Peptides were synthesized by standard solid phase synthesis protocols using Fmoc chemistry on a semi-automated peptide synthesizer (Model 90, Advanced Chemtech). For this, Wang resin pre-loaded with N-a-Fmoc-Glu was used as the starting material. The stepwise coupling of Fmoc amino acids was performed with DIPCDIIHOBT activation procedure. The coupling of each step was monitored by Kaiser test for free amine and wherever necessary, a double coupling was used to increase the yield. Before each coupling step and on completion of the synthesis, the N-terminal Fmoc group was removed using 20% piperidine (v/v in DMF). The peptides were cleaved from the resin and the side chains deprotected with appropriate volume of a mixture containing TF A, ethanedithiol, phenol, thioanisole and water (80:5:5:5:5, v/v). The resin was removed by filtration and the crude cleaved peptides were precipitated using cold diethyl ether and extracted in water. The peptides were purified by RPHPLC and their chemical identity was checked by mass spectrometry

Total RNA was isolated by TRIzol method using the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, medium was removed, from 35mm dish and 1ml to TRIzol was added directly to the dish and kept at room temperature for 5 minutes. The cells were harvested by pipetting up and down three four times and transferred to a 1.5ml microfuge tube. For each 1mlTRIzol, 200μl of chloroform was added and tubes were shaken vigorously for 10 seconds to completely dissociate the nucleoprotein complexes, followed by vortexing for about 30 seconds. The mixture was kept for 3-5 minutes at room temperature and then centrifuged at maximum speed for 10 minutes. The upper aqueous phase was transferred into a fresh microcentrifuge tube and 500 μl of isopropanol was added and this was incubated at -20°C for 1 hour. The RNA was pelleted by centrifugation at maximum speed for 30 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was decanted and the pellet washed with 1ml of 70% ethanol followed by a second wash with 1ml of 90% ethanol and centrifugation at maximum speed for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the pellet air-dried for about 5 minutes and re-solubilized in 30-50 μl RNase free deionized (DEPC-treated Milli-Q) water and aliquots were stored at -70°C

5 μl of 0.1% TFA was applied to the spots on the SEND array and removed after 30 sec using Whatman paper (care was taken not to touch the spot surface). b. 5 μl of cell lysate sample was spotted on the SEND array and incubated in a humid chamber for 10 min. Removed after 30 min. c. 5 μl of 0.1% TFA was then added and removed after 30 sec. d. 2 μl of 25% ACN in 0.1% TFA was added to the spots and allowed to dry. e. The chip was then placed in the SELDI machine

Oligonucleotides and PCR products were end labeled using phage T4-polynucleotidekinase (PNK, New England Biolabs) with 32P-γ-ATP. The radiolabelling reactionmixture (50 μl) contained 1 X of buffer provided by the company, 10 units of T4-PNKand 50 μCi of32P-γ-ATP. The reaction mix was incubated for 1-hr at 37ºC and thereaction was stopped by adding 10 μl of 0.5 M EDTA. The labeled oligonucleotides andDNA fragments were purifiedeither by the Qiagen PCR purification or nucleotide removal kit.Labelling efficiency was checked by scintillation counting

Native isoelectric focusing was done using Pharmacia Phast Gel Apparatus and precast IEF gel (pH 3-9) from GE healthcare. The samples were prepared in 50 mM sodium buffer (pH 8.0) and applied in the middle portion of the gel. Gels were run as previously described(Olsson et al., 1988) that is at 15°C, pre-focusing at 2000 V (75Vh), sample loading at 200V (15Vh) and run at 2000V (500Vh). Staining was done using Coomassie Blue G-250

DNA fragments to be used for specific purposes like ligation or radioactive labeling were eluted from the agarose gel after electrophoresis. The gel piece containing thedesired band was sliced out from the gel and the DNA was purified using commerciallyavailable purification kits for this purpose. The efficiency of elution was determined bychecking a small aliquot of DNA sample on the gel

