Settler Colonialism is when people settle in lands in which they are not indigenous and create institutions, enact policies, and build settlements that displace and erase indigenous people and cultures. This is done for the benefit of the settlers and settler communities.

“No-no Boys” is the nickname given to the approximately 12,000 Japanese American men who answered “no” to two questions in the loyalty questionnaire handed to them while incarcerated during World War II. The questions asked if the men would serve in the U.S. armed forces on combat duty and if they would swear unqualified allegiance to the U.S.A. and forswear allegiance to the Japanese emperor or any other foreign government. The men who answered “no” did no because they questioned the U.S. government’s motives and found that the loyalty questionnaire added insult to injury. The “no-no boys” were sent to Tule Lake Segregation Center as punishment, a camp that was turned into “a maximum security center with additional barbed wire, increased guards and tanks, and an eight-foot-high double ‘man-proof’ fence.” No-no boys also met backlash from fellow Japanese Americans, like the leaders of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) who criticized them as draft dodgers and dishonorable.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 is one of the first immigration acts in the U.S. that excluded people based on race. It was one of the first of other acts that excluded Asian immigrants. This is in part due to fear that Asians were taking jobs away from white laborers and also connected to Yellow Peril, fears that Asians were taking over not just economically but also morally, and more. The 1965 Immigration Act opened up immigration after restrictions especially against African and Asian groups. The act prioritized certain classes of laborers (i.e. “high-skilled”/high demand) and preferences family who were already in the U.S.

Yellow Peril is an extension of Orientalism, framing Asians and Asian nations as economical, political, sexual, or moral threats to the West, or European and American nations. An example of yellow peril is white anxiety around Asian immigrant laborers replacing white workers. Racist rhetoric related to yellow peril comes out when the U.S. is at war, during economic crisis, or when Asians/Asian Americans are the target of a perceived threat, such as the rise of anti-Asian hate upon news of the COVID-19 outbreak. “Model Minority” Myth is a racialized stereotype of Asians/Asian Americans as culturally or biologically smarter, economically well-off, successful, obedient, and docile. These deceptively “positive” generalizations of Asian Americans as “model minority” help to reinforce imagined social trends while marginalizing Asian Americans who don’t meet this perception. The myth also casts Asian Americans as subservient and still, “a foreigner.” The model minority myth functions as a way to divide Asian Americans from other oppressed communities of color, helping to push a narrative that the U.S. is a meritocracy and colorblind. It also helps to denigrate challenges to systemic racism and minimizes demands for social change and according to Robert G Lee, the “model minority had less to do with the actual success of Asian Americans than with the perceived failure—or worse, refusal—of African Americans to assimilate” (2010, p. 256).

sub-oppression inflicted towards Pacific Islanders

the panethnic identity used to promote collective power

resistance to the forgotten struggles that are masked by model minority myths

myth of them being “perpetual foreigners”

Clinical Hematology Atlas: A Pictorial Guide for the Hematology Laboratory (Taylor and Doty)

If the interstitial fluid is hypotonic, water will enter the cell

When your body starts to run low on water, a number of changes take place: for one, the volume of your blood decreases, causing a change in blood pressure.

If the adipose tissue, liver, and muscles demand glucose, this will lead to increased insulin supply by the β-cells.

The chemical process of digestion begins during chewing as food mixes with saliva, produced by the salivary glands.

The stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract produce peptides that can function as hormones,

homeostasis when deviations from it are detected.

Bible and the Qur’an have been translated into Esperanto

more forceful command or insist.

Control

Telling people what state you are from may give them a sense of “who you are.” Jimmy Emerson, DVM – Welcome to Texas – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

In order to verbally express our emotions, it is important that we develop an emotional vocabulary.

Apply the triangle of meaning to a recent message exchange you had in which differing referents led to misunderstanding. What could you have done to help prevent or correct the misunderstanding?

possibility of creativity and play.

Babies

Cowboy

And we need a dog that will work well in an apartment,”

The Meaning of Meaning

You’ll recall

Bark

junior year of college, I took a course in semantics, which focused on verbal language and solidified my interest in language.

It describes the ways that people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

Socialization is the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society.

