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  1. Sep 2025
    1. We call the product that remains after an acid donates a proton the conjugate base of the acid. This species is a base because it can accept a proton (to re-form the acid):

      How does the strength of the conjugate base relate to the strength of its acid, and why?

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      add the important material on the board to get everyone's attention or repeat what the important material they need.

    1. I have had to remind myself several times: “Just keep writing; it will eventually come together;”

      Agree to become a good writing is by taking it slow and re-writing

    2. we will need to do more writing, whether that looks like lab reports, explanations of mathematical methods, or essays in psychology, political science, literature, or economics.

      I agree we do use writing in our day to day activity.

    3. “college teaches you to think

      I agree with this that College teaches to think for example like registering for classes or finding a major what to pursue in life

    1. Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. In the past, anatomy has primarily been studied via observing injuries, and later by the dissection of anatomical structures of cadavers, but in the past century, computer-assisted imaging techniques have allowed clinicians to look inside the living body. Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body. Physiology explains how the structures of the body work together to maintain life.

      overview of everything.

    1. How much did you learn in high school about the history of race and ethnicity in the United States? Do you think you should have learned more? /*<![CDATA[*/#mt-toc-container {display: none !important;}/*]]>*//*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { $('iframe').on('load', function () { $(this).iFrameResize({ warningTimeout: 0, scrolling: 'omit' }); }) })/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "3.1: Racial and Ethnic Inequality - A Historical Prelude"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/

      I didn't learn to much about race and ethnicity in my classes while I was in public school. They covered her Harlem renaissance but the really didn't talk much about slavery. It was predominantly overlooked.

    1. build a housing development

      choice 2 if we choose this option, the opportunity cost will be damage to the environment, particularly the natural habitat of rodents

    1. ctor Jim Carey’s ability to contort his face as an example.

      Jim Carey moving his face is so weird. Like in the grinch how his smile was pretty much real. It can be hard figuring out what facial expressions are real from people or are just faked. Some people are able to move their faces and are in control of it, while. others have no idea what faces they are making while they talk.

    1. speak faster than others, which is fine, but we can all alter our rate of speaking with practice. If you find that you are a naturally fast speaker, make sure that you do not “speed talk” through your speech when practicing it.

      When I presented in the past, I sound robotic and almost like I am rapping. I speak very quickly and it can be bad when I am trying to give messages to others. This is a natural thing for mw to do, as I can never really talk slow.

    2. Rate Rate of

      I've always struggled with the rate of my speeches, I stumble over slowly, or I rush through, and I have trouble finding a good middle because I generally use the KWO method.

    1. Content and delivery are spontaneous, which can make the speech more engaging (if a speaker’s anxiety is under control).

      I would like to deliver my speeches in a more spontaneous way, but like it says, if the anxiety is under control. Why I give speeches I tend to sound very robotic and weird. If I get my anxiety down, it would be much better.

    2. Strengths of Extemporaneous Delivery Speech content and delivery appear more spontaneous and natural, making it more conversational, since the speaker is using a keyword/key-phrase outline. Speakers can include quotes or complex information on their speaking outline for easy reference. Speakers can adapt information and delivery to specific audiences, occasions, and audience reactions, since they are not confined to the content of a manuscript or what they memorized.

      this is my favorite form of speeches to give, I like giving these because I can adapt it, as well as how I use KWO (key word outlines) for most of my essays as well.

    1. pressure to get more energy to the brain, organs, and muscles in order to respond to the threat. We can be thankful for this evolutionary advantage, but our physiology hasn’t caught up with our new ways of life. Our body doesn’t distinguish between the causes of stressful situations, so facing down an audience releases the same hormones as facing down a wild beast.

      When I present in front of anybody, I get very hot and nervous. My body can't tell the difference between presenting and being chased by something big and scary. Its weird how adrenaline works, and how our bodies sometimes can't pick out the difference between a presentation and being chased.

    2. We can, however, engage in physical relaxation exercises to counteract the general physical signs of anxiety caused by cortisol and adrenaline release, which include increased heart rate, trembling, flushing, high blood pressure, and speech disfluency.

      When cortisol and adrenaline are released within our bodies, it's a fear response, which is from the instincts we have from a long long time ago. this is from the autonomic and somatic, or sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline is also knows as norepinephrine, which is similarly built to epinephrine.

    3. Speaking anxiety often leads people to view public speaking negatively. They are more likely to judge a speech they gave negatively, even if it was good. They’re also likely to set up negative self-fulfilling prophecies that will hinder their performance in future speeches. To effectively use positive visualization, it’s best to engage first in some relaxation exercises such as deep breathing or stretching, which we will discuss more later, and then play through vivid images in your mind of giving a successful speech.

      “Remember, you have been criticizing yourself for years and it hasn’t worked. Try approving of yourself and see what happens.” ― Louise L. Hay, You Can Heal Your Life

    4. ognitive reactions to public speaking anxiety often include intrusive thoughts that can increase anxiety: “People are judging me,” “I’m not going to do well,” and “I’m going to forget what to say.” These thoughts are reactions to the physiological changes in the body but also bring in the social/public aspect of public speaking in which speakers fear being negatively judged or evaluated because of their anxiety. The physiological and cognitive responses to anxiety lead to behavioral changes. All these thoughts may lead someone to stop their speech and return to their seat or leave the classroom. Anticipating these reactions can also lead to avoidance behavior where people intentionally avoid situations where they will have to speak in public. Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety

      These reactions especially happen when pauses happen, and you expect a response, but none come. Usually this incites a fight/flight response in people.