Purification of DNA by gel elution

supplemented with amino acids and appropriate antibiotic and grown at 37ºC to an A600of 0.5-0.6. Around 0.1-0.5 ml of culture was made up to 1 ml with Z-buffer and lysedwith addition of one drop of chloroform and 1-2 drops of 1% SDS solution. 0.2 ml offreshly prepared 4 mg/ml ONPG was added to start the reaction and incubated at roomtemperature till the color of the reaction mixture turned yellow. 0.5 ml of 1 M Na2CO3was added to stop the reaction and the time duration from initial addition of ONPG tothe stopping of reaction was noted.The absorbance of reaction mix was taken at 420nm and 550 nm. The A600of the culture used was also noted. The enzyme specificactivity (in Miller units) was calculated using following equation:β-galactosidase specific activity = [1000 X A420-(1.75 X A550)] / t X v X A600Where t isthe time period in minsand v the volume of culture used in ml.Each value reported is the average of at least three independent experiments, and the standard error was <10% ofthe mean in all cases

β-galactosidase assay was performed according to Miller (1992). An overnight grownculture of the bacterial strain was sub-cultured in glucose Minimal A medium

Thialysine or thiosine (S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine)is a toxic analog of Lys. Strains were testedfor sensitivity/resistance to thialysine by streaking them on minimal A-glucose platessupplemented without and with100-200 μg/ml thialysine(Steffes et al., 1992)

For determiningthe intracellular pH from fluorescence intensity values of CFDA-SE-loaded cells, anin vivocalibration curve was prepared between fluorescent intensity and pre-adjusted environmental pH values. Briefly,CFDA-SE-loaded wild-typeC. glabratacellswere incubatedwith 0.5 mM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP; Sigma# C2759) at 30 ̊C for 10 min in 50 mM CP buffer adjusted to different pH values ranging from 4.0 to 7.5, with an interval of 0.5 unit.CCCP is an ionophore which dissipates the plasma membrane pH gradient, thus, rendering the intracellular pH similar to the extracellular pH. Fluorescent intensities were determinedand a calibration curvewas plotted between the ratio of intensity at 490 to430 nm versuspH.A polynomial distribution of fluorescent intensity signal and pH was observed for CFDA-SE probe(Figure2.1)and the graphequation was used todeterminethe intracellular pHof C. glabratacells

and colony purified on CAA plate. 15% glycerol stocks were made for two independent transformants and stored at -80 ̊C

C. glabrataCgYPS7ORFwas cloned in a self-replicating pGRB2.2plasmidwhich contains C. glabrata CEN-ARS, S. cerevisiaeURA3gene, S. cerevisiaePGK1promoter and C. glabrataHIS3-3′ untranslated region. For cloning CgYPS7in pGRB2.2,CgYPS7ORF (1.764 kb) was PCR-amplified from the wild-type genomic DNA with high fidelity Platinum PfxDNA polymeraseusing primers carrying restriction sites for XbaIand XhoI. The1.764 kb amplifiedPCR product waspurified with QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen # 28104),digested with XbaI and XhoI and cloned in the pGRB2.2plasmid at XbaI–XhoI sites in the multiple cloning site (MCS)region downstream of the PGK1promoter.Positiveclones were verified by PCR, sequencing and complementation analysesofCgyps7∆mutant. Yeast transformantsobtained by lithiumacetate methodwere selected on plates lacking uracil

All experiments in this studywere performed with log-phase cellsunless otherwise mentioned. For obtaining log-phase cells, overnight YNB-or YPD medium-grown yeast cellswerere-inoculated in fresh YNB or YPD medium to an initial OD600of 0.1-0.2.Cells were incubated at 30 ̊C with shaking at 200 rpmtill the OD600reached to 0.4-0.6 OD. After incubation, log-phase cellswere collected bycentrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 3 min,washed once with the same medium and usedforfurtheranalysis

was washed three times with PBS to remove non-adherantC. glabratacellsand Lec-2 cells were lysed in 5% SDS. Lysates were transferred totubes containing scintillation fluidand radioactive counts obtained were considered as ‘output values’. Percentage adherence wasdetermined using following formula

