§ 19 These nearly identical versions of the passage (with very similar ascriptions) constitute fairly loose paraphrases of the original source: Poeniendis peccatis tres esse debere causas existimatum est. Vna est causa, quae Graece <vel ???as??> vel ???des?a dicitur, cum poena adhibetur castigandi atque emendandi gratia, ut is, qui fortuito deliquit, attentior fiat correctiorque. Altera est, quam hi, qui vocabula ista curiosius diviserunt, t?ľ???a? appellant. Ea causa animadvertendi est, cum dignitas auctoritasque eius, in quem est peccatum, tuenda est, ne praetermissa animadversio contemptum eius pariat et honorem levet; idcircoque id ei vocabulum a conservatione honoris factum putant. Tertia ratio vindicandi est, quae pa??de??ľa a Graecis nominatur, cum poenitio propter exemplum necessaria est, ut ceteri a similibus peccatis, quae prohiberi publicitus interest, metu cognitae poenae deterreantur … Has tris ulciscendi rationes et philosophi alii plurifariam et noster Taurus in primo commentariorum, quos in Gorgian Platonis composuit, scriptas reliquit (Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 7.14.1-5).

Works cited Source texts Betabroti­ (Njрls saga). AM 162 B fol. ▀, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? Cook, Robert, trans. 2001. Njalњs Saga. (World of the Sagas). London: Penguin.? Egilsson, Sveinn Yngvi, ed. 2003. Brennu-Njрls saga. Texti Reykjabзkar. Reykjavik: Bjartur.? First Grammatical Treatise. Nordal, Sigur­ur, ed. 1931. Codex Wormianus (The Younger Edda). MS. No. 242 in The Arnemagnean Collection in the University Library of Copenhagen (Corpus Codicum Islandicorum Medii Aevi, 2). Facsimile. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.? Gьslason, Konrр­, and Eirьkur Jзnsson, eds. 1875. Njрla. Udgivet efter gamle hтndskrifter. FШrste bind. Copenhagen: Det kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskabet.? Grрskinna (Njрls saga). GKS 2870 4to, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? Helgason, Jзn, ed. 1962. Njрls Saga. The Arna-MagnТan manuscript 468, 4TO (Reykjabзk) (Manuscripta Islandica, 6). Facsimile. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.? KрlfalТkjarbзk (Njрls saga). AM 133 fol., Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? Мssbзk (Njрls saga). AM 162 B fol. ?, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? яormз­sbзk (Njрls saga). AM 162 B fol. d, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? RaschellЯ, Fabrizio D., ed. 1982. The so-called Second Grammatical Treatise. An orthographic pattern of late thirteenth-century Icelandic (Filologia Germanica. Testi e studi, 2). Florence: Felice le Monnier.? Skafinskinna (Njрls saga). GKS 2868 4to, Den ArnamagnТanske Samling, Copenhagen.? Snerpa.is. 2015. Accessed May 10. http://www.snerpa.is/. ? Van Arkel-De Leeuw van Weenen, Andrea, ed. 1987. MШ­ruvallabзk. AM 132 Fol. Volume two. Text. Leiden: E. J. Brill.? Secondary Sources About Juxta. 2015. Accessed May 10. http://www.juxtasoftware.org/about. ? Andrews, Tara. 2013.The third way. Philology and critical edition in the digital age. Variants. The Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship 10: 61-76.? Beltrami, Pietro G. 2013. Textual criticism and historical dictionaries. Variants. The Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship 10: 41-59.? Benediktsson, Hreinn. 1965. Early Icelandic script. As illustrated in vernacular texts from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (═slenzk handrit. Series in folio, 2). Reykjavik: The Manuscript Institute of Iceland.? Bischoff, Bernhard. 1986. PalСographie des rШmischen Altertums und des abendlСndischen Mittelalters (Grundlagen der Germanistik, 24). Berlin: Erich Schmidt.? Bollason, ArthЩr, ed. 2011. Die schШnsten islСndischen Sagas. Berlin: Insel.? Cappelli, Adriano. 1967. Lexicon Abbreviaturarum. Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli.? Chesnutt, Michael, ed. 2006. Egils saga Skallagrьmssonar. Bind III. C-Redaktionen (Editiones ArnamagnТanТ. Series A, 21). Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel.? Christoffersen, Marit. 2002. Nordic language history and research on word order. In The Nordic languages. An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. Volume 1 (Handbooks of linguistics and communication science, 22.1), ed. Oskar Bandle: 182-191. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.? Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath, and Balthasar Bickel. 2008. The Leipzig glossing rules. Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Department of Linguistics. Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/LGR08.02.05.pdf.? Coseriu, Eugenio. 1988. Sprachkompetenz. GrundzЧge der Theorie des SpreГchens (UTB, 1481). TЧbingen: Francke.? Derolez, Albert. 2006. The Palaeography of Gothic manuscript books. From the twelfth to the early sixteenth century (Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology, 9) (1st edition 2003). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ? Driscoll, Matthew James. 2006. Levels of transcription. In Electronic textual editing, eds. Lou Burnard, Katherine OњBrien OњKeeffe, and John Unsworth, 254-261. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.? Gunnlaugsson, Gu­var­ur Mрr. 2003. Stafrжtt e­a samrТmt? Um frТ­ilegar Щtgрfur og notendur ■eirra. Gripla 14: 197-235.? Hallberg, Peter. 1968. Stilsignalement och fШrfattarskap i norrШn sagalitteratur (Nordistica Gothoburgensia, 3). Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.? Hallberg, Peter. 1969. Den islСndska sagan (Verdandis skriftserie, 6). (N.p.): LСromedelsfШrlagen/Svenska bokfШrlaget.? Haugen, Odd Einar. 2004. Tekstkritik og tekstfilologi. In Handbok i norrЭn filologi, ed. Odd Einar Haugen, [Bergen]: Fagbokforlaget, 81-118.? Hauksson, яorleifur, and язrir Мskarsson. 1994. ═slensk stьlfrТ­i. Reykjavik: Mрl og menning.? Jensen, Helle. 1989. Om udgivelse af vestnordiske tekster. In Forskningsprofiler, eds Bente Holmberg, Britta Olrik Frederiksen, and Hanne Ruus. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 208-220.? Karlsson, Stefрn. 2004. The Icelandic language. London: Viking Society for Northern Research.? Knirk, James. 1985. The role of the editor of a diplomatic edition. In The Sixth International Saga Conference. 28.7. - 2.8.1985. Workshop papers II. Copenhagen: Det arnamagnТanske Institut, KЭbenhavns Universitet. ? Kondrup, Johnny. 2011. Editionsfilologi. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag.? Marquжs-Aguado, Teresa. 2013. Editions of Middle English texts and linguistic research. Desiderata regarding palaeography and editorial practices. Variants. The Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship 10: 17-40.? Mazal, Otto. 1986. Lehrbuch der Handschriftenkunde (Elemente des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens, 10). Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.? Norberg, Dag. 1968. Manuel pratique de latin medieval (Connaissance des langues, 4). Paris: A. and J. Picard.? Sigtryggsson, Jзhannes B. 2005. Huglei­ingar um stafrжttar uppskriftir. Gripla 16: 265-286. ? Sveinsson, Einar Мlafur. 1933. Um Njрlu. 1. Bindi. Reykjavik: Menningarsjз­ur. ? Sveinsson, Einar Мlafur. 1953. Studies in the manuscript tradition of Njрlssaga (Studia Islandica, 13). Reykjavik: Leiftur.? Sveinsson, Einar Мlafur. 1954. Formрli. In Brennu-Njрls saga (═slenzk fornrit, 12), ed. Einar Мlafur Sveinsson, V-CLXIII. Reykjavik: Hi­ ьslenzka fornritafжlag.? Szokody, Oliver, 2002. Old Nordic types of texts I: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian. In The Nordic languages. An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. Volume 1 (Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science, 22.1), ed. Oskar Bandle. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 981-989.? язrзlfsson, BjШrn K. 1925. Um ьslenskar or­myndir р 14. og 15. Шld og breytingar ■eirra Щr fornmрlinu (Rit um ьslenska mрlfrТ­i, 2). Reykjavik: Fjelagsprentsmi­jan.? Um Brennu-Njрls sШgu. 1991. In Brennu-Njрls saga. Me­ formрla, sk§ringum og eftirmрla um ═slendinga sШgur (Sьgildar sШgur, 1), ed. оrnзlfur Thorsson. Reykjavьk: Mрl og menning, VII-XXV. ? Zeevaert, Ludger. 2009. Deutscher Einfluss und syntaktischer Wandel im Schwedischen. In Deutsch im Norden. Akten der nordisch-germanistischen Tagung zu ┼bo/Turku, Finnland, 18.-19. Mai 2007 (NordeuropСische BeitrСge, 28), eds Lars Wollin, Dagmar Neuendorff, and Michael Szurawitzki. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 279-306.? Zeevaert, Ludger. 2012. Low German influence and typological change in Swedish: Some results from a research project. In Contact between Low German and Scandinavian in the Late Middle Ages. 25 Years of Research (Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi, 121), eds Lennart Elmevik, and Ernst-Hтkon Jahr. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien fШr svensk folkkultur, 171-190.? Zeevaert, Ludger. 2014. MШrkum Njрlu! An annotated corpus to anlayse and explain grammatical divergences between 14th-century manuscripts of Njрls saga. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 14), eds Nicoletta Calzolari, Khalid Choukri, Thierry Declerck et al.. Paris: ELRA, 981-987.?