All molecules have the same kinetic energy (mv2/2) at the same temperature, so the fraction of molecules with higher velocities will increase as m

that drawn

Our

Having a child can lead to a major change in a person’s self-concept. Photophile – Father & Son 2055 – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Self-fulfilling prophecies are thought and action patterns in which a person’s false belief triggers a behavior that makes the initial false belief actually or seemingly come true

The “Healthy at Every Size” movement strives to teach people that being thin doesn’t necessarily mean a person is healthy. Pixabay – CC0 public domain.

The fat acceptance movement has been around for more than thirty years, but it has more recently gotten public attention due to celebrities like Oprah Winfrey and Kirstie Alley, who after years of publicly struggling with weight issues have embraced a view that weight does not necessarily correspond to health.

Furthermore, the value of l ranges from 0 to n-1

premise

What impressions do you want people to form of you based on the information they can see on your Facebook page?

Just looking at Facebook as an example

Figure: People who have been out of work for a while may have difficulty finding the motivation to engage in the self-presentation behaviors needed to form favorable impressions. Steve Petrucelli – Inte

The representations we see in the media affect our self-perception

Biracial individuals may have challenges with self-perception as they try to integrate both racial identities into their self-concept.

Men are more likely than women to include group memberships in their self-concept descriptions. Stefano Ravalli – In control – CC BY-NC

the company may not hire her.

Clothing, like a doctor’s lab coat, forms powerful impressions that have noticeable effects on people’s behavior. Lisa Brewster – Happy doctor – CC BY-SA 2.0. Just as clothi

a goth person, a prep, a jock, a fashionista, a hipster.

Imagine that a professor has maintained a relatively high level of credibility with you over the course of the semester. She made a good first impression by being organized, approachable, and interesting during the first days of class. The rest of the semester went fairly well with no major conflicts. However, during the last week of the term, she didn’t have final papers graded and ready to turn back by the time she said she would, which left you with some uncertainty about how well you needed to do on the final exam to earn an A in the class. When you did get your paper back, on the last day of class, you saw that your grade was much lower than you expected.

So not only do first impressions matter, but having the ability to form accurate first impressions seems to correlate to many other positive characteristics. First impressions are

People who are able to form accurate first impressions tend to have more satisfying relationships and more quickly advance in their careers. Reynermedia – Businessmen shaking hands – CC BY 2.0.

Frustrated drivers often use internal attributions to explain other drivers’ behaviors. Beelgin – ROAD RAGE FIST – CC BY 2.0.

Are you a good judge of character? How quickly can you “size someone up?

We interpret information using schemata, which allow us to assign meaning to information based on accumulated knowledge and previous experience.

She has had some questions along the way and has e-mailed Joe for clarification and input, but he hasn’t responded.

Where does a conflict begin and end?

We also organize information that we take in based on difference.

Since we organize perceptual information based on proximity, a person may perceive that two people are together, just because they are standing close together in line. Wikimedia Commons – public domain.

Percpetoin is bsaed on pateetrns, maening we otfen raech a cocnlsuion witouht cosnidreing ecah indviidaul elmenet.

Second, read your papers backward.

We often include what we do for a living in our self-introductions, which then provides a schema through which others interpret our communication. David Weekly

kinetic molecular theory of gases

Activism has driven the field and community action is a recurring principle in Ethnic Studies classrooms and scholarship. These frameworks reflect the different standpoints that advocates and community organizers bring into the process of creating change and how activism takes place.

We commit this fallacy when, instead of attacking an opponent’s views, we attack the opponent. What makes this a fallacy is the disconnect between the reason and the claim.

An extremely common technique is to suggest that a claim is true because it is widely accepted. Of course, we do legitimately need to refer to other people's opinions as guides to our own at times.

Obviously, lying about who we are or what we believe in is not a valid way to build trust. An appeal to a shared identity that is not really shared or an appeal to a shared value that the writer does not really hold is certainly a breach of trust.

If we describe their ideas and feelings with accuracy, respect and empathy, they may soften. If they feel seen rather than judged, they may be more open to what we have to say.

