The Western powers believed they were bringing superior culture and trade opportunities to China, while the Chinese valued their own history and traditions

This text describes a violent incident that occurred in an orphanage in China in 1870.

nd some even called for armed invasion by Western countries.

treaties signed with foreign countries took away China's ability to control its own tariffs and rivers.

missionaries in China used force, such as gunboats, to gain access and privileges for themselves and their converts.

treaties allowed foreigners to have control over certain areas in Chinese cities, where they collected taxes and enforced their own laws.

Manchu policy of opening up more ports for trade and foreign residence was seen as weak by the Han Chinese

ifferent groups within the Chinese government who had different opinions

Treaty of Nanjing, which gave Hong Kong Island to Britain, was the first of many unequal treaties between China and foreign nations.

Lin, a Chinese official, tried to stop the importation by demanding that foreigners turn over their opium stocks, but they refused.

economic crisis,

The British were benefiting economically from the opium trade, while the Chinese were becoming addicted to the drug.

conquer territory and expand