Um Brennu-Njрls sШgu (1991, VII).

AcknowledgementsThe project Breytileiki Njрls sШgu/The Variance of Njрls saga (principal investigator: Dr Svanhildur Мskarsdзttir) is funded by Rannsзknarmi­stШ­ ═slands/The Icelandic Centre for Research (http://www.rannis.is/) (styrknЩmer 110610021). This article is based on a presentation with the title Axes, halberds or foils given at the COST-workshop Easy Tools for Difficult Texts: Manuscripts & Textual Tradition at the Huygens ING, Den Haag, Netherlands, 18-19 April 2013.I would like to thank Alaric Hall (School of English, University of Leeds) and two anonymous reviewers for valuable suggestions for an improvement of this article, and Emily Lethbridge (Mi­aldastofa, Hрskзli ═slands) for useful comments on an earlier version.

Notes: [1]. Cf. for example Um Brennu-Njрls sШgu (1991, VII). A self-evident terminus ante quem is the age of the oldest extant manuscripts that can be dated to around 1300 (▒ 25 years). The terminus post quem is usually determined with regard to the usage of certain judicial proceedings and technical terms (for example the Low German loan word prзfa [to examine]) that do not show up in the laws of the Icelandic free-state but are of Norwegian provenance. The laws of the free-state were replaced by Jрrnsь­a in 1271, and according to Einar Мlafur Sveinsson (1954, LXXVIII) it is quite likely that Jрrnsь­a was used as a source by the author of Njрls saga; for example, the proverb me­ lШgum skal land vрrt byggja, en me­ зlШgum ey­a [with law our land shall rise, but it will perish with lawlessness] in chapter seventy of Njрls saga seems to be taken directly from Jрrnsь­a, but it is assumed that it took some years for the new legal customs and law codices to have an effect on the writing of a saga; Einar Мlafur Sveinsson (1933, 299 ff., esp. 310). [2]. It is assumed that the use of the sobriquets instead of call numbers makes it easier for the reader to distinguish between the different manuscripts. The call numbers (GKS stands for Gammel Kongelig Samlig, the Old Royal Collection, AM for Den ArnamagnТanske hтndskriftsamling, the Arnamagnean Collection) are given in brackets at first mention and in the list of Source texts. яormз­sbok is named after the seventeenth-century Icelandic historian яormз­ur Torfason, the name Grрskinna refers to the sealskin cover of the codex, and the names of Reykjabзk and MШ­ruvallabзk to the provenance of the manuscripts (Reykir and MШ­ruvellir are Icelandic place names). [3]. In яormз­sbзk, sentences one and two are coordinated by oc [and], and the subject in sentence two is omitted, which is to be expected if both sentences have a common subject. In this case, however, the omission of the pronominal subject ■eir [they] in sentence two in яormз­sbзk is sylleptic. The verb form snero refers to a subject in the plural, Starka­r and his men; the subject in sentence one, however, is a singular, Starka­r. Thus, the usage or omission of a pronominal subject in the plural may be taken as a conscious stylistic decision. [4]. Zeevaert (2012, 173 ff.) challenges the idea of a universal principle of consistency in the order of modified and modifying elements in phrases and clauses, which is at the basis of typological approaches to syntax in the Greenbergian tradition, on grounds of lacking ќ and in the case of the Scandinavian languages counterfactual ќ empirical evidence. [5]. яormз­sbзk: sр er dьsir drрpu/Мssbзk: ■ann er a­ dьsir vТgju [the one who was slain by dьsir;] Grрskinna: ■ann er sagt a­ dьsir vТgju [he is said to have been slain by dьsir]; Reykjabзk: ■ann er sagt er a­ dьsir vТgju [the one who is said to have been slain by the dьsir]. [6]. Haugen (2004, 94) and Driscoll (2006, 254) point to the fact that the term diplomatic edition covers a continuum from strictly diplomatic editions aiming at reproducing every feature of a manuscript to semi-diplomatic editions giving no information about expanded abbreviations or the layout and the punctuation of the original. The method applied here corresponds by and large to what is described by Gu­var­ur Mрr Gunnlaugsson (2003, 202) as a stafrжtt Щtgрfa [literal edition]. Especially for historical language stages the distinction between individual deviations from a linguistic norm and scribal errors is difficult and often subjectively biased. The correction of scribal errors in transcriptions should thus be applied with carefulness, and has to be traceable to avoid wrong conclusions about the language of the manuscript. [7]. A complementary distribution of different s-allographs exists for example in the Greek script (word final: <?