rate of invasive disease is about 10 cases out of every 100,000 non-pregnant adults

Most cases of group B strep disease in adults are among those who have other medical conditions that put them at increased risk, such as:

Pneumonia(https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/index.html) (lung infection) symptoms include: Fever and chills Cough Rapid breathing or difficulty breathing Chest pain

Group B strep disease is usually treated with penicillin or other common antibiotics

penicillin

normal residents of the vaginal flora in 25% of healthy women

Clinical manifestations of adult GBS infection are varied and include skin, soft tissue and urinary tract infections, bacteremia, pneumonia, arthritis and endocarditis

invasion of host cell barriers such as the epithelial and endothelial cells

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) are generally beta hemolytic on blood agar plates (right hand side)

Bacteria under Microscope Streptococcus agalactiae Group B streptococcus, GBS

Pharyngitis — Gonococcal infection of the pharynx is usually acquired by oral sexual exposure [42]; it is acquired more efficiently by fellatio than by cunnilingus [27,42]. Based on studies of women presenting to sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics, the prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea has been estimated at two to six percent [43,44]. In a study of over 14,000 men who have sex with men (MSM) presenting to STI clinics in the United States, eight percent tested positive for pharyngeal gonococcal infection [34].The majority of oropharyngeal infections with N. gonorrhoeae are asymptomatic, although sore throat, pharyngeal exudates, and/or cervical lymphadenitis are present in some cases. In a study of 192 men and women seeking care for sore throat in a general medicine setting, one percent overall had a positive throat culture for N. gonorrhoeae [45]. Although bacterial concentrations in the pharynx are generally lower than in the rectum and genitals, the pharynx is thought to be the site where horizontal transfer of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance genes commonly occurs [46].

All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, ofloxacin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and penicillin. However, the following number of clinical isolates exhibited intermediate or decreased sensitivity, nine (17%) to ampicillin, eight (15%) to penicillin, 14 (32%) to ciprofloxacin and one (2%) to nitrofurantoin. Thirty-one percent of the isolates were resistant to azithromycin and ceftriaxone, 19% to clindamycin, 15% to cefazolin and 13% to cefamandole. Eighteen (35%) of the clinical isolates tested were resistant to 6 of the 12 antibiotics tested.

Penicillin or ampicillin remains the drug of choice for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS colonization in pregnant women

Resistance genes were detected in 100% of erythromycin-resistant isolates (Table ​(Table1).1). Twelve isolates (6%) were resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin.

All GBS were susceptible to penicillin and vancomycin, and 30 (15%) were susceptible to tetracycline. Resistance to erythromycin was found in 44 (22%) of the isolates.

Resistance of Group B Streptococcus to Selected Antibiotics, Including Erythromycin and Clindamycin

The proportions of GBS isolates with in vitro resistance to clindamycin or erythromycin have increased over the past 20 years. The prevalence of resistance among invasive GBS isolates in the United States ranged from 25% to 32% for erythromycin and from 13% to 20% for clindamycin in reports published during 2006–2009 (19,106,108).

During a group B strep test, your health care provider will swab your vagina and rectum and send the samples to a lab for testing. In some cases, you might receive instructions on how to collect the samples yourself. Because you can test positive at certain times and negative at other times, you'll need to repeat the group B strep test each time you're pregnant.

Because the gastrointestinal tract is a primary source of this organism, the appropriate specimens for culture are a vaginal swab and a rectal swab. The specimens should be cultured using a selective enrichment broth.

Streak for isolation and incubate at 35-37o C in ambient air or CO2 for 18-24 hours.

thoseharboringgroupBweremorelikelytohaveenlargedtonsils(P<0.001),exudate(P<0.02),andtenderenlargedanteriorcervicallymphnodes(P<0.01)

DetectionofGBScanbe determined directly from broth media using latex agglutination, probes or nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) such as PCR

Procedures for processing clinical specimens for culture of group B Streptococcus (GBS) (s

Asymptomatic carriage in gastrointestinal and genital tracts is common. Intrapartum transmission via ascending spread from the vagina occurs. Mode of transmission of disease in non-pregnant adults is unknown.

S. pneumoniae cultures are α-hemolytic on blood agar medium

Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Genera

A clearing of the turbidity in the bile tube but not in the saline control tube indicates a positive test, i.e., the pneumococcal cells have lysed ("solubilized").

Group B streptococcus (strep) is a common bacterium often carried in your intestines or lower genital tract. Group B strep is usually harmless in adults. In newborns, however, it can cause a serious illness known as group B strep disease.

Primary advantages over an ampicillin-gentamicincombination are its narrower spectrum of antimicrobial activity and lower cost. However, high doses of penicillin G must be used for the treatment of Group B streptococcal disease for two reasons. First, the MIC of penicillin G for Group B Streptococcus is relatively high, 4-10 fold greater (range 0.01-0.4 µg/ml) than that for group A streptococcal strains