Urinary tract infections caused by P. mirabilis occur usually in patients under long-term catherization

Recovery of Mycoplasma hominis from blood culture media.

Candida albicans

The single most important lab test is urinalysis.

Deaths have occurred in neonates with bloodstream invasion by Ureaplasma species and meningitis caused by M hominis;

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herpes simplex virus–1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2

Escherichia (E.) coli is responsible for most uncomplicated cystitis cases in women, especially in younger women. E. coli is generally a harmless microorganism originating in the intestines. If it spreads to the vaginal opening, it may invade and colonize the bladder, causing an infection. The spread of E. coli to the vaginal opening most commonly occurs when women or girls wipe themselves from back to front after urinating, or after sexual activity.Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for 5 - 15% of UTIs, mostly in younger women.Klebsiella, Enterococci, and Proteus mirabilis account for most of remaining bacterial organisms that cause UTIs. They are generally found in UTIs in older women.Rare bacterial causes of UTIs include Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis, which are typically harmless organisms.

ccording to our results, Escherichia coli was the most common etiological agent of UTI (74.6%), followed by Klebsiella spp (11.7%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6.4%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.2%). Analysis of the frequency of isolated bacteria according to the age of the patients revealed that Klebsiella infections are more prevalent in the older age groups (>10 years) and Pseudomonas infections are more prevalent in children and the elderly (<9 years and >60 years).

The risk factors associated with UTI include sex (distance between the anus and urethral meatus (short in women and long in men), moisture content surrounding urethra), genetic predisposition (e.g. blood group), the antibacterial activity of prostatic fluid (in men), behavioral factors (such as recent sexual intercourse, use of spermicidal agents and diaphragm, frequency of urination, aspects of personal hygiene or use of the birth control pill), low concentration of lactobacilli in elderly women, urologic structural abnormalities, diabetes, immune-suppression, pregnancy, hypertension, stone formation, nosocomial acquired infections and instrumentation like catheterization

E.coli causes 70-95% upper and lower UTIs

UTI caused by Escherichia coli and female gender (p<0.05).

The most common uropathogenic Gram negative bacteria are Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.