Cuthbert Tunstall lived from 1474-1559 and was a church leader, Christian Humanist scholar, diplomat, and royal advisor. Similar to More, Tunstall was loyal to Roman Catholic dogma. In 1515, Tunstall accompanied Thomas More to the Netherlands to negotiate political matters. He was known as a shrewd and skillful negotiator. He held many similar views to Thomas More and was also known to have been friends with Erasmus. In 1550 Tunstall was imprisoned due to his conservative Catholic views during the Reformation in the Tower of London. In 1559, he refused to swear the oath of Supremacy to Elizabeth I. He was a widely respected figure among 16th-century Christian Humanists.

Useful in actual writing.

Limiting is useful in helping to defend against counterarguments.

Thomas More establishes that a good society facilitates a happy person, and true happiness is achieved through pleasure and virtue. This quote expands on More’s understanding of how true happiness is achieved and what pleasure includes. He says that Utopians believe that a man’s reason alone can not “carry him to a truer idea” of pleasure and virtue. One cannot find happiness through reason alone. This reference to reason is a direct criticism of scholasticism’s attempt to understand God through dialectical reasoning. With respect to true pleasures, he says “some belong to the body, and others to the mind” (Book 2). According to More, reasonably understanding everything about God will not make you happy or virtuous. Instead, we cannot have virtue or pleasure without “discovery from heaven” and only through trust in God can we be inspired with “sublimer notions.” What does pleasure mean for More? Pleasure is a gift from God of the body and of the mind. Therefore it is the chief aim of human life: to bring glory and honor to God through actions and faith will bring one true happiness.

Thomas More lived through a time of great religious turmoil and he began writing Utopia in 1515, only two years before Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses. While he was in opposition to Luther since More was a devout supporter of the Catholic Church to the point of dying in defense of his faith, he was good friends with Erasmus, one of the leading Christian Humanist reformers of the 16th century who was critical of the abuses within the church. Therefore, More’s criticism of extreme wealth could be directly tied to the selling of indulgences. Many clergy members in the 1500s were living lavishly through corrupt practices. The Utopians reject worldly things in the way that the clergy was supposed to.

A recurring theme throughout Utopia is the purpose and presence of pleasure in all senses of the word: body and mind. The word pleasure is derived from the French word “plaiser.” The OED definition of the word from around 1526 was “Sensuous enjoyment regarded as a chief object of life or end in itself; pure enjoyment or entertainment, hedonism. Frequently contrasted with business.” The OED shows us that this definition and understanding of the word became popularized due to William Tyndale’s translation of the Bible in 1526, only 10 years after Thomas More wrote Utopia. While this definition was established after Utopia was written, the connotation of the word could have been influenced by More’s writings surrounding pleasure and More certainly uses this definition of pleasure within his writing. In addition to this, the hedonist philosophy that pleasure is the highest aim of life has been around since ancient Greece, and as a Christian Humanist More would have understood this concept. In the OED, pleasure is defined as “a chief object of life or end in itself.” Some earlier definitions of the word refer to only bodily pleasure. However, here we see a more inclusive and deeper meaning of the word. If Utopia is meant to be an idealized society, and pleasure is the “chief dispute” for the Utopians, More is saying that pleasure is the goal of humanity. Pleasure, according to More, is the nature of human happiness. There is also a religious connection because this definition became popular after Tyndale’s use of this term in his translation of the Bible, which was also banned by Henry VIII and the Church. This could be seen as surprising because More remained a loyal member of the Catholic Church, however, this did not stop him from holding controversial opinions for his time. For More, pleasure is good because pleasure comes from God. Therefore, society should be in pursuit of pleasure.

In this passage More discusses the eagerness of Utopians to learn the greek language and to read ancient Greek works. This interest in the Greeks directly ties back Humanist beliefs and studies in this time which center around the studying of ancient text. Thus, by highlighting the Utopians great interest in these text as well as their amazing intellects, More is validating the importance of ancient work. Essentially he trying to show how important these work are by explain how prized they were by these amazing intellects who had no previous connection/ exposure to these ancient works With this elevation of humanism in mind the rest of this section can be read with More’s own education in mind allowing for the uncovering of more humanist methods.