Adherence of C. glabratacells toLec-2 epithelial cells wasmeasured as described previously(Cormack et al., 1999).Lec2cells were seeded ina 24-well tissue culture plate at a seeding density of 5X105cells per well and allowed to adhere for 12 h. After 12 h,medium supernatant was discarded by inverting the plate in a reservoir and cells were washed thrice with PBS. Lec2 cells were fixed in 3.7% para-formaldehyde for 15 minfollowed by 2 PBS washes. PBS containing antibiotics, penicillin and streptomycin,was added toeach well of the 24-well plate and Lec-2 cellswere stored at 4°C.For adherence measurement,strains were taken out either on YPD or CAA mediumandgrown at 30°C for 2 days. Single colony of a C. glabratastrain wasinoculated in 10 ml CAA medium ina 100 ml culture flaskand allowed to grow at 30°C for 16-20 h. 100 μlyeast culture wasreinoculated in fresh 5 ml CAA liquid medium in a 15 ml polypropylene tube. 200 μCi of S35(Met:Cys-65:25) INVIVO PROTWIN labelmix(JONAKI, India) was added to thetube and cultures were grown at 30°C for 16-20 h for radiolabeling of C. glabratacells. C. glabratacells from 1 ml culture were harvested and washed threetimes with PBS to remove residual S35(Met:Cys-65:25) labeling mix from medium supernatant. Next,cells were resuspended in 1 ml PBS. OD600was measured and cell suspensions of 0.5 OD600were prepared. PBS was aspirated out of the wells of 24-well plate containing fixed Lec-2 cells. 200 μl of S35(Met:Cys-65:25)-labeled C. glabratacell suspensions were added to each well. To determine the total amount of radioactivity present in labeled C. glabratacell suspension, 200 μl of S35(Met:Cys-65:25)-labeledC. glabratacell suspensions were transferred to a scintillation vial containing scintillation fluid. Radioactive counts present in this fraction were considered as ‘input values’. For measurement of yeast adherence to Lec-2 cells, plates were centrifuged at 1,000g for 5 min and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Following incubation, each wel

Adherence assay

After 2-3 h exposure,phosphorimagerscreenwas scannedon Fuji FLA-9000 to acquire hybridization images. Next,signal intensity for each spot on the membrane for both input and outputsampleswas quantifiedusing Fuji Multi Gauge V3.0 software andpercentage intensity foreach spot relative tothe whole signal intensity ofthe membranewas determined.To identify mutants with altered survival profiles,ratio of output (Op) to input (Ip) signal for each spot (oligonucleotide tag)present on the membranewas calculated.Mutantsdisplaying at least 6-fold higher and 10-fold lower survival were selectedas “up’ (Op/Ip= 6.0) and ‘down’ (Op/Ip = 0.1) mutants, respectively

Single colony of C. glabratastrains wasinoculated in 10ml YPD-liquid medium and grown at 30°C with constant shaking at 200 rpm for 14-16 h. Overnight culture was used to inoculate 10 ml YPD broth to an initial OD600of 0.1 and culture was grown for 4-5 h to obtain log-phase culture. Log-phase C. glabratacells were harvested in 15 ml sterile polypropylene tubesby centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 5 min. Harvested cells were washed with10ml sterile water,resuspendedin 1 ml sterile water and transferred to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. Cells were harvested at 4,000 rpm for 5 minand resuspended in 100 μl of100mM lithium acetate solution.Yeast transformation cocktail was prepared in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube by mixing 240 μlpolyethylene glycol(50%), 36μl lithium acetate(1 M) and25μlheat-denatured single stranded carrier DNA(2 mg/ml). 50 μlC. glabratacell suspension and 50 μltransforming DNAwas added to the transformation cocktail, mixed well andincubatedat 30 ̊C for45 min. 43 μlDMSO was added and cells were subjected to heat shock at 42 ̊Cfor 15 min. After the heat shock, cells were transferred to ice for 10-15 seconds, centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 min and supernatantwas removed.Cells wereresuspended in 200 μlsterile water andspread platedonappropriate selectionmedium. Plates wereincubatedat30 ̊Cfor 2-3 days