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      On campus I read either at the library or in my room at my desk, and at my home I read in my bedroom.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      The thing that distracts me most is my phone. The second I get a notification I have the urge to check my phone. To control it I put my phone on silent mode, and I put it out of my eyesight so it can't distract me.

    3. __________________________________________________________________

      I have mostly online textbooks, so I use the tools on the website to highlight things to help me understand the material more.

    4. __________________________________________________________________

      Preparing, reading, capturing the key ideas, and reviewing. I think reading will take the most time.

    5. ________________________________________________________________________________

      I feel more prepared because I have an idea of what to look for instead of going in blind. Knowing what to look for makes me more confident and less overwhelmed. Also, knowing what I need to find makes me more focused.

    6. Preparing, reading, capturing key ideas, and reviewing. It would probably help to better prepare to read the assignment. The most common distractions for me are the urge to want to look ahead to see how many pages I have left in the chapter. The library, my room, my desk, and my boyfriend's room. The library is probably the best place to read.

    1. In SWOT analysis, what are some of the tools you might use to understand the external environment (identify opportunities and threats)?

      The two major external analysis tools include PESTEL (political, economic, sociocultural, technological, environmental, and legal environments) and Industry analysis. Whereas PESTEL is collecting and analyzing informations about the macro-environment as a whole, industry analysis is collecting and analyzing information about the competitors and the competitive environment of the organization.

    2. In SWOT analysis, what are some of the tools you might use to understand the internal environment (identify strengths and weaknesses)?

      The two major internal analysis tools include the Value Chain and VRIO (Value, rare, inimitable, and organization. Whereas the value chain is used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the parts of the organization, VRIO is used to figure out which of these strengths can render a stronger competitive advantage to the organization.

    3. What do you learn from a SWOT analysis?

      We learn in SWOT analysis about the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a given market and how it can take advantage of opportunities using its strengths to minimize its weaknesses and threats.

    4. What are some of the forms of diversification, and what do they mean?
      1. Concentric diversification is when the organization creates a product that is similar to existing ones and applicable to a new market.
      2. Horizontal diversification is when the organization creates a product that is unrelated to existing ones but is applicable to the current/same market.
      3. Conglomerate diversification is when the organization creates a product that is unrelated to existing ones and applicable to an entirely different market.
    5. What is the difference between business strategy and corporate strategy?

      Corporate strategy emphasizes on what type of business or businesses to compete in while business strategy emphasizes on how to compete in a particular business.

    6. What is the difference between strategy formulation and strategy implementation?

      Strategy formulation is the coordination of techniques chosen by the organization to achieve its mission and vision. Strategy implementation is the actions taken to achieve the organization's goals and objectives as evidenced in its mission and vision statement.

    1. In Figure 7.2.17.2.1\PageIndex{1} from the Library Congress, school children are deemed savages and Uncle Sam is teaching the class. It portrays different places such as Cuba, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, etc. as childlike and unruly. This picture is used to show how these places need the care and guidance of the United States through direct policy and governance. Specifically, these places became a part of U.S. territory in 1898 after the Spanish-American War, and as the U.S. exercised dominance through narratives of saviorism, or the idea that these places need the U.S. to “save” them from their uncivilized and unfit-to-rule selves. The authors of The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons (2014) gathered some of these images as a look at U.S. imperialism, or rule that extends over an empire and dictates matters of economic, political, social, cultural rules of another country. Hawai'i is included in this and actually became a state but many are unaware that the U.S. imprisoned Queen Liliʻuokalani of Hawaiʻi in her home and forcefully took over Hawaiʻi so that’s how it became a state. Many sovereignty activists are legally battling the mainstream depiction of Hawaiʻi annexation narratives that exclude the violent takeover of their lands and are imprisoned. Scholar Noenoe Silva discusses how the Queen of Hawaiʻi was compared to Black Americans and deemed unfit the rule. The U.S. created caricatures of her that likened her to racist Black caricatures. These images of imperialism gathered in The Forbidden Book shows the long history of "othering" and conquest that links Black, Indigenous, and people of color histories and realities and help to unmask hidden truths about race, U.S. imperialism, and white supremacy. Scholar, activist, Chicana feminist Elizabeth Martinez explicitly defines white supremacy as a system that promotes privilege and power of whiteness for white people through institutional entities (see: What is White Supremacy by Elizabeth ‘Betita’ Martinez). White supremacy is rooted in African enslavement, Native American removal and genocide, imperialism and war in Asia, and land dispossession of Mexico. These linkages to various non-European groups in these historical ways is not uncommon knowledge amongst Ethnic Studies scholars. Martinez distinguishes white supremacy from the term "racism," because white supremacy points out how racism is systemic and not only "as a problem of personal prejudices and individual acts of discrimination." White supremacy, therefore, points out a power relationship rooted in exploitation and maintaining the wealth, power and privilege of a few. Omi and Winant bring up the idea that non-whites can also be racist, and Lipsitz points out that non-whites can invest in whiteness as well. However, it is important to point out that a lot of scholarship in Ethnic Studies doesn’t always use the words white supremacy. For example, they might talk about white elitism, white as dominant, etc. Even if scholarship does not explicitly name white supremacy as that, everything that helps to perpetuate the maintenance of white dominance is a part of the system of white supremacy. Part of this stems from how the concept of whiteness was created in order to distinguish European colonists from Native Americans and people of color, in particular to distinguish itself as superior. Therefore, talking about whiteness has been a way to explain that the construction of whiteness is constantly created and re-created in order to try to maintain superiority. Further, whiteness operates within a system and also works representationally.

