you are reincarnated well, your class will be determined at birth.

    5. Situational poverty is generally caused by a sudden crisis or loss and is often temporary. Events causing situational poverty include environ-mental disasters, divorce, or severe health problems

      The divorce was indeed unexpected, but when I think about it, it makes sense because it is a huge blow to my property and spiritual world. But compared with divorce, I feel that environmental disasters and health problems are more sudden and unprepared.

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    1. The discussion of this issue is complex but in brief many ' ' ' of the difficulties teachers encounter with children who are different in background from themselves are related co this underlying attitudinal difference in the appropriate display of explicitness and personal power in the classroom

      I think the quality of teachers and the atmosphere of the school can be improved through the following points. Create an inclusive learning environment: Teachers should create an inclusive learning environment that encourages students to express their own personalities and perspectives while respecting and accepting expressions from different cultural backgrounds. Provide personalized support: According to the needs and backgrounds of different students, teachers can provide personalized support and guidance to help them overcome the difficulties caused by cultural differences and better adapt to the learning environment.

    2. They will often defer to boys, displaying their knowledge only when in the company of other girls. Most teachers, unaware of this tendency, are likely to insist that all groups be gender-mixed, thus depress-ing the exhibition of ability by the Latino girls in the class

      This situation reminds us that the impact of different cultures and backgrounds on individual behavior needs to be taken into account in assessment and educational settings. Teachers need to understand and respect the behavioral expressions of different cultural backgrounds to ensure fairness and effective development of students. At the same time, educators can also help students overcome the difficulties caused by cultural differences through education and training, and encourage them to demonstrate their abilities and potential.

    3. Another example of assessment difficulties arising from dif-ferences in culture can be found in the Latino community. Fre-quently, Latino girls find it difficult to speak out or exhibit aca-demic prowess in a gender-mixed setting.

      I believe this behavior reflects the influence of culture and social environment on individual behavior. In this example, Latina girls may have been influenced by traditional gender roles, causing them to display characteristics of reserve and modesty in mixed-sex settings. This actually inhibits the expression and growth of female students' creativity and interpersonal skills.

    4. Teachers must not merely take courses that tell them how to treat their students as multicultural clients, in ocher words, those that cell them how co identify differences in interac-tional or communicative strategies and remediate appropri-ately. They muse also learn about the brilliance the students bring with them "in their blood."

      This is what the best teachers strive for. Keep students interested while teaching them the lessons they should learn and motivating them to explore deeper research through their own interests.

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    1. Some of the most compelling evidence that students do care about edi.:cation despite their rejection of schooling lies with the great number of students who skip most classes chronically but who regul_a_r!y attend...that one class that is meaningfuLto .. them. Without exception, it is the teacher there who makes the difference. Unconditional, authentic caring resides therein.

      The psychology of skipping classes is clearly described here, and there are many examples around me of students skipping classes not because they are lazy or don't like to study, but because they find the classes boring or have a bias against the professor's teaching style. On the contrary, they will continue to take classes that they find interesting even if they find them difficult or tiring. This is where the interaction between the teacher and the students and the way they are taught is crucial.

    2. The English-dominant and strongly peer-oriented students who walk dally through Seguin's halls, vacillating between displays of aggressiveness and indifference, are either underachieving or psychically and emotionally detached from the academic mainstream. Hence, for U.S.-born youth, to be culturally assimilated is to become culturally and linguistically distant from those among them who are academically able. Thus eroded in the process of schooling is students' social capital. Within a span of two or three generations, '~social decapitalization" may be said to occur. Under such conditions, teachers become highly influential and even necessary gatekeepers. Hence the significance of caring relations.

      It is discussed here that U.S.-born students attempting to assimilate into the culture will often distance themselves from their academically focused peers, more often those from immigrant or bilingual backgrounds. In this case, the role of the teacher is very important as they can facilitate the student's academic success by nurturing or giving encouragement to the student.

    3. Regarding mobility, time-honored practices make it virtually impossible for ESL youth to make a vertical move from the ESL to the honors_ track. Never mind that many immi-grant -youth attended secundaria (known more formally as educaci6n media) in Mex_ico. Since only I 6.9 percent of the total middle school-age population in Mexico attends secundaria, any sernndaria experience is exceptional (Gutek, 1993). Though members of an "elite" group, they are seldom recognized or treated as such by school officials, including counselors who either do not know how to interpret a transcript from Mexico or who are ignorant about the significance of a postprimary educational experience. Such negligent practices helped me understand immigrant youth who told me, "I used to be smarter." "I used to know math."