Forinfection of THP-1 cells with single C. glabratastrain, PMA-treatedTHP-1 monocytes were seeded in 24 wellcell culture plate toa seeding density of 1 million cells per well. To prepare C. glabratacells for macrophage infection, single colony of the desiredstrain wasinoculated in YPD medium and allowed to grow for 14-16 hat 30°C. C. glabratacellsfrom 1ml overnight culture were harvested, washed with PBS andcell density was adjustedto 2X107cells/ml.50 μl of thisC. glabratacell suspension wasinfectedto macrophages to a MOIof 10:1. Two hours post infection, infected THP-1 macrophages were washed thrice with PBS to removenon-phagocytosed yeast cells and medium was replacedwith fresh prewarmed medium. Atdifferent time points post infection,infected THP-1 macrophages were washed with PBS three timesandlysed in 1 mlsterilewater. Lysates were collected by scrapping the wells with a micropipette tip, diluted in PBS and appropriatelysatedilutions were platedon YPD agar medium. Plates wereincubated at 30°C and colony forming units (CFU) were counted after 1-2 days. Final CFUs per ml were determined by

multiplying CFUs with dilution factor and fold-replication was determined by dividing the CFUs obtained at 24 h time-point by 2 h CFUs

Of theligation mixture,2μl (of total volume of 10 μl reaction)was added to atube of 100μlultra competent DH5α bacterial cells and incubated in ice for 30 minutes. The tubewas quickly transferred to a water bath maintained at 42°C to give a heat shock for 90 seconds and again quickly transferred to ice. 1ml of LB broth was added to the tube and then incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. The bacterial cells were then pelletdownby centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 5 minutes and plated on LB agarcontaining appropriate antibiotic

Automated DNA sequencing on plasmid templates or on PCR products was carried out with dye terminator cycle sequencing kits from Perkin-Elmer on an automated sequencer (model 377, Applied Biosystems), following the manufacturer’s instructions

BCA (Bicinchoninic acid) method was used to determine the proteinconcentrationin various samples. The Cu2+ions from cupric sulphate (present inBCA reagent B) reagent arereduced to Cu+by the protein in an alkaline medium. The cuprous ion (Cu+) then combines with BCA (present in BCA reagent A) to give a purple colour whose intensity is proportional to the amount of protein present in the samples. This intensity is measuredby colorimetry at 562 nm. BCA reagent was prepared by mixing reagent A with reagent B in avolumeratio of 50:1. A standard curve was generated using increasing concentrations of BSA (2-10μg) in a 25μl reaction, in a 96 well plate. Cell lysates were also dilutedto same volume in parallel wells. 200μl of BCA reagent was then added to each well and incubated at 370C for 30 minutes. The absorbance readings were then takenin a spectrophotometer at 562 nm. Total protein was quantified by calculation of the slopes of regression lines ofabsorbanceand BSA standards

The method described earlier by Gilliesand co-workerswas slightly modified and followed (Gillies et al.,1986). Briefly, parentaland profilin-stable cells were seeded in triplicates at a density of 20,000 cells per well of a 24-well culture plates. Each day after seeding, cells were washed with PBS and stained with 0.2% crystal violet in 2% ethanol for 15 minutes. Vigorous washing was done with PBS to remove excess dye. Crystal violet dye was then eluted using 1% SDS solution with extensive pipetting and diluted 10 fold. Absorbance of the extracted dye was then determined at 570 nm in a spectrophotometer. Absorbance data based on triplicate set of samples for each experimental condition were then averaged for each time point to generate a growth curve

Cell proliferation assay

growntill the OD600reached 0.8-1.0. Cells equivalent to 1OD600of each culture was taken for the labellingof total protein. Cells were washed in methionine-free synthetic complete medium(SC-Met) twice, suspended in SC-Met mediumcontaining 25μCi/mLof 35S Met-Cys twin label mixand incubatedfor 1min, 5 min and 15min. Cells were washed twice in ice-cold SC-Met medium twice and suspended in 500 μL of Tris-salinecontaining protease inhibitor cocktail.To this,300 μL ofglass beads (0.45-0.6mm diameter)were added and cells were lysed for 10 min by bead beating (with intervals of 1 min on time and 30 sec off time).The lysate was centrifuged at high speed for 15 minat 4°C. To the supernatant,sodium deoxycholate was added to a final concentration of 0.1 mg/mLand incubated on ice for 30 min. To this solution, 20% trichloroacetic acid was addedto a final concentration of 6%, incubated for 1 h on ice, and centrifugedat high speedfor 20minat 4°C. The pellet was suspended in 300 μL of Tris-saline and counted inaliquid scintillation counter (Perkin Elmer-Tricarb 2900). The cpm values obtained were plotted using GraphPad Prism5