>, non-final: <s>) or blackletter scripts like the German Fraktur (used until 1941, word final: <s>, non-final: <?>). In Iceland this distribution is common in late medieval manuscripts, but not in the earlier texts; in яormз­sbзk word-final <s> is written <?> in approximately eighty-three percent and <s> in approximately seventeen percent of the cases (in about half of these cases <s> stands for a geminate s), in non-final position the distribution is 95% for <?> and 5% for <s>. According to Mazal (1986, 11) <s> was introduced to Latin script in the eleventh century as part of the ligature -vs at the end of words and spread from there to other positions. [8]. This seems to be the usage proposed by the First Grammarian (i.e. the anonymous author of the Icelandic so-called First Grammatical Treatise from the mid-twelfth century) who lists the shape of the letters to be used for the short and long variants of consonants, for example <g> for /g/, <?> for /g:/, <c> for /k/, <k> for /k:/ (Nordal 1931, 88). Unfortunately, the scribe of Codex Wormianus, the only extant manuscript of the treatise, jumped over the line containing the character to be used for /s:/ when copying the text, which was added above the line as <s>, presumably by a younger hand. [9]. The letter usually referred to as insular 'v' (for example in Hreinn Benediktsson 1965, 25), was adapted from <?> (Wynn) which was used in Old English writing for the voiced labio-velar approximant /w/. In Post-Classical Latin, <v> represented a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ (Norberg 1968: 21), and <v> was thus no longer perceived as an adequate representation of English /w/. In a shape that resembles a capital Latin P it was originally part of the Elder fu■ark and the Anglo-Saxon fu■orc. [10]. It should be added that <v> and <u> are not clearly distinguishable in all cases: <v> does not have a clearly pointed but rather a round shape, <u> consists of two slightly waved downward strokes whereas the right stroke of <v> is bowed to the left. Thus <u> usually has a characteristic short stroke to the right on the base line, but one cannot exclude that the distribution in the transcription is slightly biased by modern orthography that uses <v> for the consonant /v/ and <u> for the vowel /u/ in cases where this stroke is not clearly discernible. [11]. The tendency for a distribution of the two letters c and k in relation to their position in the word seems to reflect a rule that is formulated in the Second Grammatical Treatise, preserved together with three other writings on Old Icelandic grammatical matters in Codex Wormianus (AM 242 fol.) and under the name Hрttalykill also in Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11). Together with <­>, <z>, and <x>, <c> is classified as an undirstafr [sub-letter], which can only be used syllable-finally (En fjзr­i stafr er c, ok hafa sumir menn ■ann ritshрtt, at setja hann fyrir k e­a q; en hitt eina er rжtt hans hljз­, at vera sem a­rir undirstafir ь enda samstШfu, RaschellЯ 1982, 68). Hreinn Benediktsson (1965, 79) explains this rule as an attempt to reinterpret the use of two graphemes for one phoneme after the reason for their distribution was no longer transparent. [12]. In comparison to the First Grammarian's orthographic principals, which are radically phonologically based (he proposes for example using <c> for /k/, to sort out <q> and to use <k> equivalent to the small capitals of other consonants, i.e. instead of the geminate consonant), this approach may appear inconsequent from a strictly linguistic point of view. It should be mentioned, though, that the First Grammarian's rules are not even applied in the part of Codex Wormianus that contains the First Grammatical Treatise. [13]. Suitable style sheets are provided by different organisations. In the Njрla-project we use mainly style sheets provided by Menota and TEI, but also style sheets that were originally developed by Kai WШrner (HZSK, Hamburg) for use with an Old Swedish corpus. Of valuable help for the adaption and development of the style sheets to the tasks of our project and for the design of new style sheets were Ulrike Henny (CCeH, Cologne) and, at a course organised by the IDE (Institut fЧr Dokumentologie und Editorik), Martina Semlak (University of Graz). [14]. Hallberg (1968, 38ff.) gives an overview of the use of what he calls omvСnd ordfШljd [inverted word order] in different manuscripts of nine Icelandic sagas. The figures include four family sagas (not Njрls saga, however) which partly exhibit quite distinct differences in the use of the feature.