In this passage More revels that in Utopian society it is possible, through rare, for women to become priest. While it is possible for women to become priest they may only do so if they are wise and the widows of former priest. This means that a woman can only achieve the prestigious role of being a priest through man making her reliant on the marriage and the loss of a husband. This highlights that while More likes to present Utopia as a place of great equality, it does still have rigid gender-norms and practices. Thus bring into question what other restrictions are place on women and what other aspect of this society is More miss-presenting.

“Dignity” - The term dignity stems from the terms “Dignitary” and “dignete”. The word dignitary refers to “A person holding a high office or position” and the word dignete was used in reference to “An honourable office, rank, or title; a high official or titular position”. Similarly to its root words the term dignity was also used in regards to rank or position being used refer to an “Honourable or high estate, position, or estimation”. Overtime this term evolved from primarily representing the prestigious and “Honourable” positions a person held to the “estimation” the honorableness and worthiness of a person. Therefore, in this reference the term “dignity” is being used to signify that More is discussing how a the rank prince is signified by a sheaf of corn and not elaborate jewels. This idea of rank or “dignity” being illustrated through the humble means of a sheaf of corn rather than elaborate jewels could be a meant to question what is valuable or honorable in this society of clearly a dignity of a high statues shun traditional showing of wealth. Additionally, the ambiguous meaning of the word “dignity” in this time leaves into question the character of this prince. Is he honorable? What does honor even mean in this society? It is quite possible that the price is a man of honor as he reached this honorable position; however, it is unclear how one gains the title of prince is this society.

It's important to delve deeper.

Further inquiry is important

Important advice!

Academic response writing can help us outside of school too!

More to it than just disagreeing/agreeing

I like this comparison. Puts things in perspective.

Important point!

Cornelius Graphey was a flemish man who lived from 1482-1558. In addition to serving as the secretary of the city Antwerp, Graphey was also an academic and publisher/printer. In 1522 Graphey was arrested on charges of heresy after he released a work on Martin Luther , but later released after he recanted his actions. In addition to haven written on Luther, Graphey was also noted as being friends with Erasmus.

The concept of Cornelius having been an academic who knew Erasmus, wrote on Luther and was once arrested on counts of hearsay, strongly suggest that he was in favor of some degree of religious reformation. The idea of Cornelius as being a reformer changes the context “To the Reader” in which he discusses godly living and love, bring in to question what he believed these idea to be and encouraging readers to seek out these concepts in Utopia.

In this context the term “Plato’s city” is made in reference of Plato’s work the Republic n which he lays out his idea for the perfect society. Thomas More was writing in a time in which ancient works had risen sharply in prestige, with humanist considering them to be an integral part of ones education. As such Plato’s The Republic was a highly studied ancient text, therefore Thomas More would have included this reference under the assumption that readers would have recognized what work he was referencing. The assumed recognition of the reference to Plato’s Republic would have invited readers to directly to compare this ideal society to Thomas Moore’s own proposed Utopia. Thus, readers would have been invited to compare the structure of Plato’s society in which people were assigned social classes of Gold, silver, Iron and bronze to determine what role in society they would play to the Utopia society structure in which citizens were seen as being more equal to one another and rotated through societal roles.

What is needed to keep a steady state for the production of NADPH?

How is the reduction of bacteriochlorophyll(ox) seem similar to glycolysis?

Since pigments don’t get regenerated by the plant, how can the pigment attain another e-? What conditions does the e- donor need to fulfill in order to donate the e-?

What is visible light?

What is the plant version of NAD+ How is it used?

Does Photosynthesis use ATP synthase? How?

Where is Chlorophyll on the redox tower?

How does a higher orbital state change the electron’s reduction potential?

What is “ground state” for electrons

What is the first step of Photophosphorylation?

When is it hypothesized that Photophosphorylation evolved?

What is photophosphorylation?

What is a photochemical reaction?