Wild type and knock out yeast strains were grown in YPD (Difco) whereas synthetic complete medium without uracil was used for the KCS1 complementedstrains. Overnight grown yeast were subcultured in appropriate medium at 0.2 OD600and

The plasmid-DNA/PEI mixture was incubated for 15 minutesat room temperature.The mixture was added to cells,andmixed properlyby rocking the culture plate back and forth. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.The transfected cells were harvested at 24-48 hours post-transfection

Cells were plated inthe cell culture dishes one day before transfection in RPMI1640 supplemented with FBS and penstrep (complete medium). All the reagents were brought to room temperature before starting transfection. Plasmid-DNA was diluted in serum-free medium and PEI was added(Table 9)Table 9: PEI plasmid-transfection methodology

Table 8: Lipofectamine plasmid-transfection methodology

For transfection with Lipofectamine, cells were plated in antibiotic-free medium 24 h before transfection and were transfected at a confluency of 70-80% as per the manufacturer’s protocol. The plasmid of interest was incubated in serum free media,and Lipofectaminewas incubated in serum free media forseparately5minutes. The plasmid and the Lipofectamine mixtures(Table 8)were mixedgentlyand incubated at room temperature for 20 min.;thetransfection mixture was added dropwise to the cells. Transfection media was replaced with the fresh complete medium after 6 hrs.of transfection and cell are harvested after 24 hours

293T cells or HeLa cells were transfected with various plasmids as per the designed experiments using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) reagent or PEI

To study the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzicolastrains on rice plant two different inoculation methods, syringe infiltration and wound inoculation methods, were implimented. For infiltration method, bacterial suspension comprising of 1 × 108 cells/ml were infiltrated with needleless syringe into leaves of 4 to 6 week-old rice cultivar of susceptible Taichung Native-1 (TN-1) (Hopkins et al., 1992; Wang et al., 2007). Wound inoculation method was carried out by dropping an aliquot of 20 μl bacterial suspension comprised of 1 ×108cells/ml onto fully expanded leaf of 6-8 week green-house grown Taichung Native-1 cultivar of rice, and pricking with sterile needle for facilitating the entry of Xocinside the leaves throgh wound. For inititation of disease symptom, the inoculated plants were incubated in greenhouse with minimum and maximum temperatures of approximately 25 to 30 °C, respectively, and a relative humidity of approximately 60%. Water soaking symptom and lesion development was measured 4 to 10 days after inoculation. Likewise, for infiltration by wound inoculation method, lesion length was measured 14 days after inoculation. In both the cases, no lesions were observed in control experiments in which the leaves were inoculated with sterile wate

BXOR1, ΔrpfFand ΔrpfF(pSC9) strains were grown to OD600of 1 in rich media (PS), PS + 50 μM 2,2’-dipyridyl (DP) and PS + DP + 30 μM FeSO4. RNA was isolated by Trizol (Invitrogen) method as described above. Optimal primer and cDNA concentrations were standardized, and qRT-PCR was performed using ABI 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). In brief, 1 μl cDNA, 0.25 picomoles of gene specific primers and 10 μl 2X SYBR GREEN qPCR Mastermix (Qiagen)were mixed in the wells of 96-well PCR plate (Axygen). Final reaction volume was adjusted to 20 μl with nuclease-free water. Transcript levels were quantified with an end-point value known as Ct(cycle thresold) value. Expression of 16S rRNA was used as an internal control. The Ct values defines the number of PCR cycles required for the fluorescent signal of SYBR green dye to cross beyond the background level. Fold-change in transcript expression was determined using following formula.Fold change in expression = 2-ΔΔCtΔΔCt= ΔCt treated-ΔCt untreatedΔCttreated = Ctvalue for the gene of interest under treated condition -Ct value for the internal control gene (16S rRNA) under treated conditionΔ Ctuntreated = Ct value for thegene of interest under untreated condition -Ct value for the internal control (16S rRNA) gene under untreated condition