Just as arguments can change tone and emotional appeal, they can appeal to trust differently and create different imagined relationships with the reader at different moments. Arguments don’t need to choose one point of view and stick with it; many arguments move between “I,” “we,” “you” and the impersonal, shifting from sentence to sentence. Too many shifts could be jarring for the reader, but some variety can be refreshing. Thus, a single argument can offer different ways for the reader to relate to the ideas at hand.

As readers, we want to believe that the writer is giving us a fair overview of what they know. If a writer fails to mention something relevant that makes them look bad, readers may well hear it from an opponent and consider the writer to have wrongly concealed it. Acknowledging points that actually hurt the writer's argument can help to demonstrate openness and honesty. This includes a writer's motivations, even those that involve self-interest.

A part of our trust in a writer or in another person in any relationship is based on our perception of their moral character.

f the reader feels that the writer understands the reader's perspective and uses that understanding to make the experience of reading the argument as straightforward and intellectually pleasant as possible, the reader will trust the writer more

Regardless of how formal or informal or how intimate or distanced the argument is, if the reader feels the writer is disrespectful and doesn’t care about the reader’s perspective or experience, the reader will lose trust.

We don’t tend to trust people who don’t respect us and don’t wish us well.

Apart from the question of whether or not referring to another group is right in a specific case, writers should also be aware of ways in which negative references can undermine trust, especially if the audience ends up being broader than the writer initially envisioned. Sometimes putting the opposition in a group can backfire and hurt an argument more than it help.

Sometimes writers feel that the most powerful thing they have in common with readers is opposition to a group rather than membership in a group. They can try to get readers on their side by focusing on a group they presume the reader does not or will not want to belong to. Defining that group negatively becomes the basis for unity and trust between writer and reader

Even if the group identity in question is not an emotionally charged one, referring to it can help readers feel connected to the writer and the argument

One way to create sense of connection and trust is to point to an identity that writer and reader share. If emotions are bound up in that identity, this can be a powerful way to gain trust and to encourage readers to care about the argument.

many arguments in academic journals nowadays do use “I” on occasion, especially in introductions and conclusions. They use it judiciously when the personal experience of the writer is relevant to the argument. In addition to offering an emotional connection, personal anecdotes give readers a sense that the author is a person who is reaching out to us as people.

An argument could be both intimate and formal, like a marriage vow, but that combination is rare. Usually the more comfortable we are and the more we share about ourselves in an argument, the less formal the style. Conversely, the less formal the style, the friendlier and more connected the argument usually feels

This approach to earning the reader's trust is all about setting aside the personal to pursue objective, neutral, unbiased pronouncements. It requires the writer to step back from their own personality and feelings to ally their speech with impersonal truth

n academic research papers, we want readers to see that we have done due diligence and can represent a range of authorities on the subject.

When a writer has no particular qualification in relation to the subject, they can still establish a certain degree of authority by citing authoritative sources

Even though she has no experience of immigration, she can be considered an authority on her own sense of morality.

we can speak with authority

We are all authorities on our own experiences, feelings, and values

they can provide evidence of that reputation

How can a writer convince us that they are an expert on a topic? In general, they need to show that experts in their field have recognized some level of competence or leadership in them

So the most common and ready way to establish trust is to make sure readers know what makes the writer an authority on the subject at hand

Focusing on trust and relationship allows us to see how nuanced argument can be and how varied its effects on different readers. An argument is not an equation. Not only does it affect our emotions, but, like a movie, a song, a novel, or a poem, it invites us into a lived experience

When we analyze an argument, we can ask ourselves what kind of roles and interactions the words imply.

he writer draws the reader close, beckons the reader to their side, or holds the reader at arm's length. They choose a style typical of the role they imagine, whether of a friend, confidante, preacher, doctor, or expert

To understand each of these approaches to trust, it will help to think of an argument not as words blared through a loudspeaker into the void, but as an offering within the context of a relationship.

Trust provides an underlying foundation for the success of emotional and logical appeals.

we saw in Chapter 8, arguments attempt to affect our emotions, but their success depends on how well writers have gauged their readers' values and cultural associations. Now we can back up and look at readers' responses through a different lens: that of trust.

Early recognition and diagnosis of narcolepsy could be significant for certain treatment possibilities.

Both the caffeine in coffee and the theophylline in tea are examples of such adenosine antagonists and are well known for their stimulant effects.