      In this passage, it talks about how U.S. history and old political cartoons showed places like Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Hawai‘i as childlike and needing the U.S. to take care of them. It also explains, using writers like Martinez, Omi, Winant, and Lipsitz, that whiteness is not natural but something that society keeps creating in order to hold on to power and privilege.

    2. Whiteness is something that was created by juxtaposing Europeans with Native peoples and other non-Europeans. Michael Omi and Howard Winant (2014) define racial formation as the process in which racial identity is created and experienced (p. 109). Non-Europeans were "othered" in order to maintain a superiority of whiteness. Since encountering Native peoples in the 15th and 16th centuries in what is now the United States, white settlers used to judge Native peoples’ appearances as backwards with "dark devil skin," even as sexually loose and therefore immoral. Relatedly, white settlers would see Africans as dark and therefore opposite of them, having protruding lips and often created caricatures with images of dark people with huge lips. In both instances, white settlers saw these peoples as “heathen” and “uncivilized” and therefore used this to justify why they needed to conquer Native lands and enslave Black people, as both were seen as unfit to take care of themselves. This idea of "unfit to take care of themselves" was promoted through an infantilization of nonwhites meaning they were described as childlike and therefore unable to take care of themselves (see Takaki, 2008 or Zinn, 2009, or others for more information about these initial racializations). The sidebar below shows an example of infantilization that was extended to relate to other people and serve as justification for conquest and rule, just like it had been used against Native Americans and Black Americans. Something identified as racial, whether having direct association to a racial group, whether true or not or even something like having a motive to designate something racially, is what Omi and Winant call racial projects. In defining racism, they state that racial projects can be defined as racist if “it creates or reproduces structures of domination based on racial signification and identities” (Omi and Winant, 2014, p. 128). In this way, the combination of racial association or label with “structures of domination” can mean that racism requires a notion of superiority tied to a particular group.

      Whiteness was created by society meaning that it was something that was forced to be a belief. Native peoples and Africans using stereotypes and claims that they were “uncivilized” or “childlike” to give them a reason to steal their land and slavery.

    1. White supremacy has been maintained by continual adaptation to localized and generational contexts but the underlying basis is white, middle class (and beyond) male, Christian heteropatriarchy. Whiteness is not a “natural” category of identity, it is created and is maintained by a belief in its superiority. When whiteness is used to uphold power, it is white supremacy. The power of whiteness lies in its ability to be largely invisible and therefore functions as the standard of humanity. When teaching Ethnic Studies students, I make it a priority to help them process some of their racialized experiences especially in relation to their positionality, meaning where they are socially located for example in terms of race, class, gender, etc. In one class, I had a white female student say that she couldn’t think of instances where race was a salient feature in situations. I hear this a lot from white students and my response is typically, “OK. So then, that is where you start! Why is it that you haven’t had to think about your race? Can you think of situations where others have experienced something where someone made an issue of their race but not of yours? Or where someone made an issue of their race, and it made you think something about being white?” This type of interaction between my students and I help to prove the point about whiteness as invisible, normalized, and the standard but it also helps them see that they were also taught to perpetuate whiteness in these ways. /*<![CDATA[*/#mt-toc-container {display: none !important;}/*]]>*//*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { $('iframe').on('load', function () { $(this).iFrameResize({ warningTimeout: 0, scrolling: 'omit' }); }) })/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "7.1: Introduction"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/

      White supremacy never stopped, it changed to keep its power for example, “white, middle class (and beyond) male, Christian heteropatriarchy. “ That was created by society, it was never something that people are born knowing. The only reason why whiteness stays powerful is that people assume that being white feels “normal.” Showing how white people don’t often see race in their lives helps students realize their privileges and how whiteness works. Therefore, whiteness is something that is hidden.

    2. Paulo Freire (1970) describes dehumanization as when people are considered less-than-human and that their status as humans is different than what it should be.

      What is dehumanization?

    3. Paulo Freire (1970) describes dehumanization as when people are considered less-than-human and that their status as humans is different than what it should be. Being humanized means they should have the ability to pursue their hopes and dreams, some of the very things that make them so human (p. 44). Humanization is when we actively see the humanity in others and therefore treat people like they are worthy beings and therefore that their lives matter. One of the biggest reasons that Ethnic Studies became a field of study is because historically the European settlers that colonized the Americas and developed the structures of this nation by dehumanizing Native Americans, Africans, and other non-Europeans. Not only do many of these structures still exist today but in what ultimately became white supremacy were systems, beliefs, languages, laws, practices, and more that continually work to maintain a dominance of an elite class. In this chapter, whiteness is the construction of identity that enables privilege and power based on skin color and white supremacy is the system in which whiteness is perpetuated and maintained even through things like policies.