      The difficulties and challenges that ESL students from Mexico face in U.S. education are discussed here, particularly the transition from ESL to honors programs. Despite their success in Mexico, only a small percentage of students have access to secondary schools, but many of these students' abilities are severely underestimated due to the low priority given to the education system in Mexico. This misidentification may affect students' futures and therefore their perceptions of education.

    4. Subtra~tion is further inscribed in Seguin's tracking system. That is, the regular curri-culum track is subdivided into two tracks-the regular, English-only, and the ESL track. This practice of nonacademic "cultural tracking" foste;s social divisions among youth along cultural and linguistic lines and limits the educational mobility of all youth.

      I believe that segregating students based on their cultural and linguistic differences may lead to unequal educational attainment. I believe that by placing students on different tracks, schools can unintentionally limit interactions between different cultural groups and amplify stereotypes. This can have an impact on students' self-esteem.

    5. Another routine way in which the everyday flow of school life erodes the importance of cultural identity is through the casual revisions that faculty and staff make in students' names. At every turn, even well-meaning te2chers "adapt" their students' name_$: Loreto becomes Laredo; A211ce11a is transformed into Suzy. Because teachers and other school personnel typically lack familarity with stress rules in Spanish, surnames are especially vulnerable to linguistic butchering. Even names that are common throughout the South-west, like Martinez and Perez, are mi~ronounced as MART-i-nez and Pe-REZ. Schooling under these conditions can thus be characterized as a mortification of the self in Goffman's terms-that is, as a leaving off and a taking on.

      I think it's very productive to have your name mispronounced. There are students from different countries at the university, and each country has a different culture and pronunciation. My name is pronounced in Mandarin, and I recognize that a lot of Chinese is very difficult to pronounce, just as I sometimes have trouble pronouncing other people's names, so it's important to understand each other.

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    1. In that context, adolescents may be labeled pejoratively as "acting White" because of speech patterns, style of dress, or musical tastes, but not likely because of their academic performance.

      It’s hard for me to imagine that they would have any appropriate solution to this problem at that age. I believe the best thing is to tell their parents. But this must be a small number. If they endure it silently, I think it will have a bad impact on their lives. And this part of the impact is completely unnecessary. People are created equal, and no one deserves to be bullied.

    2. ot only are Black adolescents encountering racism and re-flecting on their identity, but their White peers, even when they are not the perpetrators (and sometimes they are), are unprepared to respond in supportive ways. The Black students turn to each other for rhe much-needed support they are not likely to find anywhere else

      It’s hard for me to imagine that they would have any appropriate solution to this problem at that age. I believe the best thing is to tell their parents. But this must be a small number. If they endure it silently, I think it will have a bad impact on their lives. And this part of the impact is completely unnecessary. People are created equal, and no one deserves to be bullied.

    3. In that context, adolescents may be labeled pejoratively as "acting White" because of speech patterns, style of dress, or musical tastes, but not likely because of their academic performance.

      Cultural identity and social pressure: In some cultures or communities, there are standards for identifying with a specific culture or ethnic group. Pursuing conformity to these standards may bring a sense of identity and recognition, while going against them may lead to exclusion or discrimination. I think this is very unfair to those students who have excellent academic performance. Another aspect is group pressure and identity crisis: Children in adolescence are often accompanied by the exploration of self-identity and group identity. Some people may feel pressure from peers or society, trying to find their own identity in the group. Location. In this case, if there is discrimination or lack of recognition of the label, they may give up their advantages and move towards a mediocre future that can be recognized by the group.

    4. As we have seen, developing a strong and positive sense of group iden-tity can be a source of psychological protection for members of stig-matized groups,

      By actively exploring group identity, individuals can enhance their sense of self and group identity and better understand the strengths and resources of the group to which they belong. I agree with this view and believe that actively exploring group identity is important for individual development and growth. By gaining a deeper understanding of the groups to which they belong, individuals can gain a clearer understanding of their identity and value, thus enhancing their self-confidence and sense of self-identity. In addition, understanding the strengths and resources of the group can help individuals better utilize the collective strength to achieve the common goals of the individual and the group. Therefore, I believe that actively exploring group identity is an important part of individual development.