NREM sleep

REM sleep is a distinct, homeostatically controlled brain state characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) in combination with paralysis of skeletal muscles and is associated with vivid dreaming.

This theory states that we sleep to conserve energy and is based on the fact that the metabolic rate is lower during sleep. The theory predicts that total sleep time and NREM sleep time will be proportional to the amount of energy expended during wakefulness

Integrated Information Theory of Consciousness (IITC)

May 29, 2017; Mark Hrywna, “2017 NPT Best Nonprofits to Work,” The NonProfit Times, http://thenonprofittimes.com, accessed May 27, 2017; Mark Hrywna, “2016 NPT Best Nonprofits to Work,” The NonProfit Times, http://thenonprofittimes.com, accessed May 27, 2017; Kyle Dickman, “The Future of Disaster Relief Isn’t the Red Cross,” Outside, https://www.outsideonline.com, August 25, 2016.

[ɪˈmaːnu⟩ eːl kant]; 22 квітня 1724 — 12 лютого 1804)

follows the rules, is easy to read, and attracts the reader.

cognate

lim𝑥→0(𝑥+1)=2

squzze

Primary production provides plentiful food resources for ocean consumers, so a high abundance of phytoplankton is a good thing, right? As in many other cases, too much of a good thing can sometimes be dangerous, and an overabundance of dinoflagellates or diatoms can often create serious concerns. These events are referred to as harmful algal blooms, or HABs. HABs can occur for a number of reasons, although a common one is an overabundance of nutrients, which is often due to excessive terrestrial runoff of fertilizers or other nitrogen- and phosphate-containing materials. These conditions lead to an explosion in algal populations that can change the color of the water if the cells are in high enough concentrations. Figure 7.2.47.2.4\PageIndex{4} shows a massive bloom that contained so many dinoflagellate cells that it turned the water reddish-brown, a so-called “red tide.” (It has been suggested that Biblical references to seas being “turned to blood” may have actually been describing red tide events).

precipitation

Some of the additional complexity is because in addition to the moon, the sun also exerts tide-affecting forces on Earth. The solar gravitational and inertial forces arise for the same reasons described above for the moon, but the magnitudes of the forces are different. The sun is 27 million times more massive than the moon, but it is 387 times farther away from the Earth. Despite its larger mass, because the sun is so much farther away than the moon, the sun’s gravitational forces are only about half as strong as the moon’s (remember that distance is cubed in the gravity equation). The sun thus creates its own, smaller water bulges, independent of the moon’s, that contribute to the creation of tides.

persuasion can address behaviors—observable actions on the part of listeners—and it can also address intangible thought processes in the form of attitudes, values, and beliefs.

Notice that the goal is not to encourage people to use that knowledge in any specific way. When a speaker starts encouraging people to use knowledge in a specific way, he or she is no longer informing but is persuading.

St. Augustine of Hippo also wrote about three specific speech purposes: to teach (provide people with information), to delight (entertain people or show people false ideas), and to sway (persuade people to a religious ideology).

Cicero also talked about three purposes: judicial (courtroom speech), deliberative (political speech), and demonstrative (ceremonial speech—similar to Aristotle’s epideictic).

________________________________________________________

lower electron affinities.

During the adjourning stage, a group dissolves because its purpose has been met, because membership has declined or the group has lost support, or due to some other internal or external cause. It is important that groups reflect on the life of the group to learn any relevant lessons and celebrate accomplishments.

During the performing stage, group members work relatively smoothly toward the completion of a task or the achievement of their purpose, ideally capitalizing on the synergy that comes from the diverse experiences group members bring to the decision-making process.

During the norming stage, the practices and expectations (norms and rules) of the group are solidified, which leads to more stability, productivity, and cohesion within the group.

During the storming stage, conflict emerges as group members begin to perform their various roles, have their ideas heard, and negotiate where they fit in the group’s structure. Conflict is inevitable and important as a part of group development and can be productive if it is managed properly.

During the forming stage, group members engage in socially polite exchanges to help reduce uncertainty and gain familiarity with new members. Even though their early interactions may seem unproductive, they lay the groundwork for cohesion and other group dynamics that will play out more prominently in later stages.