      In this first paragraph, it mentions what dehumanization and humanization are. In this paragraph, it also mentions how ethnic studies was a big field of study because of the European settlers who had taken the Americas from the Native Americans and dehumanized them and other non-Europeans. This also created white supremacy that still exists in this world today by keeping the dominance of elite classes.

    1. By 1700, 50,000 people were being enslaved each year, and scholars estimate that, in total, 12 million African people were captured and trafficked to the western hemisphere

      The numbers show the massive scale of the transatlantic slave trade. It was a global economic system that reshaped populations and economies on three continents. This fact is significant for understanding how modern racial inequalities were formed. By recognizing the scope it helps explain the enduring cultural as well as political consequences of slavery. The current discussion about repartions and systemic racism directly relate to the impact of forced migration and historical scale.

    2. Before any contact with colonial outsiders, multiple large empires and kingdoms were created with systems of trade, taxation, and political representation.

      This highlights the economic and political complexity of African societies before the colonization of the European's. It proves that the stereotypes that depict pre-colonial Africa as lacking organization wrong. The mention of trade and taxation shows that African civilizations managed recources on a high level. This is important because in reframes Africa as a center of innovation, rather than a victim of later colonization. This idea ties to the currect efforts to include African history in global curriculums, countering Eurocentric narratives and it stresses Africa's foundational role in world history .

    3. To maintain this on a large scale, a racialized ideology of dehumanization and exploitation was created, which has grown and evolved over time to reproduce inequity and injustice in different forms.

      The highlights how racism was created to justify slavery and how those beliefs persisted beyond abolition. Its puts an emphasis on how racial hierarchies aren't natural but socially engineered for political gain. By understaning this it helps explain why racial disparities continued after legal changes. It also speculates questions about how societies and dismantle ideologies that were foundational. This relates to the modern movements against systemic racism, which adreses the long-lasting sturctures that were build during the period of chattel slavery

    4. One of the largest and most powerful empires was the Kingdom of Aksum, which operated for nearly a thousand years in the areas now claimed by Eritrea and Ethiopia.

      Akum's endurance underscores the stability and influence of African empires. A thousand years of continuous goverenace urged complex infrastructures, diplomacy, as well as trade. It also points out that African states were not isolated. Aksum was a popular trading hub that was linked to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean routes. This passage reminds us that African civilization were essential in early global commerce. Today, we can find Ethiopia's rich cultural heritage and independence from European colonization being traced to the legacy of states like Aksum.

    1. Long-term goals (from college on):

      A long term goal is to buy my own house in 2 years, go into CNA course and pass the exam, and buy my own car in 1 year.

    2. Short-term goals (today, this week, and this month):

      A short term goal is I want to finish all my work on time, this week is to research what career I would like to do, this month goal is not academically but it is go to the gym aleast 3-4x a week.

    3. Short-term goals (today, this week, and this month):

      A short term goal is I want to finish all my work on time, this week is to research what career I would like to do, this month goal is not academically but it is go to the gym aleast 3-4x a week.

    1. I anticipate being in college for 4 years I would have to take 4 or 5 courses I anticipate my exams will be the most difficult part Yes, i am confident

    2. Life in college usually differs in many ways from one’s previous life in high school or in the workforce. What are the biggest changes you are experiencing now or anticipate experiencing this term?

      My biggest change is probably how quick things are going to move as well as a new sense of independency.

    3. What do you value that will you likely have less time or money to spend on while in college?

      I value my free time to do the thing I like and spend time with my loved ones.

    1. I am a traditional student and an advantage I have is that everything I've done in High School is still fresh so I'm prepared to do work and assignments

    1. American Indian students and community leaders including Indian activists from the American Indian Movement (AIM), United Native Americans (UNA) and the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) as well as other organizations influenced the national political climate by providing information to the media that the general public did not know, which in turn pressured a response from the federal government and local colleges and universities.

      This explains how Native student activists and organizations used media to spread awareness, forcing the government and universities to respond.This is significant because it shows the power of media and activism in amplifying Native voices and challenging injustice. It tells us that Native communities contributed not only culturally but also politically by shaping national conversations about treaties, rights, and representation. I agree that activism paired with media exposure can be a powerful tool for change. It makes me ask how today’s Native activists use digital platforms like social media to continue this work.This connects to how modern news coverage and social media can pressure leaders to act quickly on issues, just like student activism in the past used media to create change.

    2. American Indians had long been the subject of study in disciplines like sociology, history, art and anthropology, but these disciplines only viewed Native people from an "outsider" perspective, treating us as subjects of study, often reinforcing stereotypes.

      This explains how Native peoples were studied by outsiders in ways that reinforced stereotypes instead of representing them authentically. This passage is significant because it critiques how traditional academic disciplines misrepresented Native peoples and stripped them of their own voices. Like the way African civilizations were misrepresented in colonial accounts, Native history was told through biased, outsider perspectives. I agree fully that representation matters, and when Native voices are missing, stereotypes dominate. My question is: how can current scholars ensure Indigenous perspectives are authentically included rather than tokenized? This connects to how media today often portrays Indigenous and minority groups through stereotypes, showing the ongoing need for authentic voices in telling their own stories.

    3. American Indian Studies (AIS) or Native American Studies (NAS) is an academic discipline that formally began in the late 1960’s when Native American student activists coordinated with Asian American, Chicana/o/x, Puerto Rican and Black students to demand change within higher education.