    5. As we have seen, developing a strong and positive sense of group iden-tity can be a source of psychological protection for members of stig-matized groups,

      Group identification can provide psychological protection to individuals and help them better cope with stigma and discrimination. Tajfel and Turner (1979) proposed an integrative theory of intergroup conflict, emphasizing that group identity plays an important role in mitigating intergroup conflict.

    1. education students receive on our campus, and therefore Jikely to be supportive of any effort at education for critica! con-sciousness

      A seminar series was designed to promote critical consciousness among professors, originally open to students but later restricted to encourage frank discussion.

    2. handra Mohanty, m colleague in Women's Studies, shared these concerns. Thoug~ we were both untenured, our strong belief that the Oberlin campus was not fully facing

      The author experienced a disconnect at Oberlin College, observing a lack of understanding among professors about what constitutes a multicultural classroom.

    3. profes-were rega " ent at the first meeting were disturbed by our overt

      During the first seminar, white professors made remarks that were considered harmful, causing students to leave and sparking further discussion college-wide.

    4. the issue of changing curriculum and teaching practices in ways that were progressive and pro-moting o f inclusion led us to consider how we mig ht intervene in this process

      To address these issues, professors from other institutions were invited to discuss how to teach in a way that enables multicultural education.

    5. Since our intent was to educate for critica! consciousness, we did nat want the seminar setting to be a space where anyone would feel attacked or their reputation as a teacher sullied.

      During the first seminar, white professors made remarks that were considered harmful, causing students to leave and sparking further discussion college-wide.

    6. n the first night, for example, severa! white professors made comments that could be viewed as horribly racist and the students left the group to share what was said around the college.

      Prominent academics, like a Princeton professor, were invited to talk about decolonizing the curriculum, indicating a move towards more inclusive educational practices.

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    1. It's observed that when educational strategies supported by sound research are applied—like integrating poor children with their more privileged peers or adopting methods used in more privileged settings—there are improvements in performance and success rates.

    2. The gap between beliefs and actions not only leads to contention and con-fusion, it also generates policies that are irrational in the sense that they are inconsistent

      The author notes that desegregation has improved long-term outcomes for African American students without harming white students, yet the movement towards desegregation has stagnated for over 25 years.

    3. e gap between beliefs and actions not only leads to contention and con-fusion, it also generates policies that are irrational in the sense that they are inconsistent with evidence of what works or are not based on any evidence at all. At times policymakers have abandoned proven reforms or have promoted them only over stiff opposition.

      At times, policymakers have made decisions without empirical evidence or based on conflicting assessments, indicating a lack of clear evidence-based direction in policy formulation.

    4. e abandoned proven reforms or have promoted them only over stiff opposition. Desegregation enhanced the long-term life chances of many African American students and rarely hurt white students, but the movement to complete or maintain it has largely been over for 2 5 years. School finance reform broadens schooling opportunities for poor children with-out harming those who are better off, but equity in funding has depended mostly on the intervention of the courts. At other times policymakers have adopted reforms for which there is no empirical support or on the basis of conflicting assessments. There is at best mixed evidence of the benefits of separating stu-

      Reforms in school financing have expanded educational opportunities for poor children without negatively impacting those who are better off. However, equity in school funding has varied, often depending on the intervention of the courts.

    5. When they do, every-one does not start equally, politically or economically. This circle cannot be squared

      The paradox lies in the ideological choice that the success of one individual can partly depend on their background, which challenges the ideal of equal opportunity.

    6. Because education is so im-portant to the way the American dream works, peop

      The passion and significance attached to educational debates make them persistent and heated.

    7. Educational controversies are seen as part of broader disagreements about the goals of the American dream and often reflect a conflict between individual and collective good.

  11. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. equalize soon enough

      I like how the passage ends with a note on the urgent need for the "great equalizer" to effect change, suggesting that progress has been slower than desired.

    2. ivides

      Public education is conceptualized by Mann as the most significant means to mitigate class prejudice and provide a platform for all societal members to gain equal opportunity.

    3. economic privilege

      Mann criticizes the wealthy for preferring private over public education, thereby failing in their social responsibilities.

    4. "the great equalizer," or the most powerful mechanism for abating class-based "prejudice and hatred," and, most important, the only means by which those without economic privilege or generational wealth could experience any hope of equal footing.

      The author notes Mann’s reaction to societal injustice, sparked by witnessing a street riot, leading to his belief that the educated and wealthy were morally astray for neglecting public interests.