The Enlightenment was always a self-consciously minority movement.

Despite the serious wrong done to us, the occupation of the port of Kiaochow was undertaken with the greatest care. We wish for the continuation of the friendship that has so long bound Germany with China and which so far has never been clouded.

ake up the White Man’s burden — The savage wars of peace — Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease;

All told, he was traveling for nearly thirty years.

These were his own maxims or sayings, known in Mongolian as biligs or bileks. The maxims were not laws but were used to guide proper behavior and conduct. A person who did not follow or who strayed from them was often viewed in a negative light, while someone who adhered to them was considered a paragon of virtue.

The king speaks to this effect: — ‘Ye numerous officers who remain from the dynasty of Yin, great ruin came down on Yin from the want of pity in compassionate Heaven, and we, the princes of Chow, received its favouring decree.

If you can reverently obey, Heaven will favour and compassionate you. If you cannot reverently obey, you will not only not have your lands, but I will also carry to the utmost Heaven’s inflictions on your persona.

Then Heaven no longer regarded nor heard him, but disallowed his great appointment, and inflicted extreme punishment

It is recognized as perhaps the most important extant work for the study of ancient Chinese political thought — thought that still has wide influence on contemporary political structure in China.

The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.

Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.

The Qing established a relatively limited system of trade known as the “Canton system,” in which Europeans were allowed only a fixed period every year in which to trade and in which all trade had to be conducted with a licensed group of merchants known as the Cohong

Despite the pomp and circumstance of the embassy, the Chinese ultimately rejected the British request, stating emphatically that the Chinese were not in need of any British commercial goods and that the British, if they wanted to trade in China, must follow the existing rules

Many of the Aztec written codices were labeled as works of the devil and destroyed. Between 1540 and 1585 a Spanish priest, Bernardino de Sahagún, worked closely with educated Aztecs and compiled twelve books of information about their culture.

Most of us get our first formal exposure to history from secondary sources, such as school textbooks or historical monographs, or even from tertiary sources, such as encyclopedias, online reference sites, or commercial study guides like CliffsNotes or SparkNotes.

genre of similar sources