Primers for real-time PCR analysis were designed using Primer3 plus software and are listed in Table 2.2.For RNA isolation, X. oryzaepv.oryzaewild-type, rpfFmutant, rpfF/CG8 complemented strains were grown in PS medium at 28°C for 28 h at 200 rpm. Similarly, for RNA isolation from X. oryzaepv. oryzicola, the Wild-type

E.coliDH5α strain was transformed with plasmids carrying appropriate inserts to generate clones, and Xanthomonas deletion strains. Ultracompetent cells stored at -80°C were thawed on ice for 5-10 min. 5 μl ligated plasmid was added to 100 μl ultracompetent cells and incubated on ice for 30 min. Next, competent cells were subjected to heat shock at 42°C for 90 seconds. Cells were immediately transferred on ice for 2-3 min. Next, 1 ml LB medium was added and cells were allowed to recover for 1 h on a shaker incubator set at 37°C. After the recovery, cells were centrifuged at 3000 g for 3 min. Medium supernatant was discarded and cells were resuspended in 100 μl fresh sterile medium. Cells were plated on LB agar containing appropriate antibiotics. Plates were incubated at 37°C for 12-16 h

spectro-photometrically at 340 nm. For wild-type cells,mitochondrial aconitae activity was normalized to 100 % and for mutants the relative aconitase activity percentages were calculated

To determine aconitase activity, mitochondria were isolated as described by Meisinger et al. Briefly, YPD-grown C. glabratacells (500 OD600) were subjected to spheroplasting followed by homogenization (15 strokes) with glass Teflon homogenizer. To collect mitochondria, homogenate was centrifuged at 13200 g for 20 min in a refrigerated centrifuge set at 4°C. The mitochondrial pellet was resuspended in SEM buffer (250 mM sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Mops-KOH, pH 7.2) and stored at -80°C until further use. Mitochondrial aconitase activity was estimated by using method as described by Bulteau et al. Mitochondrial protein samples (5 μg) were prepared in KH2PO4buffer (25 mM, pH 7.2) containing 0.05 % Triton X-100. The samples were incubated with sodium citrate (1 mM), MnCl2(0.6 mM), NADP (0.2 mM) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (1 U/ml) for 20 min at room temperature. Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalysed reduction of NADP was recorded

were chosen for qPCR. For all qPCR reactions,0.4 μl of cDNA template was used in a 20 μl reaction volume. Reactionswere performed anddata wereanalysed in ABI7500 real-time qPCR machine. Amplified products were run on 2% agarose gel to confirm amplification ofthecorrect size product. CTvalues of respective products were normalized with corresponding CTvalue of the housekeeping gene CgACT1. Relative change in expression was determined by comparative CTmethod,also referred as 2-∆∆CTmethod, utilizing following equation.Fold change upon treatment=2-∆∆CT∆∆CT=∆CT Treated-∆CT Untreated∆CTTreated= CTvalue for gene of interest upon treatment-CTvalue of internal control (CgACT1)upon treatment∆CTUntreated= CTvalue for gene of interest without treatment-CTvalue of internal control (CgACT1)without treatmentThe reaction cycling conditions were as follows1)95°C for 10 min (initial activation)2)95°C for 15 sec (denaturation)3)55°C for 30 sec (annealing)4)72°C for40 sec (extension)5)Go to step 2 (40 cycles)6)72°C for 10 min (final extension)

MESA GREEN qPCR mastermix (RT-SY2X-03+WOULR) supplied by Eurogentech was used in all qPCR experiments. Primers for real-time qPCR experiments were designed by using the Primer3 plus software to obtain 120-200 bp amplification products. Standardization of optimaltemplate and primer concentrationconditionswas done in a PCR reaction and concentrations resulting in good amplification withoutprimer dimers

