us an epigraphic formula repeated several times at Sh?hb?zgarhl contains the Old Persian word dipt, 'inscription', in its original form, and not as its Indian adaptation lipi.

administrative structure of the empire

Although having the same structure as the wooden buildings of the Indian environment, these caves echo the tombs designed like pillared halls dug in the rock in Media and Persia, at least from the 7th century B.C. o

and again, two stone griffon figures found in Patna and probably belonging to a throne of the Mauryan royal palace, which was also probably derived directly from the Achaemenid influenc

harosthi script derived from the Aramaic alphabet (20) used, together with the Aramaic language, for administrative purposes in the Achaemenid empi

). This is all the more likely in view of the fact that, probably starting from the late 6th century B.C., there had been a constantly growing tradition of direct or indirect borrowing by India from Achaemenid Iran. An example of this is the use of iron and money, which was coined at Taxila in a local form based on Persian models, and spread to the Ganges basin in about the 5th century (19).

e C

There are thus many reasons for believing that Asoka was familiar with the Greek environment and that he had had several opportunities to learn about the moral doctrines and Hellenistic ideas that the new dominators of the Greek political scene had adopted in order to justify their personal power, or at least to transmogrify it into a kind of noble ethical ide

, Asoka had grown up in a court to which a Greek princess had been admitted. Nor must it be overlooked that Candragupta had probably originally come from the region of Gandh?ra or Taxila, or at least had been educated there

The Mauryas thus found themselves at the head of a geographically extensive and politically centralized empire. Their empire was highly differen? tiated in its ethnic and social components, in rapid economic expansion and open to new cultural, ethic and religious influences, while the ancient order had remained unchanged for many centu

he intensification of trade both inside the Subcontinent and with foreign countries also meant changes in the traditional productive structures. Greater prosperity led to the rise of a flourishing craft activity producing luxury items in the larger cities

andragupta Maurya overthrew the Nanda dynasty, and founded a vast new empire

diplomatic contacts and the sending of ambassadors led to the arrival, first of Megasthenes and then Deimachus, as representatives of Seleucus and then Antiochus I, king of Syria, as well as a certain Dionysius as envoy of the king of Egypt, Ptolemy II Philadelph

He thus influenced the religious and political ideas of Gandhi and became part of that ideal heritage that was ultimately to lead the Congress Party along the road to independen

Religious Inspiration of the Achaemenids

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This video

Telephus: The Myth and Mythos of the Attalids

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Scheer p.220- 226

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Kosmetatou p.159-174

(https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ez-proxy.brooklyn.cuny.edu/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470996584.c

Who was the patron goddess of the city? Why is it significant?

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What population were allowed in each part of the gym?

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Do you consider these actions suspicious?

Mithridates VI

Their very house name Mithridates has its roots in Persian religious practices as mithra was the ancient Iranian God of the light, sun and truth. The name Mithridates meant ‘sent by mithra

Greek gods were worshiped.

(158)

the Origins Of the Pontic House

Follow along with the chart on p.g. 160.

Mithridates

that Mithridates did not attack the Roman Empire before the Roman commission and Nikomedes IV attacked his interests.

Mithridates’ sister Laodike

The wars with Jugurtha in 107 BC and the Cimbrians in 104 BC are often seen as the main explanation why Rome did not move into Anatolia and re-establish control over Paphlagonia.

y sending an envoy to demand a full withdrawal from Paphalagonia.

the takeover of Bithynia and Kappadokia as a part of the Hellenistic king’s imperialistic ideology and his policy to en-large his kingdom as far as possible,

that Mithridates did not want to play too direct a role in the attack on Bithynia and Kappadokia, but tried to place himself in a position free of blame by placing the overt responsibility on Sokrates and the Armenian king.

he transformed Pontos from a smaller and relatively weak kingdom in the central and northern part of Anatolia, with close ties to Rome, to a large and much more autonomous power controlling most of northern and central Anatolia,

that the essential aim of the Hellenistic kings was to maintain and enlarge their kingdoms in order to maintain a firm grip on power.

a desire to enhance Pontic influence in Asia Minor, aimed at a direct confrontation with the Romans.

