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    1. Sixteen patients were screened for variants in one or more of the RCC predisposition genes VHL, FH, FLCN, MET or SDHB (Table 2). No pathogenic variants were found in FH, FLCN, MET or SDHB, but we did find a start codon variant (c.3G>A, p.Met1Ile) and a missense variant (c.631A>C, p.Met211Leu) in VHL in a patient from cohort 2 (Fig 3). Both VHL variants are classified as class 3 variants (VUS) according to the classification guidelines from IARC [26].Open in a separate windowFig 3Pedigree of family 6002.The arrow indicates the proband. The age of RCC-onset and histological subtype the renal tumor is listed below the proband (III:3). A start codon VUS (c.3G>A, p.Met1Ile) and a missense variant (c.631A>C, p. Met211Leu) in VHL and a intron variant (c.1729+8T>C) in BAP1 was identified in a peripheral blood sample from the proband. The proband’s maternal uncle (II:1) was diagnosed with testicular cancer.

      PatientID: III:1

      KindredID: 6002

      Case: M, 28Y0M, Ethnicity Unknown

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: Maternal uncle (II:1) had a history of testicular cancer but no genetic data was available.

      CohortInfo: Patients met at least one of the criteria: RCC < forty years of age or bilateral or multifocal RCC < sixty years of age or family history of RCC or three relatives with RCC, melanoma or mesothelioma (at least one case of RCC) or patients diagnosed with RCC and melanoma. Family history of RCC is defined as two or more first-degree relatives with RCC. Patients with a previously identified pathogenic variant in a renal cancer predisposition gene were not included. Patient inclusion took place from February 2014 to January 2015. This patient was grouped in “Group 1” where only one family member was affected by renal cell carcinoma (n=20).

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006770 (Clear cell renal cell carcinoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: The patient has been through the national screening program for putative VHL, which includes MRI of the cerebrum, spinal medulla and abdomen, neurological examination, auditory tests, ocular examination and blood work for chromogranin A and metanephrines, with normal results.

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: Figure 3

      Variant: p.M1I (c.3G>A)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: 135406, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/135406/

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: 0.00007043, https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/3-10183534-G-A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: missense_variant;transition

      CivicName: M1I (c.3G>A)

      MultipleGeneVariants: Germline, VHL, c.631A>C (p.Met211Leu)

      MultipleGeneVariants: Germline, BAP1, c.1729+8T>C

    1. 17 (22%) had frameshift variants

      PatientID: 45

      KindredID: 45

      Case: Sex Unknown, Age Unknown, Ethnicity Unknown

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: N/A

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0006770 (hemangioblastoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0010797; HP:0100634; HP:0030405; HP:0009711; HP:0030421 (clear cell renal cell carcinoma; Neuroendocrine neoplasm, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, retinal capillary hemangioma, Epididymal neoplasm)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: Yes; see table S1 for VHL subject genetic and manifestation information.

      Variant: p.L140Qfs*3 (c.419_420delTC)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: 223207 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/223207/

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: minus_2_frameshift_variant

      CivicName: L140fs*3 (c.419_420delTC)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    1. A 3 year-old girl was admitted in the Department of Pediatric Oncology following several months history of febrile episodes, sweating and irritability. Symptoms were first interpreted as being of infectious causes, and that is why she received repeated antibiotic therapies. There was no improvement, and that is why more investigations were performed. An abdominal ultrasound performed in a pediatric hospital revealed a right adrenal tumor mass that prompted the transfer to our unit.Family history: the patient’s mother aged 38 was diagnosed with bilateral pheochromocytoma resected when she was the age of 18 years. She presented several relapses, the most recent one at the age of 32, when she was also diagnosed with cerebral angioma. Genetic testing revealed the presence of the VHL c 244 C>G (p. Arg 82 Gly) heterozygote mutation, while the tests for RET, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD were negative.The clinical examination of our patient revealed: pallor, paroxysmal febrile episodes with irritability and sweating, tachycardia (130/min), hypertension (170/126 mmHg). There was no palpable abdominal mass.Abdominal ultrasound: well delimited tumor of the right adrenal gland, 37/34/35 mm in diameter, irregular with transonic inclusions.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): right adrenal tumor, 35/42/43 mm in diameter, well delimited, irregular, with marked heterogenous contrast intake, presenting cystic and necrotic areas (Figure 1).Open in a separate windowFigure 1Right adrenal tumor.Serum markers: urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) 31.1 mg/24 h (normal <6.6), neuron specific enolase (NSE) 59.79 ng/ml (normal <17), ferritin 306.6 ng/ml (normal range 6–67), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) 333 IU/L (normal range 125–300).Genetic examination: VHL c 244 C>G (p. Arg 82 Gly) heterozygotic mutation.Management: Complete surgical resection was performed with special precautions, but it was uneventful and blood pressure instantly dropped to normal.Go to:PathologyMacroscopic encapsuled 40/40/30 mm tumor, delimited by a bright yellow rim. The tumor is nodular with small hemorrhagic and necrotic areas.Microscopy: adrenal gland is compressed by a well delimited tumor made by cell nests of variable dimensions, separated by a reduced vascular connective stroma (Zellballen), with relatively numerous mitoses (8/10 High Power Field - HPF), most of them typical, very few atypical, extensive necrosis and vascular invasion. The aspect is suggestive for a malignant pheochromocytoma with Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal gland Scaled Score (PASS) score 7: vascular invasion (1), necrosis (2), mitoses (2) (Figure 2).Open in a separate windowFigure 2Example of light microscopy image of sections from the excised tumor showing characteristics of malignant pheochromocytoma (Zellballen with central necrosis), hematoxylin eosin (HE) stain (10X).Go to:OutcomeAfter 6 months of follow-up, the patient is without any clinical symptoms, with normal blood pressure, no tumor markers, no evidence of tumor on cerebral and abdominal MRI and a normal ophthalmoscopy.