      The passage describes how activists during the 1960s started AIS/NAS to support ethnic student groups. Because it reveals that Native contributions of great importance to higher education emerged by activism as well as collaboration alongside other marginalized groups, this is important. African civilizations kept their knowledge systems, which reminds us of it. Indigenous students tried to safeguard their past also their views in school. I agree this collective action is important, also I wonder about how current student movements compare in impact. For education reform, grassroots activism is very often the starting point. This point is highlighted. This connects up to the Civil Rights Movement that we studied , in which different racial groups united so as to represent themselves plus be equal inside institutions.

    4. A Land Acknowledgement Statement is a critical step towards working with local Native communities to secure meaningful partnership and inclusion in the stewardship and protection of their cultural resources and homelands.

      This passage explains that Land Acknowledgements recognize Native sovereignty, and relationships of local tribes are built. Colleges and communities are pushed toward recognition that Native people are not just historical. These Native people are present-day nations too as possessing rights as well as authority. It tells to us that Natives do contribute through culturally preserving, by stewarding land, and governing within ways which should guide institutions of today.I agree strongly, as recognition is the first step toward justice, though I wonder how many schools go beyond symbolic statements to real partnerships. This passage highlights acknowledgment requires corresponding action. Current debates about the question of whether institutions should return land or resources to Indigenous groups are connected to this. Institutions should do more than acknowledge only Indigenous groups during ceremonies.

    5. While other disciplines may "study" and teach about Native people, American Indian Studies (AIS) or Native American Studies (NAS) provides the voices, social struggles, contributions and lived experiences of Native people culturally, socially, economically, legally, politically, and academically. AIS/NAS actively promotes the sustained and thriving existence of Native peoples and sovereign tribal nations with an emphasis on agency and group-affirmation.

      Summary: Unlike other academic disciplines that study natives, AIS and NAS cater to the betterment of natives by learning their voices, experiences, and serving the interests of native communities. Response: I believe that this is very important for learners when coming into an area of study. It is important to be aware of the ethics and honesty of the thing you are studying. I really agree with how learning about certain communities, in this context, natives, you can only truly learn when you take the time to learn from the primary source. Connection: This idea connects to the discussion of representation and decolonizing education. It is taking the initiative to not stereotype other cultures or studies, but rather to understand and to approach them in a humane way with the hope of betterment and change.

    1. Describe the benefits of—and potential problems with—taking class notes on a laptop. _____________________

      benefits of taking notes on the laptop are the different tools you can use and the potential problems are getting distracted by something else

    1. a boost to mental functioning will ultimately hurt us because it encourages us to try to fix our mind with substances any time we feel out of sorts

      Coffee is said to be good for students because it stimulates their mind and assists in their studying, unless they experience severe side effects. Some people claim black tea is a better option as it has less side effects, but black tea still has side effects and doesn't provide the same stimulation as coffee. Others feel that any mental stimulation only encourages addiction; however, this argument has no basis because with the same logic, thirst for water would result in addiction. Enjoy coffee in moderation to boost your productivity and make your work more enjoyable.

    1. What if literature isn't dead after all...but thriving more than ever

      yes!! we are reading online more than ever, and consuming so much information in such short time periods on platforms like tiktok, that we are just much less conscious of what we are reading and consuming.

    1. The greater the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand, the greater the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a price change.

      change in quantity demanded is higher than the change in price, bad for revenue

    2. Price inelastic demand means only that the percentage change in quantity is less than the percentage change in price

      change in quantity demanded is less than the change in price, raises revenue if price increases

    1. Students should embrace coffee to enhance mental functioning unless they are in the minority of people who experience severe side effects of coffee like anxiety, insomnia, tremors, acid reflux, or a compulsion to drink more and more.

      She limits her claim by supporting that students should embrace coffee to enhance mental functioning unless they have serious side effects.

    1. because tea has fewer side effects.

      The author bases this suggestion on the idea that black tea provides similar benefits with fewer negative effects than coffee.

    2. Relying on willpower alone to study reinforces important values like responsibility and self-reliance."

      They justify this advice by pointing out that studying without coffee encourages responsibility and self-discipline.

    3. Therefore, students should embrace coffee to help them study."

      The author supports this recommendation by explaining that coffee stimulates and energises the mind.

    1. For those of us who believe in the life of the mind, enhancing our brains’ abilities is ultimately worth the occasional discomfort associated with coffee. /*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { $('iframe').on('load', function () { $(this).iFrameResize({ warningTimeout: 0, scrolling: 'omit' }); }) })/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "3.2: Introducing the Argument and the Main Claim"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/

      Claim of Value

    1. The second year represents a time of intense practice—of verbal trial and error.

      I experience this daily with my 2.5 year old sister, she's working on her speech and learning how to pronounce things such as "yes" which she says "yeth" or when somebody asks how she's doing, she says "two n half" because she misunderstands what they're asking

    2. Someone would likely know what you mean by the question “Where’s the remote control?” But “The control remote where’s?” is likely to be unintelligible or at least confusing (Crystal, 2005).