Conclusion

dьsir

Мssbзk

ЊSnerpa.is.ћ

Grрskinna and Reykjabзk.

яormз­sbзk

rр­ama­ur

┌lfhж­inn

Д 7 om bardaga Д 8 1 NU eggiar Starka­r ?ina menn9 2 oc ?nero fram i ne?it at ■eim . 3 Sigur­r 10 ?uinhof■i for fyr?t oc haf­i 11 torgv ?ciolld rendan en ?ver­ i 12 annarri hendi 4 Gunnarr ?er hann oc ?cytr 13 til han? af boganom . 5 hann bra upp vi­ 14 ?cilldinom er hann ?a at orin flo hatt 15 oc flo orin igegnom ?ciolldinn oc au16gat ?ua at vt flo ihnaccann oc uar­ 17 ■at uig fyr?t . 6 Annarri avr ?kavt Gunnarr at 18 vlfhe■ni heima manni ?tarka­ar oc kom ?v 19 a hann mi­ian . oc fell hann a fetr bon20da ?inom . en bundinn fell um hann ■veran 21 7 kol?ceggr ka?tar ?teini ihofo­ bond22anom oc var­ ■at han? bani . Grрskinna (GKS 2870 4to) Д 9 30 1 <S>i■an egia­i ?tarka­r menn ?ina . 2 ?nva ■eir nv framm ine?it at [40v] 1 ■eim . 3 Sigur­r ?vinhavf­i for fyr?tr oc haf­i tavrgo ?kiolld ein2byr­an enn ?vi­v i annarri hendi . 4 Gvnnarr ?er hann oc ?kytr af bog[a]ganom 3 5 hann bra vp ?killdinom er hann ?a orina hatt flivga oc kom avrin i gegnom 4 ?kiolldinn . oc i avgat ?va at vt kom vm hnakkann oc var­ ■at vig 5 fyr?t . 6 annarri avr ?kavtt Gvnnarr at vlfhe­ni ra­a manni ?tadka­ar oc 6 kom a hann mi­ian . oc fell hann fyrir fюtr einom . oc fell bondinn vm hann . 7 kolskeggr 7 ka?ta­i til ?teini oc kom ihavfvt bondanom . oc var ■at hans bani . Reykjabзk (AM 468 4to) (MШ­ruvallabзk, AM 132 fol.) Д 10 [32v] 26 1 Si­an eg[g]ia­i ?tarka­r [?in]a menn . 2 ?nua ■eir 27 ■a fram i ne?it at ■eim 3 [Sigur­r] ?vinhof­i for fyr?tr ok haf­i tor28gv ?kiolld einn rau­an (M: einbyr­an) en ?ui­v iannarri hendi . 4 Gunnarr ?er hann ok ?kytr til 29 han? afboganvm . 5 hann bra vpp hat[t] (M: -) ?kildinvm er hann ?a aurina hatt flygia ok kom 30 orin igegnvm ?kioldinn ok iaugat sva at vtt kom i (M: -) hnackann okvar­ ■at vig fyr?t 6 [33r] 1 annarri aur ?kaut Gunnar[r] (M: hann) at vlfhe­ni manni (M: rр­amanni) ?tar[c]ka­ar okkom ?v a hann mi­ian okfell hann fyrir fetr bo2anda einvm ok (M: +fell) bondinn v[m] hann . 7 kol?keggr ka?tar til ?teini okkom ihofut bondanvm okvar­ ■at han? 3 bani

Д 6 The English text follows Robert Cook's translation, which is based on the text from the mid-fourteenth century codex MШ­ruvallabзk (AM 132 fol.). MШ­ruvallabзk has not yet been included in the text corpus of the project. To facilitate a comparison of the English translation and the Old Icelandic original, deviating readings in MШ­ruvallabзk (apart from differences in spelling and use of tenses) have been added in brackets to the transcription from Reykjabзk. The additions are based on Andrea van Arkel-de Leeuw van Weenen's transcription (1987).