What happens when an atom absorbs a photon?

What is the absorption spectrum?

What are carotenoids and where are they typically found?

Where does chlorophylls ring structure come from? How can different types of Chlorophyll be identified through its structure? How does Heme relate to this?

How many major chlorophyll pigments are there? What is Chlorophyll’s structure?

If the plant were able to absorb all the light photons, then it would look pure white. If it was a variant that couldn’t absorb red light then it would look red.

How does light work? What are we actually seeing?

What are organic pigments?

What are signaling interactions?

How are different colors differentiated?

What is lambda and what does it refer to?

Martin Luther King Jr. reminded us that everything that we use daily was produced was produced everywhere around the world. In the recent years of shipping and overnight air deliveries, the process of foreign objects is becoming common since they get here faster than we expected.

With global capitalism being reached into developing countries around the world, many people are saying that the world is becoming more Western considering that Western companies are starting to dominate those countries. Anthropologist claimed that is not the case. People don't become Westernized simply by buying Western things. In fact, anthropologist believes that Western products expand the local identities further.

For example, a great-grandmother bough a silver cake server and used it to cut the cake at her wedding. The cake server became something important in the family and is passed down for generations. Unfortunately, the server ended up in the hands of a cousin who in term sold it to a gold and silver broker for currency, and then it was sold to a dealer who melted the server back into the raw material that it began with.

Objects can start from somewhere and ends in somewhere while going through a lot of things in between during the process.

Economic anthropologist are also interested in why an object became a status symbols and how they are used for important cultural or social events.

For example, consumption helps people stand out in a particular environment. This can be wearing a jersey to a game to show belonging to a group and support for a particular team.

Anthropologists know that people buy a particular thing not just for their own good or for their starvation, they are doing it to learn more about an information such as other's culture.

We use what we have available to meet our needs (for example, wearing clothing to protect us from the weather), regulate our social lives, and deciding the rightful order of things.

For example, everyone needs to eat but not everyone have the same ideology of what food is appropriate to eat.

Each consumption varies depending on their culture.

Consumption is huge in everyone's life, which is why economic anthropologist explore why, how, and when people consume what they do.

Consumption is the process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service.

This means that god doesn't judge off of your appearances or skin color, God will judge you off of what you do. It also says that just because someone's of a different descent from another does not mean they can't do the same thing as the other.

Money is exchanged and used for most commercial transaction. Money can be used to exchange goods and services.

Market exchange depends heavily on the relationship between a person and you. For example, because that person may know you and you feel comfortable working with them, they will be your first choice to do business with.

Supply and demand plays a huge factor when it comes to distributing goods through market exchange.

One thing that's different between market and reciprocal exchange is that market exchange is regulated by the supply and demand mechanisms.

Market and reciprocal exchange all share the concept of giving someone something and receiving something back.

The third way that societies distribute goods and services is through market exchange. Market exchange are the goods and services that are bought and sold with prices or exchange equivalence.

Markets have to have someone governing the exchange in order to exist but they do not have to exist in a geographic place such as a marketplace.

Anthropological studies shows that instead of wasting or throwing away the things that may show their wealth, they were giving away the goods to other groups so that the next time when they receive gifts from the other group, they would have foods and resources that aren't accessible easily to them.

The potlatch system of native American groups living in the US and Canadian coast are an example. The two groups would exchange foods and objects as a way to build relationship with each other. After contact with the settlers, the excessive gifts giving escalated into something tragic.

Sometimes a returned gift exchange are revealed as a form of redistribution.

Redistribution can happen in any forms of exchange. For example, the IRS received $3.3 trillion in federal revenue and as a result, the IRS redistributed $403.3 billion for the tax refund. Even if someone didn't get refund from the IRS, they could still benefit from the redistribution in the form of federal services and infrastructure.

Redistribution is the collection of goods or labor by a particular person or institution and being distributed later on

Studying reciprocity allows anthropologist to deeper on how customs, cultural values, beliefs, and social coercion influence our economic behavior and the the moral economy (how one shape social and political life)

Giving gifts isn't just for self-interest, it also builds a social relationship with the person who's receiving the gift.