The five stages of group development include forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

The brain is a complex system, and only advances in brain research will show whether the brain can ever really understand itself.

an external voltage is applied to drive a nonspontaneous reaction. In this section, we look at how electrolytic cells are constructed and explore some of their many commercial applications.

The reductant is the substance that loses electrons and is oxidized in the process; the oxidant is the species that gains electrons and is reduced in the process

separate

on—in which the atoms of one element gain electrons. Consider, for example, the reaction of Cr2+(aq) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) in the presence of dilute acid. Equation 6.2.16.2.1\ref{20.2.1} is the net ion

compounds

Compounds of the alkali (oxidation number +1) and alkaline earth metals (oxidation number +2) are typically ionic in nature. Compounds of metals with higher oxidation numbers (e.g., tin +4) tend to form molecular compounds In ionic and covalent molecular compounds usually the less electronegative element is given first. In ionic compounds the names are given which refer to the oxidation (ionic) state In molecular compounds the names are given which refer to the number of molecules present in the compound

=

valence orbital size tends to increase down a group

dφ

z

z

Fair use weighs heavily in favor of educational uses. So in most cases, using images and/or videos you’ve found online for your presentation for class is not going to land you in hot water. Why is this? Using an image or video that belongs to somebody else without permission for an educational use is not likely to impact the potential market, it is only being shared with the people in your class, and it is being used to educate yourself and others. It is still always good practice to cite where the content came from and try to use openly licensed content that allows people to use it without seeking permission first (see “Creative Commons” section below) whenever possible.

When you avoid plagiarism by citing your sources, you are respecting the time and energy other people put into creating their intellectual property. Just like physical property that you can call your own, intellectual property describes an expression of the human mind that can be owned and protected. Once somebody puts their creative ideas into a fixed and tangible format, like in the form of a book, movie, or song, that becomes intellectual property and can be protected. Intellectual property comes in many forms, but the most popular are copyright, patents, and trademarks. Copyright is the most common form of intellectual property that has relevance for college-level research

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the word plagiarize as “to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own: use (another’s production) without crediting the source.” When you use the words and ideas of others in your own work without citing where you got that information from, this is considered plagiarism. Whether a student purposely tries to pass off information as their own (i.e., copying and pasting text or paraphrasing another source without giving credit) or does so unintentionally (i.e., not knowing how to cite sources), plagiarism goes against the moral and ethical code for students called academic integrity. Academic integrity is the expectation that all students will be honest and responsible and will not plagiarize or cheat and that they will be motivated by more than just getting good grades. Most colleges have consequences for violating academic integrity, which may include suspension or expulsion from the institution.

As a college student, whenever you complete an academic assignment, be it a research paper, a speech, or any other assignment in which you gather and synthesize information on a topic, you are participating in what is called a scholarly conversation. The term scholarly conversation describes the existing body of knowledge about a topic. This body of knowledge may include published books, presentations, research articles, conferences, discussions, online resources, and more. Your assignments are a way to add your own voice to the scholarly conversation—by reviewing what research has been done, drawing connections and conclusions from published information, and adding your own experiences, opinions, and ideas about what previous research has shown.

In general, it is best to use a quote when: The exact words of your source are important for the point you are trying to make. This is especially true if you are quoting technical language, terms, or very specific word choices. You want to highlight your agreement with the author’s words. If you agree with the point the author of the evidence makes and you like their exact words, use them as a quote. You want to highlight your disagreement with the author’s words. In other words, you may sometimes want to use a direct quote to indicate exactly what it is you disagree about. This might be particularly true when you are considering the antithetical positions in your research writing projects.

By incorporating the name of the author of the evidence the research writer is referring to here, the source of this paraphrase is now clear to the reader. Furthermore, because there is a page number at the end of this sentence, the reader understands that this passage is a paraphrase of a particular part of Callahan’s essay and not a summary of the entire essay. Again, if the research writer had introduced this source to his readers earlier, he could have started with a phrase like “Callahan suggests...” and then continued on with his paraphrase

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HCl

NH4+

Cl−

social psychology—the study of the feelings, behaviors, and thoughts of individuals in the social situation.

anatomy and physiology

What about curlers and other accouterments associated with female behavior and dress—should facilities allow trans-women with male “plumbing” to have them also?