Reykjabзk

Grрskinna

(Gьslason and Jзnsson 1875)

subjectќfinite

verbќsubject

<hl?t>,

(for example ? as &slong;)

(AM 162 B fol. ? = gamma.txt)

System TP TN FP FN HP HR NE A Our Algorithm 203 384 6 178 0.971 0.533 0.015 0.761 Soundex 296 272 118 85 0.715 0.777 0.303 0.737 Phonex 281 245 145 100 0.660 0.738 0.372 0.682 Phonix 354 252 138 27 0.720 0.929 0.354 0.786 Fuzzy Soundex 267 282 108 114 0.712 0.701 0.277 0.712 NYSIIS 237 291 99 144 0.705 0.622 0.254 0.685 Double-Metaphone 357 270 120 24 0.748 0.937 0.308 0.813 § 23 Finally, we should note that our phonetic transcriptions will be used to pick out alliterations, which depend only on the initial sound of each word. Consequently, phonetic transcription errors by our system on sounds other than the initial one will have no impact on our results. This will have the practical impact of greatly increasing the accuracy of our system. In fact, in the homophone test, 364 out of 381 word pairs transcribed by our algorithm had the same initial sound, on par with four of the benchmarks and surpassing Soundex and Fuzzy Soundex.

if 'a' is preceded by 'o': sound ? O yoare (yOr) if 'a' is preceded by 'e' and followed by 'u': sound ? O jeauntis (jOntiz)

sound ? A

dgement 379 14 Phonetic transcription software § 9 In order to pick out alliterati

d’s t

Vndir the ryallest roye of rente and renowne Now am I regent of rewle this region in reste, Obeye vnto bidding bud busshoppis me bowne And bolde men that in batayll makis brestis to breste. To me betaught is the tent this towre-begon towne, For traytoures tyte will I taynte the trewthe for to triste. The dubbyng of my dingnité may noyot be done downe, Nowdir with duke nor dugeperes, my dedis are so dreste.

Works cited Lewis, Charlton, and Charles Short. 1989. A Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.? Nara, Katariina. 2014. Word of the month: Locusts and lobsters. The Anglo-Norman words blog. Accessed March 13. http://anglonormandictionary.blogspot.co.uk/?

al Ťcathedralť li

e Ť DEAF électronique ť – un

rench – for

?

869–89

tuhl – Leib

Clustering of medieval scripts through computer image analysis: Towards an evaluation protocol

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including a CSS rule like the following in the website stylesheet: .segment:target { outline: medium solid red; } § 9 The CATview widget doe

