Protein concentrations were detennined using BCA protein estimation kit (Pierce, .. USA). The assay was perfonned according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Various dilutions of the sample or BSA were made in appropriate buffer and 200 J.ll of supplied reagent mix (1 :50 ratio) was added to each well in a 96 well plate. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 1 h and the absorbance was measured at 540 nrn.

Protein Estimation

antibody at an appropriate dilution. The immunoreactivity was detected by enhanced chemiluminescence using an ECL detection kit (Amersham Biosciences) and were recorded on X-ray films after appropriate exposure and development. It is important to note that the blots for probing phosphorylated proteins were performed using 1% BSA as blocking agent instead ofblotto

Whole cell extracts were prepared by treating cells with lysis buffer (0.125M Tris, 4% SDS, 20% glycerol, and 10% ~-mercaptoethanol), and protein estimation was performed using CB-X protein assay kit as per manufacturer's protocol. Lysates were resolved on 12% SDS-PAGE gel, following which Western transfer was performed onto nitrocellular membranes using a BioRad Western transfer apparatus. The blots were incubated with 5% blotto (non-fat dry skimmed milk) in 0.05% PBS-Tween 20 for 1 h to block non-specific binding sites following which they were incubated for 1 h with primary antibody at an appropriate dilution prepared in 1% blotto in 0.05% PBS-Tween-20. The blots were washed 3x with 0.05% PBS-Tween-20 at 5 min intervals following which they were incubated for 1 h with secondary

SDS-PAGE and Western blot

Sequencing of cloned inserts was done by Sanger's dideoxy chain termination method (Sanger et al., J 977) using Sequenase version 2.0 kit from USB. 5 J.ll of J mg/ml suspension of plasmid DNA was incubated in denaturation buffer at 37 °C for 30 min. in a reaction volume of 50 J.ll, and then the precipitation was carried out in the presence of 5.5 J.ll of 3M sodium acetate and 4 volumes of chilled ethanol at -70 °C for 30 min. The pellet, obtained by centrifugation at 10,000 g, for 20 min., at 4 °C, was washed with 70% ethanol and resuspended in 7 J.ll of sterile water. J pmole of sequencing primer in J J.ll water and 2J.ll of 5X sequenase reaction buffer were added to denatured DNA and the reaction mix was incubated at 65 °C for 5 min. for primer annealing. The reaction mixture was cooled slowly to about 35 °C, by putting the heat block at room temperature. For labeling, J J.ll of 0. J M DTT, J J.ll radioactivity containinig J 0 J.lCi of 35S dATP, 2 Jlllabeling mix diluted 5-fold in steriJe water and 2 Jll sequenase enzyme diluted 8-fold in sequenase dilution buffer were added to the· primer annealed DNA. Incubated the reaction mixture at room temperature for 2-5 min. and added 3.5 J.ll to each of the 4 different tubes containing 2.5 J.ll dideoxy nucleotides ddATP, ddTTP, ddCTP, and ddGTP separately. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 5 min. and finally, the reaction was stopped by adding 4 J.ll of estop solution to each tube. Reaction products were separated on a 6% polyacrylamide sequencing gel made in TBE buffer containing 7.5 M urea. The samples were heated at 75 °C for 2 min. and immediately loaded on the gel. The gel was run at a constant power of 60 watts maintaining the temperature of gel between 50-55 °C, dried and exposed to an X-ray film.

DNA Sequencing

r-bZP3 was arsanilated using a modification of the procedure of Nisnoff (1967). Briefly, arsanilic acid (100 mg) was dissolved in 5 ml of I M HCI. A IO ml stock of NaN02 (10 mg/ml) was also prepared fresh and added dropwise to the arsanilic acid solution while vortexing. Activation of arsanilic acid was checked on starch-KI paper. The ice cold activated arsanilic acid solution was added dropwise to the protein solution (5 mg of r-bZP3 in 100 mM PB, pH 7.4) stirring constantly in an ice water bath, while pH was maintained between 9.0 and 9.5 with 10 N NaOH. The protein solution was dialyzed extensively against I 00 mM PB having 4 M urea. Arsanilation of r-bZP3 was checked by ELISA using ars-r-bZP3 for coating ( 1 flg/well) and using a 1:100 dilution of murine anti-ars MAb, R 16.7 (Durdik et al., 1 989). Bound Ab was revealed using anti-mouse HRPO conjugate (I :5000). Three monkeys previously immunized with r-bZP3-DT conjugate (MRA-375, MRA-640 and MRA-672) and 2 naive monkeys (MRA-446 and MRA-670) were immunized at 2 intramuscular sites with 250 flg of ars-bZP3 conjugate using Squalene:Arlacel A ( 4: 1) as an adjuvant. Boosters were administered at intervals of 20 days and bleeds were collected I 0 days post immunization. Bleeds were analyzed by ELISA using r-bZP3 and ars-BSA for coating to determine anti-bZP3 and anti-ars Ab titres as described earlier.