In Athens Aristion and other influential men within the ruling political class now turned towards him and Pontos,

and was allied to the king of Armenia Maior, another important power in the East.

Madsen, p. 191-200

also give information about the mythological systematization to which the area around Pergamon was clearly sub- jected

it was a political lightweight.

after Telephos had been brought up in Greece, he came as an adult at the head of a troop of Greek soldiers - potential founders of cities - to Mysia.

for a joint temple with the island’s hero Aiakos (Allen 1971; Scheer 1993: 127-8). The reason given for this on the inscription was: Attalos was related to Aiakos through his descent from Herakles (i.e. through Telephos).

Telephos

Pielos, Molossos and a son called Pergamos

Pyrrhos- Neoptolemos died suddenly at the hands of a murderer in the sanctuary at Delphi

it is the only building allowed to interrupt the Temenos wall

located not in the Mysian hinterland nor in Pergamon itself but in the famous ancient sanctuary of Apollo of Delos:

was the expansion of their kingdom at the expense of Syria and preferably Macedon as well.

acquire a reputation as the consummate benefac- tors who catered to the needs of the common man.

the construction of leaders who possessed qualities that their contemporary rulers lacked. These were, of course, the proverbial Attalid family values. ALL ancient authors agree on this point: the Attalid family was always united, no feuds ever took place and every member of the family wholeheartedly supported the reigning monarch, who invariably followed on the footsteps of his predecessors and implemented the same, consistent policy that had been formulated since the foundation of the Attalid kingdom

He supposedly became a eunuch as a result of a tragic accident. While still an infant, Philetairos was taken by his nurse to a large funeral. Caught in a terrible crowd, he was crushed! In a flash of genius, the family realized that the only career option open for the thus cruelly incapacitated Philetairos was to be trained among other eunuchs as a royal administrator.

subtlety was their motto and this turned out to be more effective in the long run

Aristonikos himself was captured and led away to execution in a Roman prison.

Aristonikos organized a rebellion which initially met with some success.

hat this pact had turned into a one-way dependency of the Pergamene kingdom on the goodwill of Rome. Attalos I1 continued most of his brother’s policies, but mainly focused on keeping his kingdom together rather than entertaining ambitions for hther expan- sion.

However, scholars agree that the popular Gigantomachy theme probably sym- bolized Attalid victories against the Galatians and functioned as a symbol of the struggle of good vs. evil and the forces of civilization vs. the ‘barbarians’

The

introducing, among other measures, a new monetary policy to the largest part of his territory

His energy and effectiveness worried Antiochos enough to prompt him to offer the Attalid king a daughter in marriage. This was a crossroads moment for Pergamene policy:

it was prophesied that Carthaginians would be driven out of Italy if Rome introduced the cult of Magna Mater

Seleukos 11’s rule was challenged by his younger brother Antiochos Hierax who was stationed in Asia Minor.

The final step towards the creation of a kingdom was taken by his nephew and successor Attalos I

Hermias of Atarneus,

Historical circumstances, as well as personal ambition, led Philetairos to a policy of gradual, steady and careful emancipation. The ancient sources mention the struggles and intrigue in Lysimachos’ court which in 283 culminated in the murder of Agathokles, son and heir-apparent of Lysimachos, and victim of queen Arsinoe’s false accusations.

Even if the family were not originally Greek, however, Greek presence in the area may account for Attalos and Boa’s decision to give their children Greek names, a practice that was not unusual in Asia Minor

Born in about 343 in Tieion, a Paphlagonian backwater on the Black Sea, he was reportedly a eunuch, son of Attalos and Boa, the latter said to be a flute-player and a courtesan

Ptolemais (called Psoi in Egyptian)

had 300,000 ‘free’ inhabitants, implying a total population of around half a don

On the edge of the desert just beyond the limit of cultivation were sited the burial places for the valley towns.

he Museum, a library and school of the Muses torival Athens as a cultural center.

five districts

Ptolemy choseto maintain two distinct identities: He was a Macedonian king to hisGreeks and Pharaoh to his Egyptians,

Egypt was the classic land of despotism

Alexander the Great

tomb of Alexander the Great.

CLAS 3209