This gift example makes anthropologist pay close attention to the topic of reciprocity.

Marcel Mauss was one of the first scholar to provide an in-depth reciprocity and the role of how gifts play in cultural systems around the world.

Mauss concluded that when human receive gifts, they also reciprocate (giving out) gift in return. This creates links between the people who are involved in the giving scenario.

Many people today believes that economic anthropology is a search for an alternative to capitalism.

Redistribution consist of collecting money from the community and redistributing it through goods and services.

Anthropologist knows that market exchange in today's world consist of trades that involves money, bargaining, and the price of the demand.

Economic anthropology provides rich and understanding perspective on how diverse modes of exchange are currently shaping and how is it going to be being shaped everyday life and time.

There are three ways of integrating economic relations, social relations, and distributing material goods: * Market exchange * Reciprocity * Redistribution

The community of Zambia's secondhand market present an explanation that secondhand clothes can go in and out of capitalist modes of production and exchange.

For example, we might buy clothes that we like, wore it for a few months or few years, donating to a charity shop like Goodwill, the shop will either sell it or donate it to a recycler who will ship the clothes to Zambia where it will be sold in the Zambia secondhand clothing market, then someone will buy it and they may realize that it doesn't suit them completely, and they will ask someone to tailor the clothes for their suits. The person will either pay the tailor or do the tailor a favor to repay them.

This example shows how diversifying our economic lives are considering that the clothes moved in and out of formal and informal markets.

In Zambia's market in Southern Africa, it is a big market for second-handed clothes. The clothes that are donated to a charity shop such as Goodwill will be examined. Good clothes will be sent to Central America while the low grade of clothes will go to Africa or Asia.

Zambia get their secondhand clothes by multiple wholesale firms that imports secondhand clothes

Most of the second handed clothes that are donated are shipped to Zambia. Zambia makes up 50% of second handed clothes market.

In some countries, the informal economy is the huge source of the country's economy.

The term "informal economy" can be misleading the economy may be formal and organized after all but even so, it is not governed or regulated by the authorities or the government officials.

Informal economy includes a range of activities that are unregulated and untaxed by the state. This includes people that are informally (self-proclaimed) self-employed and those who works for other people's business.

Those coffee farmers produce a lot of food that their family consumes but if they ever hit a rock bottom where they struggle, they have the chance to look for another job or plant another crops.

The whole point for those farmers is that they wanted their family's economic as smooth as possible. This means trying to do as much things as possible to ensure their long-term survival.

Although these farmers are producing something for the global market, they aren't fully locked to the capitalist mode of production. This includes owning their property and selling it for the price of a guaranteed value.

This may seem like a good deal, but it requires a lot of hard work since everyone needs to be on board with the plan.

Organizations must dedicate their time to nurturing their relationship with the coffee importers, roasters, advocates, and consumers who support all their hard work through promotion and purchases.

This is an annoying process such as attending receptions when buyers visit, dressing up in traditional clothing to pick coffee on film for marketing materials, and putting up with questions from nosy anthropologists.

There are around 20-25 million small farmers growing coffee in more than 50 countries around the world. Most of the farmers are in a organized in a assisting program that allows their coffee to be sold as fair-trade certified.

Fair-trade certified is a trading partnership that seeks for greater equity in the international trade market all while being honest and respectful.

Fair trade supports farmers and workers to combat poverty and strengthen their livelihood by setting their price of products as minimalist as possible while providing farmers the access of information regards to the market and their economy that can promote better wages and living conditions.

For example, many of the indigenous corn farmers in southern Mexico and Central America also grow coffee to earn some money to buy school supplies for their kids, building supplies for their homes, clothing and other things that they can't produce themselves.

Semi-subsistence farmers were once known as peasants. They live both outside of the global capitalism and state societies. They use their labor to grow food for their families to eat while producing small amount of commodity for sale.

Should be H

What is this imperfect? doesn't "otro dia" triger preterite?