were chosen for qPCR. For all qPCR reactions,0.4 μl of cDNA template was used in a 20 μl reaction volume. Reactionswere performed anddata wereanalysed in ABI7500 real-time qPCR machine. Amplified products were run on 2% agarose gel to confirm amplification ofthecorrect size product. CTvalues of respective products were normalized with corresponding CTvalue of the housekeeping gene CgACT1. Relative change in expression was determined by comparative CTmethod,also referred as 2-∆∆CTmethod, utilizing following equation.Fold change upon treatment=2-∆∆CT∆∆CT=∆CT Treated-∆CT Untreated∆CTTreated= CTvalue for gene of interest upon treatment-CTvalue of internal control (CgACT1)upon treatment∆CTUntreated= CTvalue for gene of interest without treatment-CTvalue of internal control (CgACT1)without treatmentThe reaction cycling conditions were as follows1)95°C for 10 min (initial activation)2)95°C for 15 sec (denaturation)3)55°C for 30 sec (annealing)4)72°C for40 sec (extension)5)Go to step 2 (40 cycles)6)72°C for 10 min (final extension)

MESA GREEN qPCR mastermix (RT-SY2X-03+WOULR) supplied by Eurogentech was used in all qPCR experiments. Primers for real-time qPCR experiments were designed by using the Primer3 plus software to obtain 120-200 bp amplification products. Standardization of optimaltemplate and primer concentrationconditionswas done in a PCR reaction and concentrations resulting in good amplification withoutprimer dimers

PMA-treated THP-1 cells were seeded toa24-well tissue culture plate to a cell density of 1 million cells per well and allowed to grow for 12 h. After12 hincubation,spent medium was replaced with fresh pre-warmed RPMI-1640 medium andcells were allowed to recover for 12 h before use.C. glabratacells were grown in YNB medium for 14-16 h at 30°C and 200 rpm. 1 ml of theseC. glabratacells were harvested in 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes, washed twice with 1X sterile PBS and the cell density was adjusted to 2x107cells/ml. 50 μl of this cell suspension was used for infection to a MOI of 1:1. Two hours post infection, wells were washed thricewith 1X sterile PBS to remove the non-phagocytosed yeast cells and 1 ml of fresh pre-warmed RPMI-1640 medium was added. Plates were incubated under tissue culture conditions at 37°C and 5% CO2for 24 h. Supernatants were collected in 1.5 ml microfuge tubes, centrifuged at 3,000 rpmto remove the particulate matter, if any, and stored at -20°C until use. Estimation of different cytokines were performed using BD OptEIA ELISA kits as per the supplier’s instructions

the same solution and stored overnight at 4ºC. Fixed cells were permeabilized with 100 μL saponin based permeabilisationbuffer and wash buffer for 2 minin the dark. Cells were pelleted down and washed twice with saponin based permeabilisation buffer, centrifuged to pellet the cells and the supernatant was aspirated leaving 30-40 μLbuffer to dislodge the pellet. EdU was detected by adding 350 μLof Click-iT reaction cocktail and incubated for 30 min at room temperature in the dark. Cells were washed once with permeabilisation buffer and DNA content was measured by adding 5 μL Ribonuclease A and 2 μLof cell cycle dye 633 red incubated for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS ARIA, Becton Dickenson). Data analysis to determine the stages of thecell cycle was performed using FACSDiva (BectonDickenson), and results were plotted using GraphPad Prism 5

Cell cycle analysis by PI staining is based on the DNA content of cells and cannot distinguish G0from G1, and G2 from M phase. One more limitation is that it provides overlapping cell populations in different phases. Alternatively, multi parameter based cell cycle analysis can be performed using EdU (5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine, a BrdU alternative)labeling which exclusively distinguishes cells in S phase from other phases of cell cycle. EdU labeling and cell cycle analysis was conducted using the Click-iT cell proliferation assay kit (C35002, Invitrogen), as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, cells were grown in 35mm dishes at 30% initial confluence. At 50-60% confluence, cells were treated with 0.2 mM HU for 12 h. After treatment, media containing drug was removed, gently washed twice with PBS and replaced with fresh media. Cells were allowedto recover for different time periods such as 3, 6, 9 and 12 h to observe arrest and release into S-phase. At each time point cells were labeled with 25μM EdUfor 30 min before harvestingby trypsinisation. Harvested cells were washed with 1% BSA in PBS and fixed with 100 μLof ClickiT-fixative containing 3% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. After fixation, cells were again washed with 1% BSA in PBS, resuspended in