Arsanilation of r-bZP3

Cells and supernatant collected 72 h pi were analyzed on a 0.1% SDS-I 0% PAGE and Western blot using polyclonal Abs generated in rabbit against peptide-DT conjugates using (i) 23-45 aa residue N-terminal peptide with an extra lysine at the N-terminus (KQPFWLLQGGASRAETSVQPVLVE), (ii) 300-322 aa residue C-terminal peptide (CSFSKSSNSWFPVEGPADICQCC) corresponding to the bZP3 sequence (iii) MA-451 and (iv) goat anti-GST Ab. The C-terminal anti-peptide Ab was used for determining whether or not the full length bZP3 was being expressed by the cells infected with the different viruses. Anti-mouse (I :500), anti-rabbit ( 1 :500) or anti-goat ( 1 :500) Abs conjugated to HRPO were used for revealing bound Ab.

Analysis ofr-bZP3 in VI, V2, V3 and V4 Infected Cells and Supernatant

From an 0/N grown culture, 1 ml cells were pelleted in a 1.5 rnl eppendorf tube. The cells wer~ washed once with 100 ul of solution I ( 50 rnM glucose in 25 rnM Tris. HCl ,· pH 8. 0 ) . The cells were pelleted again and resuspended in 70 ul of solution I. To this, 20 ul of a freshly prepared solution of lysozyme 10 rng 1 ml in distilled water was added. The tube was vortexed to mix the contents and incubated in ice for 5 minutes. Next, 10 ul of 0.1 M EDTA, pH 8.0, was added, vortexed and the tube incubated in ice for 5 minutes. Next, 200 ul of solution IV ( 0.2 N NaOH + 1 % SDS was added, the contents vortexed quickly but briefly to mix and incubated in ice for 5 minutes. Finally, 150 ul of 5 M potassium acetate, pH 4. 8 was added and the tube incubated in ice. After 60 minutes, the tube was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10,000 rpm, at 4°C. 450 ul of the supernate was removed to another tube and DNA precipitated with two volumes of ethanol at -7 0°C for 15 minutes. The DNA pellet was collected by centrifugation and after draining off the supernate, the pellet was washed with 80 % ethanol. The pellet was dried briefly under vacuum and finally resuspended in 150 ul TE. From this, a 10 ul aliquot was used for checking on gel or for•setting up digestions with restriction endon~cleases.

Plasmid DNA minipreps.

Selected transformants were grown in 250 ml of LBamp 0/N. The cells from the 0/N cultures were harvested by centrifugation (4°C) at 4000 X g for 30 min. The cell pellet was resuspended in 5 ml of TEG solution containing lysozyme (2.0 mg/ml in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) and incubated at RT for 15 min. Alkaline-SDS (10 ml) was added to the mixture and again incubated at R T for 10 min after mixing the contents gently by inverting the tube. Post-incubation, chilled sodium acetate solution (7.5 ml) was added and the contents were incubated on ice for 15 min. After incubation, the mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 X g at 4°C and processed in the similar fashion as described above upto addition of isopropanol. The DNA pellet was resuspended in 500 Jll TE containing 20 Jlg/ml RNase and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Plasmid DNA was then extracted as described above. The DNA pellet was air-dried and finally dissolved in 200 Jll ofTE

Large scale plasmid DNA isolation

EROD

TheO2consumptionofthetissueswasmeasuredbymanometrictechniquesinaWarburgconstantvolumerespirometer(Gallenkemp,England)aspertheproceduresgivenbyUmbreitetal.(1959).Thecontrolandeffluentexposedfisheswerekilledandthebrain,gill,muscle,liver,heart,kidneyandair-breathingorganswereisolated.ThetissueswereslicedandplacedinWarburgflasks(60-80mgtissuesflask)containing2.5mloffishringersolutionwithphosphatebufferatpH7.5asthesuspensionmediumforthetissuesand0.2ml15%KOH.Temperaturewas28°CduringO2uptakedetermination.Inordertocomparedatafromthedifferentseriesoftreatment,arespiratoryindexwascalculatedusingthefollowingformula:KO2treated-KO2controlr=100-------------------------------------x100KO2controlWhere,K=O2consumptioninpi/100mgwettissue/hrThisindexindicatespercentrespirationoftreatedtissuesrelatedtothecontrolvalues ofthesameseries.