In a way, economic anthropology is used to find alternatives to capitalism.

Although the capitalist society sounds like a employing and selling good society, we also produce and exchange goods and services outside of our jobs. We engage in diverse economic practices everyday.

Economic anthropologists said that people have different reaction when it comes to being apart of the capitalism group. For example, subsistence farmers may produce a small amount of crops in order to earn money for their equipment and tools that they can't make such as machinery tools.

In the domestic and tributary mode of production, workers can control their labor but with capitalist mode of production, they can't control their rules of labor

Keep the wages low allow capitalists to profit off of worker's labor. This means selling goods for a high price all while paying the worker who produce the products a low wage.

In the domestic and tributary modes of production, workers own their production property but with the capitalist mode of production, workers don't own their production property such as a factory.

The capitalist mode of production occurs very recently. It was started during the bloom of industrial revolution in 17th century and 18th century.

Some of the tributary system are unorganized whereas some have positive effects.

Production is controlled politically rather than through the controller of the farmer.

The relationship between producers and rulers are conflictual

The state society depends on the local communities and the tribute that is collected go towards the higher class people such as the emperor

Each person's social status and job is organized around the person's background

Each tributary mode society shares several features.

Foraging societies are characterized by the group ownership of the means of production (the resources used to produce goods in society such as land for farming or factory), lower rate of social domination, and sharing

The domenstic describes the lives of foragers and the subsistence farmers (people who raise plants and animals for their own consumption rather than selling it to others.)

There are three modes of production in human history * Domestic * Tributary * Capitalist

Mode of production is the social relationship through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.

Economic studies refer to what people want and how that decision affects their economy. Economic anthropology doesn't assume what people want or why people act the way they are. They focus on studying people's economic and their decision and coming up with their conclusion.

How human used the materials for goods

Production is transforming nature and raw materials into necessity goods

Since human are alike, economic anthropology study people's activity and behavior that affects their lives. This can be how people produce, exchange, and consume products.

Can’t add them together because that overestimates the uncertainty and you can’t subtract them because that under estimates the uncertainty

Question of universe and life? Big bang really existed?

What is the NAD+ used for?

What does oxidation (removal of an electron from a molecule change about Delta G?

What does ATP carry and what does NADH carry? How are they similar?

What are the two major types of molecular recyclable energy carriers?

What state can carriers be in?

What does a positive deltaE0’ potential give you in terms of delta G’s sign

What units are used for n, F, E0’, and the final delta G0’

What is n and F in Delta G0’ = -nFdeltaE0’

What does the E0’ be used to predict?

What does a reduction potential depend on? What units does it use?

What is reduction potential? What does it indicate?

The E0’ potentials can be used to determine the change in delta G and if the delta G is negative then the reaction will proceed spontaneously. If its a negative or a positive delta G it will also determine what direction the reaction will go.

I don’t think it changes it, It is just a different way of looking at it. Like a reverse. It does not change the potential or the maths.

What is the electron tower? What is it used for?

What is reduction potential E0’ And how is it calculated?

What is an Oxidation reaction? What is a Reduction Reaction? Do they Happen together or one at a time?

How are further ATP’s Produced through the proton gradient?

This here is describing the difference in political parties and their different opinions will and do cause conflict with one another, which is what we also see today in our political parties and in our government situation as well. Their passion will bring followers and will depend on them to bring them to power, or give them more recognition so they can have input on the events happening.

Should be phi

📚👩🏻‍🏫

Memorist

If you're critiquing an argument you should also point out where its strengths are to show the reader that you're not unfair

this phrase tells the reader that sound evidence was used in backing up the claim

I like this question, encourages analysis of X's statement

your response is essential.

our opinions are important as well.

Educators, as well as other readers, want to know your overall assessment

emphasis is important

This is really helpful.

Nice way of explaining it.

I like these types of arguments the most. It encourages the reader to think more deeply about things.

it's all about balance.

Have to show readers we're trustworthy.

point out the positives.

something to remember.

