hewn
To chop or cut (something, especially wood or coal) with an axe, pick, or other tool.
hewn
To chop or cut (something, especially wood or coal) with an axe, pick, or other tool.
May he depend only upon himself for all his worldly pleasures.
Maybe the narrator is saying that you shouldn't depend on others for happiness.
cache
A collection of items of the same type stored in a hidden or inaccessible place.
He worked for the people, but as well as that He behaved like a hero.
Wiglaf has a very positive perception of Beowulf. I wonder if this reflects the view of most of the Geats.
stern rebuke
Wiglaf is so mad that he's about to scold his fellow warriors.
Order my troop to construct a barrow On a headland on the coast, after my pyre has cooled. It will loom in the horizon at Hronesness And be a reminder among my people– So that in coming times crews under sail Will call it Beowulf’s barrow, as they steer Ships across the wide and shrouded waters.”
Even on his deathbed Beowulf is still creating ways for his legacy to live on.
Because of my right way, the Ruler of Mankind Need never blame me when the breath leaves my body For murder of kinsmen.
He believes he won't go to hell for killing many people because he was in the right.
Had it been my fortune to have fathered an heir And live on in his flesh.
I wonder why Beouwulf never had a kid. Was it his choice not to?
His whole strength behind a sword-stroke And connected with the skull
It sounds like Wiglaf is actually inspiring Beowulf to try his hardest.
Pouring forth In a hot battle-fume, the breath of the monster Burst from the rock. There was a rumble underground. Down there in the barrow, Beowulf the warrior Lifted his shield: the outlandish thing 2560 Writhed and convulsed and viciously Turned on the king, whose keen-edged-sword, And heirloom inherited by ancient right, Was already in his hand.
This is a very well written battle section. I can picture everything so clearly in my head.
feud-calloused hand
His hand was calloused because he battled with his sword so much.
The prince’s spirit would spin free from his body.
There are about five mentions already of Beowulf dying. I think the author is not misleading the audience and that Beowulf will die.
reconnoiter.
To make a military observation of a region.
They press-ganged and compelled this poor creature To be their guide.
They basically forced him to be their guide.
Unaccustomed anxiety and gloom Confused his brain
This might be the biggest threat Beowulf has faced as king. Is the anxiety due to him being weaker now? A young Beowulf seemed like he would have never suffered from anxiety.
but he worked himself up By imagining battle
This is an interesting detail about the dragon. I think this detail makes him a more complex character.
Somebody now forgotten
They are forgotten, just like the treasures and people they belong to will be forgotten.
. He had handled and removed A gem-studded goblet;
How did the dragon know that the goblet was gone? Was the dragon guarding a little treasure or was the goblet specifically very noticeable to the dragon?
Thus Beowuld bore himself with valor;
Beowulf didn't take any material possessions, all he wanted was the valor.
And I beheaded Grendel’s mother in the hall With a mighty sword. I barely managed 2140 To escape with my life;
It seems to me that Beowulf is really enjoying telling this story.
Wanted to cram me and many another 2090 Into this bag–
This is the first mention of this bag. Is Beowulf being truthful?
accoutrement
"additional items of dress or equipment, or other items carried or worn by a person or used for a particular activity."
“What happened, lord Hygelac, is hardly a secret 2000 Any more among men in this world–
This encounter has single-handedly made Beowulf a famous man.
And embraced his neck
It's interesting to see how the people of this time showed their affection for one another. It's not unlike today.
his mind is untroubled By envy or malice or thought of enemies With their hate-honed swords.
He became too comfortable in his position and wasn't on guard anymore. The enemies took advantage of his laziness and it cost him his life.
how they never again Expected to see that prince returning In triumph to their king
They had doubts that Beowulf would survive the encounter with the mother of Grendel.
A light appeared and the place brightened
Also a metaphor for how times are much safer and happier now that she's dead.
indifferent to death
Beowulf doesn't care whether he lives of dies. This is a dangerous trait for somebody to have because they will do whatever it takes.
Ledges on cliffs above lairs of water-monsters
It is interesting that the Danes live in the distance of monsters.
He was Yrmenlaf’s elder brother And a soul mate to me, a true mentor, My right-hand man when the ranks clashed And our boar-crests had to take a battering In the line of action. Aechere was everything The world admires in a wise man and a friend.
Hrothgar lost a father figure. I wonder if Grendel's mother knew who she was killing, or if she just randomly picked someone?
Still wondering whether Almighty God Would even turn the tide of his misfortunes.
The King seems very defeated and doubtful at this point which is justified due to the amount of chaos he's been through.
The hell-dam was in panic, desperate to get out, In mortal terror the moment she was found.
The last words of these two lines rhyme. I wonder if this was intentional?
And one paid dearly For his night’s ease
I think this means that Grendel died in his sleep?
The light of day Broke and kept brightening.
There is much excitement and hope now.
Wealhtheow
Wealhtheow as in "wealth"? The story mentions multiple times that she's dressed in gold.
dangerous in action And eager for it always
Beowulf likes to fight, and he is quite good at it.
“Are you the Beowulf who took on Breca In a swimming match on the open sea, Risking the water just to prove you could win?
This guy seems to know a lot about Beowulf. He seems very obsessive and jealous.
In webbed links that the smith had woven, The fine-forged mesh of his gleaming mail shirt,
More description of the flashy clothing Beowulf is wearing.
wisdom And the temper of his mind
This description of Wulfgar speaks volumes to the qualities of Beowulf because Wulfgar then helps Beowulf.
resolute
"admirably purposeful, determined, and unwavering." "Resolute" describes Beowulf very well.
Boar-shapes flashed Above their cheek-guards, the brightly forged Work of goldsmiths, watching over Those stern-faced men.
They are definitely riding in style. This part reminds me of a Guy Ritchie movie or something.
There should be nothing hidden or withheld between us.
They should tell them the truth because their situation is very serious.
A canny pilot along coast and currents.
A great example of alliteration, which is used often in this piece.
waged his lonely war,
Another line where Grendel is humanized. At this point I feel like Grendel is a very lonely and self-conscious being. He's almost like a teenager.
bothies
A bothie is a small hut or cottage. A basic shelter.
It harrowed him To hear the din of the loud banquet Every day in the hall
Grendel seems very disturbed and it's interesting that these loud noises anger him? Do these noises physically hurt him or is he just emotional?
took leave Of his life on earth
Like, "crossed over into the Lord's keeping", said earlier in the story, this quote talking about Shield dying without just saying, "he died".
Shield was still thriving when his time came And he crossed over into the Lord’s keeping.
This whole stanza is very effective at evoking imagery. I really feel the epicness of this ceremony when I read it. It is even really emotional.
ford
"a shallow place in a river or stream allowing one to walk or drive across."
“Do not waken me for few; but waken me for many.”
His saying of this means he must really be desperate for sleep.
Ulstermen
Someone from Ulster, Ireland. On of the four provinces of Ireland.
Emain
Emain Ablach is a mythical island paradise in Ireland mythology. It is referred to many times in medieval Irish literature.
Cú Chulainn shows striking similarities to the legendary Persian hero Rostam, as well as to the Germanic Lay of Hildebrand and the labors of the Greek epic hero Heracles,
This sentence really illustrates who Cuhullin was and puts a clear picture in my head. Especially the Hercules part.