elucidation

New Criticism that has remained most abiding is the concern with the closereading of texts and with the analysis of the operation of literary language in all itscomplexity.

The realm of universal meaning, however, is beyond sensory experienceand cannot be analyzed using scientific methods

Poetic language thusreconciles the ordinarily opposed elements of the concrete and the universal, thespecific word and general meaning, body and spirit.

poetry uses language connotatively orin a way that evokes secondary meanings. Such language use allows poetry to be bothconcrete and specific as well as universal and genera

‘concrete universals.’’

‘‘Close reading’’

affective fallacy

intentional fallacy

literary language that makes it different from the ordinary use oflanguage

Structuralists

Half the original Formalists were lin-guists, with Jakobson being the most influential

For literature to be literature, it must constantly defamiliarize the familiar

literary change isthe result of the autonomous evolution of literary devices

literary evolution is the result of the constant attempt to disrupt existingliterary conventions and to generate new ones

focus was on the qualities of poetic lan-guage that distinguish it from ordinary practical language

poetic speech contorts and roughens up ordinary language and submits it to whatRoman Jakobson called ‘‘organized violence

TheScarlet Letter for its narrative strategies instead of for the ways in which it depictsPuritanism

The Formalists noticed that narrative literature consisted of two majorcomponents: the plo

presents objects or experiences from such an unusual perspective or in such uncon-ventional and self-conscious language that our habitual, ordinary, rote perceptions ofthose things are disturbed

literature should be studied for the way literary language differs from ordinarypractical language and for the unique truths conveyed only through such literarylanguage

cannot be rendered in the direct, denotative, fact-naming language of the sci-ences.

rebut the claim of science that all truth is grounded

devices alone that produce that impression, and they aloneare what makes literature literary

specifically literary characteristics that make itliterature

isolate objects of knowledge in their unmixed purity

philosophers of science

Two movements

literary work was about

Russian Formalism and American New Criticism

febrile

This excitement is bad for master

begging friar of St. Francis

Faithful fellow!” cried Captain Delano. “Don Benito, I envy you such a friend; slave I cannot call him

But it is Babo here to whom, under God, I owe not only my own preservation

He was thinking of the plague that followed the gales

mata

It is now a hundred and ninety days

He maintained this posture so long

But the Spaniard, perhaps, thought that it was with captains as with gods: reserve, under all events, must still be their cue

nvoluntary victim of mental disorder

At bottom it was Don Benito’s reserve which displeased him; but the same reserve was shown towards all but his faithful personal attendant

At bottom it was Don Benito’s reserve which displeased him; but the same reserve was shown towards all but his faithful personal attendant.

twitching his beard

biting his lip, biting his finger-nail

His mind appeared unstrung, if not still more seriously affected.

Benito Cereno

converse with some freedom in their native tongue.

rose into an ample elevated poop

They each had bits of unstranded old junk in their hands

slovenly neglect pervading her. The spars, ropes, and great part of the bulwarks, looked woolly, from long unacquaintance with the scraper, tar, and the brush

Black Friars pacing the cloisters

the stranger might have been long off soundings, the good captain put several baskets of the fish, for presents, into his boat, and so pulled away.

her

observing that, the ship, in navigating into the harbor, was drawing too near the land; a sunken reef making out off her bow.

showed no colors

Shadows present, foreshadowing deeper shadows to come.

Everything was mute and calm; everything gray.

a small, desert, uninhabited island

every action they both take is motivated by the pursuit of a man.

If you had asked her she would have said she did it all for love. If you asked me, I’d say it’s nonsense

I think the best and most female empowering part of the entire courtship between Winkfield and Princess Unca is when she forgoes her entire belief system and religion to conform to Winkfield’s with about the same amount of resistance that her sister had when she decided to murder the both of them

All this could be yours for the small price of 29.95 plus state tax!

authentic

Thus she traveled three days together, not knowing whither she was going; having nothing to eat or drink but water, and green hirtle-berries.

I told him no: I was not willing to run away, but desired to wait God’s time, that I might go home quietly, and without fear.

They mourned (with their black faces) for their own losses, yet triumphed and rejoiced in their inhumane, and many times devilish cruelty to the English.

But now our perverse and evil carriages in the sight of the Lord, have so offended Him, that instead of turning His hand against them, the Lord feeds and nourishes them up to be a scourge to the whole land.

strangely did the Lord provide for them; that I did not see (all the time I was among them) one man, woman, or child, die with hunger.

I told them, they had as good knock me in head as starve me to death.

Then I took it of the child, and eat it myself, and savory it was to my taste.

they that owned her would not suffer it

Then I went to another wigwam

So like were these barbarous creatures to him who was a liar from the beginning.

But I knew that He laid upon me less than I deserved.

Then also I took my Bible to read, but I found no comfort here neither, which many times I was wont to find. So easy a thing it is with God to dry up the streams of Scripture comfort from us.

“Have pity upon me, O ye my Friends, for the Hand of the Lord has touched me.”

But the Lord upheld my Spirit, under this discouragement;

But the thoughts of my going homeward (for so we bent our course) much cheered my spirit, and made my burden seem light, and almost nothing at all.

I went to one wigwam, and they told me they had no room. Then I went to another, and they said the same; at last an old Indian bade me to come to him, and his squaw gave me some ground nuts; she gave me also something to lay under my head, and a good fire we had; and through the good providence of God, I had a comfortable lodging that night.

Which stilled my spirit for the present.

I took my Bible to read, and that quieting Scripture came to my hand, “Be still, and know that I am God” (Psalm 46.10).

spake

I told them it was the Sabbath day, and desired them to let me rest

stoutest men, and sent them back to hold the English army in play whilst the rest escaped.

“Wait on the Lord, Be of good courage, and he shall strengthen thine Heart, wait I say on the Lord.”

chapter of Deuteronomy

One of the Indians that came from Medfield fight, had brought some plunder, came to me, and asked me, if I would have a Bible, he had got one in his basket. I was glad of it, and asked him, whether he thought the Indians would let me read? He answered, yes. So I took the Bible,

Then they went and showed me where it was, where I saw the ground was newly digged, and there they told me they had buried it.

my sweet babe like a lamb departed this life on Feb. 18, 1675. It being about six years, and five months old.

Then I took oaken leaves

and my child’s being so exceeding sick,

One of the Indians got up upon a horse, and they set me up behind him, with my poor sick babe in my lap.

still the Lord upheld me with His gracious and merciful spirit, and we were both alive to see the light of the next morning.

with my sick child in my arms

but God was with me in a wonderful manner, carrying me along, and bearing up my spirit, that it did not quite fail.

One of the Indians carried my poor wounded babe upon a horse

All was gone, my husband gone (at least separated from me, he being in the Bay; and to add to my grief, the Indians told me they would kill him as he came homeward), my children gone, my relations and friends gone, our house and home and all our comforts—within door and without—all was gone (except my life), and I knew not but the next moment that might go too.

one-eyed John, and Marlborough’s Praying Indians

Oh the roaring, and singing and dancing, and yelling of those black creatures in the night, which made the place a lively resemblance of hell.

“What, will you love English men still?”

barbarous creatures