Happens a lot between politicians.

who would disagree with the argument and why?

helps us find our way to the counterarguments

So true!

Correlation is not causation!

Lots of proof needed to back up these types of claims.

News and media do this a lot

Important stuff to keep in mind.

I think politicians use this tactic a lot.

interesting!

So fascinating how self-aware some authors are, and others who do this unconsciously.

important tip!

reminds me of the book 1984 by George Orwell. Main character questions assumptions.

We see this a lot in court cases

So crucial!

This made me laugh!

Can be pretty damaging.

A very good example of hasty generalization.

I was thinking that this would be the case.

It seems like emotion and manipulation play a role in circular reasoning

This is really trippy! It's got me thinking about how many times I might have been convinced with this tactic.

If you use examples that only back up your own argument without acknowledging the exceptions is that confirmation bias?

Look for the loopholes.

A lot of analysis to do. Always stop yourself for a moment and ask questions.

seems like metacognition?

awesome way to show equivocation!

I like this, it means we don't have to restrict anything.

educated guesses are valid when you are summarizing an author's arguments

We have to be aware and catch any vagueness.

Pointing out ambiguity doesn't require special vocab. You can do it in various ways. I like the approach of referring to the argument's failure to clarify with phrases such as, "This leaves open the question of _______."

It's important to acknowledge the ambiguity when summarizing.

I like these thought maps, it's like seeing the argument in a physical sense. As shown, some of the elements of the border argument have ambiguous statements. "We need a new policy that offers respect and help to migrants." What does the writer mean by "a new policy"?

This can be used to critique someone's argument.

The focus of this chapter.

The commodity chain for agricultural products begins in the farm where plants and animal foods are produced. Instead of selling directly to the consumers, farmers sell their products to the distributor as the farmer will get more by selling it to big company. Big company will then sell the product even higher price at their several location of stores.

Many of our food comes from everywhere in the world. This is called the world system. There are a lot of steps of bringing the food to the location and this is called the commodity chain.

Although agriculture helps a lot, food shortages, malnutrition, and famines are still a problem despite a lot of work and returned positivity with agriculture. This is because the food distribution is uneven.

There may be places where they would overproduce food, while the another place will be the opposite. As a results of under-produce, places like these will hike the prices of food, causing people to not be able to afford food.

Although the development of agriculture can be seen as a significant technological achievement, agriculture also led us to to invest more time and labor in our food supply while directing us to social inequality, violent conflict between communities, and environmental degradation.

Agriculture is a critical factor that explains the origin of social class and wealth inequality. The more advance and confusing the economic becomes, the more chance an individual manipulates the economy through agriculture for their own benefits. Agriculture societies were the first to enable hard labor and enslavement.

Agriculture also enables a wide variety of labor. With the techniques that allows agricultural growth of crops to go smooth, this enables people to go into many different field of jobs since they don't have to worry about taking care of crops any further.

The growth of population allowed the advancement of better farming technologies. At the same time, this means that farmers will have to put a lot of time, efforts, and money into perfecting everything

The reliance on a single plant species as a food source. Mono-cropping leads to decreased dietary diversity and carries the risk of malnutrition compared to a more diverse diet.

The stable/important food from the culture.

A period of innovation in subsistence technologies that began 10,000 years ago and led to the emergence of agriculture. Neolithic means “new stone age,” a name referring to the stone tools produced during this time period.

The growing of plants and animals through the use of technologies

New technologies or techniques of farming didn't start from being an accident, it was started from countless experiences of horticulture.

Dividing the amount of natural resources would prevent lots of pollution.

Splitting the amount oil can fix climate change

The internet and technology is becoming a distraction.

testing if I can move an annotation

In the fermentation process of NAD+ and Pyruvate what gets oxidized and what gets reduced?

What is fermentation?

Connection to post modernism? How did the ideology come about?

Liberty is needed in a group just like air is needed for fire. I was shocked that this was even mentioned because while he brings up the fact that groups need liberty in order to work, slavery was an issue and also women did not have the liberty to do certain things as well. (Also, this is some top tier Madison bars)