If facilities provide women with bras, do we provide trans-women with bras as well?

Should Facilities place a trans-woman in a female housing unit even though she still possesses male genitalia?

How should we approach searches of intersex inmates?

Should Facilities conduct searches differently with transgender inmates based on their gender identity?

Housing heterosexual inmates is straightforward, all other classification factors being equal. For homosexual and lesbian inmates, many correctional facilities do not have a blanket policy of segregation.

Cases being heard in courts all over the country are addressing aspects such as the provision of hormonal medications to transgender offenders, the continuation of transgender-specific medical procedures, and the development of gender awareness in areas such as housing and searches.

Paraphrase When we paraphrase, we are processing information or ideas from another person’s text and putting it in our own words. The main difference between paraphrase and summary is scope: if summarizing means rewording and condensing, then paraphrasing means rewording without drastically altering length. However, paraphrasing is also generally more faithful to the spirit of the original; whereas a summary requires you to boil down a large piece of text into a sentence or two, thereby losing some nuance, a paraphrase ought to mirror back the original idea using your own language. Paraphrasing is helpful for establishing background knowledge or general consensus, simplifying a complicated idea, or reminding your reader of a certain part of another text. It is also valuable when relaying statistics or historical information, both of which are usually more fluidly woven into your writing when spoken with your own voice.

araphrase Giraffes emit a low-pitch noise; some scientists believe that this hum can be used for communication with other members of the social group, but others are skeptical because of the dearth of research on giraffe noises. According to Baotic et al., the anatomy of the animal suggests that they may be making deliberate and specific noises (3).

mportant Reminder! Whether summary, paraphrase, or quotation, you need to use an in-text citation! For every in-text citation, ensure there is a matching entry on the Works Cited page! Also, remember to use information from sources only to support your own argument. For a research essay, a healthy ratio is generally no more than 10% to 20% material from sources to 80% your own original ideas, argument, interpretation, analysis, and explanation. This is not a rule as much as a reminder to think critically about how much your writing relies on the ideas of others: unless the assignment is a summary or literature

mmary, as discussed earlier in this chapter, is useful for “broadstrokes” or quick overviews, brief references, and providing plot or character background. When you summarize, you reword and condense another author’s writing. Be aware, though, that summary also requires individual thought: when you reword, it should be a result of you processing the idea yourself, and when you condense, you must think critically about which parts of the text are most important. As you can see in the example that follows one summary shows understanding and puts the original into the author’s own words; the other summary is a result of a passive rewording, where the author only substituted synonyms for the original.

araphrasing is similar to the process of summary. When we paraphrase, we process information or ideas from another person’s text and put it in our own words. The main difference between paraphrase and summary is scope: if summarizing means rewording and condensing, then paraphrasing means rewording without drastically altering length. However, paraphrasing is also generally more faithful to the spirit of the original; whereas a summary requires you to process and invites your own perspective, a paraphrase ought to mirror back the original idea using your own language.

hether you’re writing a summary or broaching your analysis, using support from the text will help you clarify ideas, demonstrate your understanding, or further your argument, among other things. Three distinct methods, which Bruce Ballenger refers to as “The Notetaker’s Triad,” will allow you to process and reuse information from your focus text.13

e posterior region of the cortex is the occipital lobe, which has no obvious anatomical border between it and the parietal or temporal lobes on the lateral surface of the brain

he parietal lobes are located posterior to the frontal lobes at the top of the head. The parietal lobes are involved in body sensations, including temperature, touch, and pain

This module starts with the value of an embryologic perspective, and then discusses the formation of the neural tube, embryonic brain development (the process of the anterior neural tube differentiates into primary and secondary vesicles), postnatal brain development, spinal cord development, and neuron development.

. “Male correctional officers and staff contribute to a custodial environment in state prisons for women which is often highly sexual and excessively hostile”.

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better speakers know how to use language in response to specific contexts in order to be successful, hence thinking about what contexts require more or less powerful language is always a good idea

First, ethical communication is that which does not unfairly label one thing or another based on personal bias

it is important to think about the connotations