evers and leverage points fortransformative changeOur assessment—the most comprehensive car-ried out to date, including the nexus analysisof scenarios and an expert input process withliterature reviews—revealed clearly that re-versing nature’s ongoing decline (100) whilealso addressing inequality will require trans-formative change, namely a fundamental,system-wide reorganization across techno-logical, economic, and social factors, makingsustainability the norm rather than the altru-istic exception.

We comprehensively reviewed both explor-atory and target-seeking scenarios (81) offuture change in direct and indirect drivers.These scenarios resulted in starkly differentimpacts on nature and its contributions topeople and, in combination, enabled syntheticconclusions about the need for transforma-tive change.