      PatientID: None

      KindredID: 1

      Case: F, 3Y0M, Ethnicity Unknown

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: Mother aged 38 was diagnosed with bilateral pheochromocytoma resected when she was the age of 18 years. She presented several relapses, the most recent one at the age of 32, when she was also diagnosed with cerebral angioma. Genetic testing revealed the presence of the VHL c 244 C>G (p. Arg 82 Gly) heterozygote mutation, while the tests for RET, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD were negative.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001954; HP:0000980; HP:0001649; HP:0000822; HP:0002666; HP:0006748 (Recurrent fever, Pallor, Tachycardia, Hypertension, Pheochromocytoma, Adrenal pheochromocytoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Several months history of febrile episodes, sweating and irritability. An abdominal ultrasound performed in a pediatric hospital revealed a right adrenal tumor mass. The clinical examination of our patient revealed: pallor, paroxysmal febrile episodes with irritability and sweating, tachycardia, hypertension. There was no palpable abdominal mass. Abdominal ultrasound showed a tumor of the right adrenal gland. MRI showed a right adrenal tumor confirmed by pathology to be a malignant pheochromocytoma. After 6 months from the complete resection of the tumor, the daughter is without any clinical symptoms, with normal blood pressure, normal ophthalmoscopy, no tumor markers and no evidence of tumor on cerebral or abdominal MRI.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: p.R82G (c.244C>G)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: 1297059, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/1297059/

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: missense_variant;transversion

      CivicName: R82G (c.244C>G)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

  2. Nov 2026
    1. PatientID: N/A

      KindredID: 1

      Case: M, 3Y0M, Caucasian

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: Family history was remarkable for a renal tumor in the paternal grandmother at age 65, treated by nephrectomy in 1998. Furthermore, a maternal uncle had a history of thyroid cancer, and a maternal cousin had a history of breast cancer. The patient’s parents and a 13-year-old half-brother were healthy.

      CasePresentingHPOs:HP:0005584, HP:0000790 ( renal cell carcinoma, hematuria)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Computed tomographic scan showed a right renal mass. The tumor was impinging on the renal sinus and extended to the renal capsule. The patient underwent a right nephrectomy. In addition, one of five hilar lymph nodes was positive for metastatic disease.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: p. L188V (c.562C>G)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/

      ClinVar: 2225 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/2225/

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: 0.00002121 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/3-10191569-C-G

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: missense_variant;transversion

      CivicName: L188V (c.562C>G)

      MultipleGeneVariants: t(X;1)(p11.2; p34.3)

  3. Oct 2026
    1. 3'

      PatientID: 4

      KindredID: 4

      Case: F, 16Y0M, Ethnicity Unknown

      DiseaseAssertion: retinal capillary hemangioma

      FamilyInfo: N/A - family history was unremarkable. The paper states however that this patient inherited the duplication from a nonsymptomatic parent.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0009711 (retinal capillary hemangioma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: a 16- year-old girl referred to this center for VHL testing due to an isolated retinal angioma

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: c.*1149A>G

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: N/A

      CAID: CA2573130264 https://reg.clinicalgenome.org/redmine/projects/registry/genboree_registry/by_caid?caid=CA2573130264

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: Quantitative Southern blot/real-time quantitative PCR analyses was normal in this patient. Known polymorphic variant on the 3’UTR of the VHL gene, as well as the 5’UTR. PCR–RFLP assay approach showed that both alleles were expressed in apparently equimolar amounts (Fig. 2d) suggesting that the 11 bp duplication has no effect on expression of the affected allele.

      MutationType: 3_prime_UTR_variant

      CivicName: c.–65_–55dup11 AND 3' UTR alteration (c.*1149A>G)

      MultipleGeneVariants: Germline, VHL, c.–65_–55dup11