We analyzed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from a large longitudinal sample (270 participants, 678 scans) using an automated segmentation tool and mixed models to delineate the development of hippocampal subregion volumes from childhood to adulthood.

average neuronal density of the same 60 loci was significantly higher in the male group than in the female group, and the corresponding mean male-to-female ratios were 1.18 in the right and 1.13

cortical thickness of the 60 loci examined was similar in males and females

The age, MMSE, HAMD,and HAMA were performed with independent samples T test, and sex was performed with Chi-Square test.

Significant difference was set at a P value of <0.05

PASW Statistics 18.0

ITK-SNAP (V3.6.0)

visually inspected to confirm anatomical accuracy

the new segment tool embedded in SPM 12 software

rest software

WMH volume was examined as a percentage of166ICV

adjusted for age159and

3dRegAna, AFNI

sigma 2 mm

Voxelwise GM density was calculated using the145standard FSL VBM package

subject’s age, sex, and eTIV were considered in the matrix design in the SPM12

extent threshold was set at 250 voxels

SPM12 using an uncorrected threshold of p < 0.001

Statistical Package for Social Sciences software ver. 16.0

p-value of less than 0.05 was used for group comparisons, and the extent threshold was set at 50 voxels

SPM12

adjusted for estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV) and age

FreeSurfer

5.3.0

8-mm full-width-half-maximum Gaussian smoothing kernel

SPM12

MRICRON

VBM technique implemented in the CAT toolbox

NIfTI

For investigating group differences, we run voxel-wise linear regression in the form:X~A + βgroupGroup + βageAge + βsexSex + βscan−chScan − ch + βintervalInterval + βICVICV + εwhere X is the Jacobian determinant value at a given position, A is the constant Jacobian determinant term, the βs are the covariate regression coefficients, and ε is an error term.

ANTs Symmetric Normalization (SyN; (Avants et al., 2008))

flirt (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk)

Brainsuite (http://brainsuite.org)

(http://www.itksnap.org)

SPSS version 20.0

Student’s t-test.

FreeSurfer 5.1.0

Inbrain®, a Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA)-cleared software and a registered trademark of MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd., which performs fully-automated image analysis of brain structures

Brain regions showing a significant interaction between group and Eyes Test score in the association with gray matter volume

1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 mm and smoothed using a 12-mm full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) isotropic Gaussian kernel

SPM81 and the VBM8 toolbox2 implemented in MATLAB R2012b

analyzed using a t-test between groups and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with group (TD and ASD) as an effect-of-interest factor and age, sex and full-scale IQ as effect-of-no-interest covariates. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

SPSS 16.0J

we performed PLS (McIntosh et al., 1996) using PLSGUI7

probabilistic cytoarchitectonic atlas included in the SPM Anatomy toolbox

Automated Anatomical Labeling atlas (Tzourio-Mazoyer et al., 2002) included in the MRIcron software

significance in both of these parametric and nonparametric analyses are reported. We also explored the effects of ASD subtype (Asperger’s disorder vs. PDD-NOS) using these predefined thresholds. The clusters that showed significant group difference (TD > ASD) were used as an inclusive mask.

Permutation Analysis of Linear Models software

VBM using a general linear model analysis, with group as the effect-of-interest factor and sex and age as the effect-of-no-interest covariates. The association between group difference and the volume of the gray matter was tested using T-statistics and reported as a Z-score after the T-value was transformed into the standard normal distribution. Voxels were deemed to be statistically significant if they reached the extent threshold of p < 0.05, after false-discovery rate (FDR) correction for multiple comparisons based on the topological FDR procedure (Chumbley and Friston, 2009), with a cluster-forming threshold (CFT) of p < 0.01 (uncorrected)

with default settings

visual inspection of T1 images and confirmed no macroscopic lesions or artifacts in the images

VBM8 toolbox

MATLAB R2012b

MarsBaR toolbox

GingerAle

Statistical Non-Parametric Mapping toolbox

age as a covariate and the results were assessed on the basis of nonparametric cluster-wise inference, with a cluster-forming threshold of 0.005 and cluster-based correction for multiple comparisons such that pFWE < 0.05. In addition, we re-ported any results passing the cluster-forming threshold of p < 0.005

GingerAle

Anatomic Labelling (AAL) system in the WFU pickatlas (www.nitrc.org/projects/wfu_pickatlas/).

controlling for age

MarsBaR toolbox (http://marsbar.sourceforge.net/)

Statistical Non-Parametric Mapping toolbox (http://warwick.ac.uk/snpm), with a cluster-forming threshold of 0.005 and a family-wise error (FWE) of 0.05

included age as a covariate

Neurosynth software (neurosynth.org) to conduct a reverse inference meta-analysis of previously published studies with the predefined search term “theory mind.”

smoothed with an iso-tropic 8 mm full-width at half-maximum

final voxel size of 1.5 × 1.5 ×1.5  mm3; segmentation into grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid; and modulation by the nonlinear com-ponent only for volume changes during spatial normalization to identify regional differences in grey matter volume cor-rected for individual brain size

MATLAB 2014

SPM8

VBM

IBM SPSS Statistics® version 22.

z-distribution Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 repeats was then applied to correct for multiple comparisons using a cluster-forming threshold set at p < .05.

FreeSurfer version 6.0

3D MP-RAGE sequence (TR/TE:2300/3.03 ms; flip angle: 90; 192 sagittal slices with 1 mm3 voxel size

3 T Siemens Skyra scanner with a 20-channel head coil