      You can compare this to Yoda's speech pattern, literally out of order. "Do or do not. There is no try." or "The greatest teacher. Failure is." - Yoda

    3. Language is productive in the sense that there are an infinite number of utterances we can make by connecting existing words in new ways. In addition, there is no limit to a language’s vocabulary, as new words are coined daily. Of course, words aren’t the only things we need to communicate, and although verbal and nonverbal communication are closely related in terms of how we make meaning, nonverbal communication is not productive and limitless. Although we can only make a few hundred physical signs, we have about a million words in the English language. So with all this possibility, how does communication generate meaning?

      The English language is also a complicated one. It's very patchworked and built by different languages and also doesn't follow consistent rules like other languages do. sometimes I believe the only consistent rule of the english language is that it's inconsistent.

    1. If an employee acting within the scope of employment commits a crime from which the business will benefit, then the business can be convicted of the crime, too

      If you commit a crime on the job and the employer benefits from it, then the employer has also committed a crime.

  2. socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
    1. Self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which Native American tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision making on issues that affect their own people. Self-determination is an integral piece of sovereignty and the right of a people to decide upon its own form of government, without outside influence and relates to the freedom and free will of the people of a given area to determine their own political status and independence. Self-determination includes tribal self-governance and intellectual self-determination (Teves et al., 2015). When tribes institute their own court systems, have their own tribal police, develop their own K-12 tribal schools and/or tribal colleges, these are acts of self-determination and sovereignty.

      Summary: Self-determination is the right of people to govern their own communities without external control. Response: This concept is important to understand and know. It showcases the extension of allowing native communities to make choices for their own people. It makes it so that the decisions are based on their values and needs. connection: Tribal initiatives in law and health that work for self-governance for their own specific needs.

    2. Sovereignty is a political concept that refers to dominant power or supreme authority. In modern democracies, sovereign power rests with the people and is exercised through representative bodies such as Congress or Parliament. A sovereign tribe would exercise power without limitation and work on behalf of their people without external interference by the federal government.

      Summary: Recognizes the original and ongoing authority of native tribes to govern themselves. Response: It explains the central role that the sovereignty had on native people and their lives. It frames native tribes as distinct nations with rights to govern. It gives them the rights to the representation and regulation of their foundational government. Connection: Connects to present-day activism where tribes and native groups are trying to assert their sovereignty.

    1. Our creation stories root us here in our homelands in North America. These stories reveal our ties to everything here and provide evidence that attest to this as our homeland, our place of creation. Our stories are not fairytales. They teach us how to live in the world.

      Summary: Explains that creation stories and practical knowledge guide how to live, behave, and relate to the land. Response: Important as it showcases the framework of storytelling as a respected method of carrying historical and moral truths. It pushes against the colonial tendency, which is to forget or diminish the indigenous stories. The diminishment comes from its influence on science, but I think the stories showcase the history and survival truths. Connection: Connects to modern education reforms and how they serve as inclusion of Native history. It reflects the justice and education movements today.

    1. 5. Branched-chain substituent groups are given appropriate names by a simple extension of the system used for branched-chain hydrocarbons. The longest chain of the substituent is numbered starting with the carbon attached directly to the parent hydrocarbon chain. Parentheses are used to separate the numbering of the substituent and of the main hydrocarbon chain:

      Finished here will continue tomorrow.

    1. I usually use the word bro when I am talking with my friends because they use it too. Manuscript, scribe, and scribble all have something to do with writing things down. They all have scri in each word. Write.

    1. Over the years, scientists have proposed various theories about why humans cooperate so well that we form strong societies. The evolutionary roots of our general niceness, most researchers now believe, can be found in the individual survival advantage humans experience when we cooperate as a group. I’ve come to New Haven, Connecticut, in a snowy February, to visit a cluster of labs where researchers are using experiments to explore further our extraordinary impulse to be nice to others even at our own expense.

      expanding altruism is very possible, and it involves being altruistic. in other words, altruism is what brings people to do more of it.

    2. we seem to be reverting to tribalism and conflict, and belief in the potential of the internet to bring humanity together in a glorious collaborating network now begins to seem naive.

      Tribalism is much worse online than in real life, because in real life, while you may like or support a controversial celebrity, you still work in the same building or live in the same neighborhood as the people you are arguing, anonymity makes tribalism much worse and a different expereince.

    3. But this has a consequence of favouring divisive and strongly emotive or extreme content, which can in turn nurture online “bubbles” of groups who reflect and reinforce each other’s opinions, helping propel the spread of more extreme content and providing a niche for “fake news”.

      This has become both less common, and much worse in recent years. If you are in a bubble, it is all you will possibly see or think, while the amount of people in bubbles has decreased, as algorithms have slightly changed to be more effective at spreading out. this is slightly incorrect.

    4. A survey last year found that 40 percent of American adults had personally experienced online abuse, with almost half of them receiving severe forms of harassment, including physical threats and stalking.

      Stalking would indicate that people are indeed acting on these, which also means that the problem cannot be ignored.

    5. On the evening of 17 February 2018, Professor Mary Beard posted on Twitter a photograph of herself crying.

      Sudden Start, indicating urgency in the tone, as well as a good hook.

