searching for a solution strategy is an extra burden on top of applying that strategy. We can therefore accelerate learning by giving learners worked examples that show them a problem and a detailed step-by-step solution, followed by a series of faded examples.

the Japanese drew inspiration from Deming's ideas on continuous improvement in manufacturing, while the adoption of code review over the last 15 years has done more to improve everyday programming than any number of books or websites. But this kind of feedback isn't part of teaching culture in the US, the UK, Canada, or Australia. There, what happens in the classroom stays in the classroom: teachers don't watch each other's lessons on a regular basis, so they can't borrow each other's good ideas. The result is that every teacher has to invent teaching on their own.

Our experience, and some recent research findings, lead us to believe that taking notes collaboratively helps learning even more [Orndorff2015],

Watching instructors make mistakes shows learners that it's all right to make mistakes of their own. Most people model the behavior of their teachers: if the instructor isn't embarrassed about making and talking about mistakes, learners will be more comfortable doing so too.

First, as noted in Motivation, most people don't actually want to program: they want to build a website or check on zoning regulations, and programming is just a tax they have to pay along the way

A person's mindset can be shaped by subtle cues. For example, if a child is told, "You did a good job, you must be very smart," they are likely to develop a fixed mindset. If on the other hand they are told, "You did a good job, you must have worked very hard," they are likely to develop a growth mindset, and subsequently achieve more