TissueRespiration

incubator until the cells were 60% confluent. For each transfection, 1-2pg of DNA was diluted in 100 pi serum free media. Also, lOpl of lipofectin reagent · was diluted in 100 pi of serum free media and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30-45 minutes. The two solutions were combined, mixed gently and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. The cells were washed once with 2ml of serum free medium. For each transfection, 0.8 ml of serum free medium was added to each tube containing lipofectin-DNA complexes. The complex was mixed gently and overlaid onto cells. The plate was incubated for 4-6 hrs in a CDl incubator. The medium in each well was replaced with serum containing medium and the cells were further incubated for varying periods of time at 370C. The concentration of lipofectamine 2000 was used in the ratio 1:2 or 1:3 with DNA. The Rzs and Dzs were either co-transfected with the plasmid DNA of interest or when required to be transfected alone then pBSK+/-was used as carrier plasmid for better transfection efficiency. In order to ensure uniform transfection efficiency a reporter plasmid DNA (pSV -~ gal, Promega) was used

Transfection of cell lines used was carried out u5ing lipofectin reagent (Invitrogen, U.S.A.). In a six well plate 10 s cells/ well were seeded in 2m1 medium supplemented with serum. The cells were incubated in a CD2

Materials & Methods dried. These were counted directly to determine the total counts. In duplicate tubes, 1pl of the diluted probe was added to 100pg of carrier nucleic acid (tRNA or Herring Sperm DNA) in a total volume of 100pl. To this 500pl of ice-cold 5% TCA was added, mixed thoroughly and incubated on ice for 15-20 min. Glass fiber filters were wet (in duplicate) properly with 5% TCA and then these samples were applied on to them under vacuum. The filters were washed twice with 5ml of chilled 5% TCA and then air dried after rinsing with 2m1 of acetone. All the dry filters were inserted into scintillation vials containing scintillation fluid and the counts were taken in a liquid scintillation a-counter (LKB Wallac, 1219 Rackbeta, Sweden). The percentage incorporation, specific activity and the total amount of RNA made was then calculated according to the standard procedures. % incorporation =Incorporated cpm X100 Totalcpm Total RNA made (ng) = % incorporation X 338 Specific activity of probe = Total cpm incorporated p.g of RNA synthesized Cell culture media and cell lines: All the cell lines were grown and maintained in Dulbecco' s modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (penicillin, streptromycin and amphotericin B). The cells were maintained at 37<>C with 5% C02 in a humidified CD2 incubator (Nuaire-IR Autoflow CD2 Water-Jacketed incubator). Transient transfection

1mL medium were stained with 1p.L of the dye (1ng/mL) and incubated at 37°C for 10 min in the dark. The unbound dye was washed off with either PBS or medium and cells analysed by flow cytometry or microscopy. Nonylacridine Orange (NAO): NAO (Molecular probes) is a probe which interacts specifically with non-oxidized cardiolipin, a lipid that is exclusively localized in . the inner mitochondrial membrane (Petit et al., 1992). A stock solution of 100p.M was prepared in DMSO and 1p.l (1nM) was used to stain 107 cells in 1mL medium for 10 min at 37°C. The excess dye washed off with PBS and cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 3 min. Subsequently they were analysed with flow cytometry or microscopy

Mito Tracker Green®: Mito Tracker® Green (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) is an agent that interacts with mitochondrial lipids and is essentially non-fluorescent in aqueous solution, only becoming fluorescent once it accumulates in the lipid environment of the mitochondria. Since the entry of the dye is not dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential, it can be used to measure/ compare the mitochondrial mass of cells both in live as well as fixed states. MitoTracker Green® stock solution was prepared in DMSO (1pg/pL) and stored at -20°C. To stain cells

Assay for measuring mitochondrial mass

The PCR products generated using protocol mentioned above were purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany) as per manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, S volumes of buffer PB was added to 1 volume of PCR sample. This was applied to QIAquick spin column and centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 30-60s. The flow-through was discarded and the column washed with 0.7SmL of buffer PE. After discarding the flow-through again, the column was dried by a quick spin. The DNA was eluted using 30-SO J..lL of elution buffer (Buffer EB (10mM Tris-Cl pH 8.S)) or alternatively in nuclease-free water. The concentration of the obtained DNA was estimated by measuring the absorbance at 260nm (A26o) and using the known formula: DNA concentration = A260 X SOX dilution facto

Purification of PCR produc

The reaction mixture contained 10 μl of culture filtrate, 490 μl of double distilled water (DDW) and 300 μl of methanolic rhodanine solution. This mixture was incubated for 5 min at 30°C in a water bath. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.3 ml of methanolic rhodanine solution (0.667 %), which resulted in the formation of complex between gallate and rhodanine. This was followed by the addition of 0.2 ml of KOH solution (0.5N) and the tubes were further incubated at 30°C for 5 min. The total reaction mixture in each tube was diluted with 4.0 ml of distilled water. Tubes were further incubated at 30°C for 10 min. The absorbance was measured at 520 nm against a control having distilled water in place of culture filtrate. The absorbance thus obtained was used to calculate the amount of gallic acid present in the culture filtrate, from the standard gallic acid curve prepared in the range of 100-1000 μg/ml.

The procedure of Sharma et al. (2000) was used to estimate the gallic acid in the culture filtrate. Reagents: Methanolic rhodanine solution (0.667% w/v): Prepared by dissolving 0.667 g of rhodanine in 100 ml of methanol.Potassium hydroxide (0.5 N): 2.8 gpotassium hydroxide dissolved in100 ml of distilled water.

Gallic acid estimation (Sharma et al., 2000)