    1. London dispersion forces, in all the molecules, including the nonpolar molecules. The electron cloud around atoms is not all the time symmetrical around the nuclei. It temporarily sways to one side or the other, generating a transient dipole. The transient dipole induces a dipole in the neighboring. A transient dipole-induced dipole interaction, called London dispersion force or wander Wall’s force, is established between the neighboring molecules

      read this

    2. When the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is moderate to zero, i.e., usually less than 1.9, the bonding electrons are shared

      they remain the middle because the sides/atoms of the compound/molecule are continually having a tug of war. (Because one side isn't the very strongest/most electronegative, like in polar molecules)

    3. electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is large, i.e., more than 1.9 in most cases, the bonding electrons completely transfer from a more electropositive atom to a more electronegative atom creating a cation and an anion,

      When do electrons switch from one atom to another?

    4. When the electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is moderate to zero, i.e., usually less than 1.9, the bonding electrons are shared

      they remain the middle because the sides/atoms of the compound/molecule are continually having a tug of war. (Because one side isn't the very strongest/most electronegative, like in polar molecules)

    1. What kinds of things does O*Net tell you about a career? __

      This site really helps with everything that I want to do regarding becoming a nurse. Tasks, training, education, wages, etc.

    2. Identify the primary types of work and which you are best suited for.

      I think I’m best suited for a social type of job. I’m pretty outgoing and love to hear from everyone. I can pretty much talk to anyone and I love to make differences in peoples lives.

    3. Define the difference between a job and a career.

      A job is usually short term and typically doesn’t need experience. A career is long term and whatever you want to do.

    1. We can look at various school of acting, how the technique is taught and applied from different perspectives. And we can look at how acting for cinema presents its own unique challenges, as well as a few advantages.

      i feel like there are a lot more disadvantages in the acting world they have to recreate shots and deal with background noises actress also have to get into different looks each day this can be very exhausting.

    2. . A motion picture is a collaboration, the result of a thousand moving parts built and maintained by a thousand different artist and technicians all applying the tools and techniques that have taken a century to evolve into the cinematic language we all share, as filmmakers and audiences. And will likely keep on evolving, changing and adapting for centuries to come.

      throughout this i have learned that there is so much that goes into a film from the shot to the sounds to the makeup and moving pictures. I now believe that this is a harder job then it looks once the finished products comes out.

    3. But when the cameras stop rolling and the sets are dismantled, the actor’s job is done. And it’s the editor that must sift through those 99 takes of that one scene and make some sense of it.

      this tells me that after taking multiples shots for one scene the editor must pick the best one to edit and put into the film this takes a lot of work and time.

    4. When an actor doesn’t trust their director, the results can be disastrous. But when they do, they can take risks and make choices in the moment that add up to something greater than any one individual performance.

      i feel like everyone should have a good relationship on set if not this can create conflict and bad acting overall.

    5. The director, Jonathan Glazer, chose to shoot the scene as one long take, starting in a wide shot that moves into a close-up. There is no dialogue. Just two solid minutes on Kidman’s face as she processes this impossible news:

      this allows the audience to connect with the actors emotions i've seen many shots like this before where they just show there face and you can read their emotions without words.

    6. The camera is the audience, that’s who they’re playing to. And unlike theater, where your intimacy with the actors is dictated by how much you were willing to pay – the rich folks get front row center and the rest of us end up in the balcony staring at the top of the actors’ heads – in cinema our intimacy with the actors is dictated by how close the camera can get.

      this makes sense because in the cinema they are not looking at the camera but instead the audience i feel like this is different type so acting.

    7. new motion capture technology enables productions to not only transform the setting, but also the actors own body. Check out what Benedict Cumberbatch had to go through to play Smaug, a talking dragon in The Hobbit trilogy:

      this is so interesting ot look at he had all these white dots on his face that later can be edited into a dragon.

    8. The influence of new technology on an actor’s job has never really slowed down. Sometimes it has made the actor’s job easier, such as smaller microphones and wireless technology, and sometimes it has made it a lot more complicated.

      i never knew they had wireless technology but this makes sense when you are doing scendr in the air or underwater.

    9. These issues have all been part of cinema and the challenges of production for actors from the very beginning. After all, cinema relies as much on technology as it does on art, so it should be no surprise (especially if you’ve read this far) that the process is incredibly complex with many moving parts. And each new innovation in the technology of cinema has required a certain amount of adaptation, both for the crew and for the cast

      technology plays a huge role in films it creates the shots the sound and special effect but so do the actors and producers.

    10. he scene must be performed and shot over and over again until everyone is happy. A single 5-minute scene in a finished film may have taken hours if not days to complete with the actors repeating the scene dozens if not 100s of times, over and over, bringing the same intensity and emotional vulnerability every single time.

      this is the hardest part of acting i don;t think i could reshoot the same scenes over 100 times for hours i would lose my mind.

    11. And if shooting out of sequence weren’t bad enough, think about the near constant interruptions between each shot. On stage, once the curtain goes up, the actors are on their own, carrying the story through to the end with no interruptions except maybe an intermission (or a noisy cell phone). In cinema, each shot is a complex, collaborative choreography of set design, lighting, sound recording and cinematography.

      this is true not only is there cell phones going off but there is always traffic and things going on outside that could easily affect the shot.

    12. allowing their journey as a character to play out in real time. In cinema, actors bounce around the script playing bits and pieces of that journey, hoping the editor can find something consistent to cut together in the end.

      i never knew that actors bounce around the scrips you would never even know by the finished film products this is new information to me.

