there are many factors that limit one’s ability to develop pressing strength while standing, including stability and neuromuscular control of the core musculature, the individual’s weight, the base of support the individual utilizes, and the direction in which the pressing motion is performed

spine stiffness is a direct predeterminant of spine stability.

However, in such cross-body movements, force generation is still limited primarily by whole-body stability, as well as joint stability (10).