    13. he most immediate impact this time crunch has on actors is an extremely limited time for rehearsals. In live theater, actors might have 4 to 6 weeks to rehearse their roles. In cinema, they’re lucky if they get a day or two. Often that means “rehearsals” are really just the first few takes of every shot, working out how to deliver the lines, how to move in the space (known as blocking), how to play off the other actors.

      this is crazy that many actors don't have time to rehearse there lines i feel like i would forget my lines if i only had 4 to 6 weeks in school iuse to have a month to rehearse my song lyrics in choir.

    14. But that’s just one of the ways acting for cinema presents its own unique set of challenges for actors. The basic realities of production are an endless series of obstacles actors have to overcome to give a consistent, believably human performance.

      sleep, stress, and time are all huge factors that can challenge actors this makes me realize how hard of a job it is to be an actor.

    15. Shouldn’t all actors be “character” actors? Still, unburdened by fame, character actors can truly lose themselves in a role, bringing authenticity to the narrative by supporting the “star” at its center.

      i think actors can lose there minds and morals playing some oles for example the joker was a amazing actor and he committed suicide right before he won a grammy for best acting.

    16. from the character they are playing on screen? Sometimes that means evaluating a performance not on its own merits, but by just how much we forget who they are in real life.

      this is valid sometimes i forget that actors are playing characters and they don't actually act that way in real life.

    17. . How many of you rushed to see Shutter Island (2010) because of Teddy Daniels? Or The Revenant (2015) because of Hugh Glass? Once Upon a Time… in Hollywood (2019) because of Rick Dalton? Chances are you saw those films because Leonardo DiCaprio played each of those character

      this was a really good movie shutter island showed the scary side of true emotions that can control other minds i can connect this to classical school acting that focusing on emotional acting.

    18. If you’ve learned anything about cinema in these chapters so far, hopefully it’s that cinema requires dozens if not hundreds of professionals all working together to create the finished product. Production designers, sound technicians, editors, screenwriters, not to mention grips, gaffers, caterers, hair stylists, make-up artists, carpenters, truck drivers, the list goes on and on

      i never knew this much went inot a film I always knew there were credits at the end of a movie but i never paid attention to them but this takes a lot of work and time to create all the special effects and sounds for a movie.

    19. For one thing, as an instrument of mass media, cinema is wildly more accessible than live theater. And that means the profession will invariable intersect with popular culture in a much more obvious way, blurring the line between becoming a character and simply becoming a celebrity

      this makes sense now days everything is just on the TV but live theater performances allows the audience to interact with cinemo more effectively.

    20. The Meisner Technique employs the same commitment to naturalism, but adds a new emphasis on being in the moment, acting and reacting instead of thinking. (In that sense, the Meisner Technique is a hybrid between the Classical School and the Method.)

      this is a new method i've learned the meisner technique tells me actors embody naturalism instead of thinking i never knew this.

    21. For one scene, Hoffman’s character hadn’t slept for three days. So, true to the Stanislavski method, Hoffman stayed up three nights in a row so he could really feel what it was like to be sleep deprived. When he bragged about this achievement to Olivier on set, Olivier smiled and said, “Why don’t you just try acting?”

      this is wild to me that he didn't sleep for 3 days this can put someone into psychosis or huge sleep deprivation. I could not function if this was me.

    22. It was all in service of his pursuit of an emotional truth, an embodiment of character, that relied less and less on the actual words on the page and more and more on a commitment to naturalism. By the time of his death in 2004, the New York Times wrote, “Simply put, in film acting, there is before Brando, and there is after Brando. And they are like different worlds.”

      this tells me that his acting in films embodied emotions and i have seen the apocalypse now and there emotions are very captured throughout the film.

    23. He would go on to run the Actors Studio in the 1950s, working with the first crop of Stanislavski Method actors and directors to break into Hollywood. They included directors like Elia Kazan, as well as actors like Geraldine Page, Joanne Woodward, James Dean, Paul Newman and Marlon Brando.

      i know some of these actors and they are very good i never knew that they were taught on this method of stanislavski's ideas.

    24. In contrast to the Classical School of acting, the Stanislavski Method, or Method Acting as it is commonly known, is emotionally oriented, committed to an emotional realism, sometimes at the expense of whatever might be in the script.

      this tells me that classical school is more the emotional side of acting and realism,

    25. We most often associate classical acting with Shakespeare, and the long tradition of treating the playwright’s text as something sacred and unchangeable. That same reverence is brought to the cinema with this technique.

      i never knew that there was classical schools but it makes sense to connect this with shakespeare.

    26. The evolution of performance in cinema hit an inflection point around the time the Golden Age gave way to the New Hollywood in the 1960s. The young, energetic actors, writers and directors who took over cinema in the United States, at least until the blockbusters of JAWS (1975) and Star Wars

      I believe this because during the golden ages everything was booming and money was being spent like crazy.

    1. but they do not rank different schemes of socialization as good or bad; they study practices of socialization to determine why people behave the way that they do

      There is no labeling of good vs. bad, just culture vs.culture '

    1. What’s really interesting is that life tables can show which stage of life matters most for a species. For the loggerhead turtles, people first tried protecting eggs and babies, but the life table showed saving adults was more helpful for the whole population. It’s cool because it proves that sometimes keeping older animals alive is more important than focusing only on the young ones.