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AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Gene Lyman for his help in discovering the location of the XML files discussed in this article.The authors are listed in alphabetical order. The corresponding author is O'Donnell. Author contributions, described using the CASRAI CRedIT typology ("CRediT - CASRAI" 2016), are as follows (authors identifed by initials):Conceptualization: cc, sc, gd, vg, dpod;Methodology: cc, sc, gd, vg, dpod;Investigation: cc, sc, gd, vg, dpod;Resources: dpod;Writing – Original Draft Preparation: dpod on the basis of notes from cc, sc, gd, vg, dpod;Writing – Review & Editing: dpod;gdSupervision: dpod;Project Administration: vg, dpod.Works cited Bauman, Syd, and Lou Burnard. 2008. TEI P5: Guidelines for electronic text encoding and interchange. Oxford; Providence: [Text Encoding Initiative].? Berners-Lee, Tim. 1990. "The original proposal of the WWW, HTMLized." http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html? Brindley, Lynne J. 2002. "The future of libraries and Humanities research: New strategic directions for the British Library." Libraries & Culture 37.1: 26–36.? Connolly, David W. 1994. "Toward a formalism for communication on the Web." W3C. February 15.https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html-spec/html-essay.html.? "CRediT - CASRAI." 2016. Accessed May 18. http://ref.casrai.org/CRediT.? Currall, James E. P., and Michael S. Moss. 2010. "Digital asset management." In Encyclopedia of library and information sciences, 1528–38. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5017873.? Dahlström, Mats. 2006. "Under Utgivning: Den Vetenskapliga Utgivningens Bibliografiska Funktion." Borĺs: Valfrid. http://bada.hb.se/bitstream/2320/1738/2/MatsDahlstromSpikblad.pdf.? Earhart, Amy E. 2012. "The digital edition and the digital humanities." Textual cultures 7.1: 18–28.? "[electronic editing,digital editing]." 2016. Google Books Ngram Viewer. Accessed June 30. http://bit.ly/electronicDigitalEditingNgram.? Fulk, R. D., Robert E. Bjork, and John D. Niles, eds. 2008. Klaeber's Beowulf, fourth edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.? Hickes. 1705. Linguarum Vetrum Septentrionalium Thesaurus Grammatico-Criticus et Archaeologicus Auctore GEORGIO HICKESIO. Oxford.? Internet Archive. 2016. "Frequently asked questions." Internet Archive. Accessed July 4. https://archive.org/about/faqs.php.? Ker, Neil Ripley. 1990. Catalogue of manuscripts containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.? Kiernan, Kevin S. (1981) 1996. Beowulf and the Beowulf manuscript. New Brunswick, New Jersey:

Their editions in this respect were meant to conserve the manuscript record. Digital imaging makes it possible for editors to examine the validity of their decisions. Figure 19. Lost Text in Manuscript A case in point is the obliterated text between syđđan and ţ on fol. 179r10. Any attempt at restoration is com

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repeatedly for earlier releases, including the eighteen month-old version 3.1: The third edition of Electronic Beowulf was an html application on DVD that used a Java applet and JavaScript. When first published, major internet browsers could run the html application on PCs and Macs. However, security problems with Java in Summer 2013 forced all major browsers to disable unsigned Java applets compiled with earlier versions of Java. As it was compiled in 2011, Electronic Beowulf 3.0 was then disabled. To fix the problem in 2013 we compiled a new signed applet with Mac and PC installers that moved Electronic Beowulf 3.1 from the read-only DVD to the owner's hard disk. By 2014, however, this solution was beginning to have problems, because Java kept changing its security protocols. To solve the problem, we decided to stop using Java altogether and to re-engineer Electronic Beowulf using only JavaScript. At the 49th International Congress on Medieval Studies in May 2014, Emil Iacob explained the technological issues and Andrew Prescott announced in a plenary lecture celebrating the twenty-first anniversary of Electronic Beowulf that the fourth edition would be going online in 20

http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/ebeo4.0/CD/main.html

Hélčne

sičcle

zcárate Aguilar-Amat, Pilar, Julio Escalona, Cristina Jular, and Miguel Larrańaga. 2006. Volver a nacer: historia e identidad en los monasterios de Arlanza, San Millán y Silos en el siglo XIII.” In “Feindre, leurrer, fausser: fiction et falsification dans l'Espagne médiévale, edited by C. Heusch. Special issue. Cahiers d'Études Hispaniques Médiévales 29: 359-394.? Becerro Galicano de San Millán de la Cogolla (digital edition). 2013. Accessed October 12, 2016. http://www.ehu.eus/galicano.?

XIII.” In “Feindre

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Notes: [1]. The classical reference for this conceptual shift is the 1991 Paris Conference Les Cartulaires (Guyotjeannin, Morelle, and Parisse 1993), which triggered a sustained wave of studies in most European countries, up to the present. French research remains the most active in this field, especially through the works of Pierre Chastang, who has proposed the term 'cartularisation' to define the emergence of cartularies as a documentary genre in the central Middle Ages (Chastang 2001, 2006). Major landmarks in the process are a number of national and international conferences and collective volumes including the Colloquium of the Commission Internationale de Diplomatique in Princeton and New York in 1999 (Kosto and Winroth 2002) and the 2002 Béziers Conference on the cartularies from southern France (Le Blévec 2006). The most recent major international meeting is the Lisboa 2015 Conference Cartularies in Medieval Europe (http://medievalcartularies.letras.ulisboa.pt/). For a more detailed contextual discussion, see (Escalona and Sirantoine 2013). [2]. The cases of multiple cartularisation have been insufficiently researched to date. Their study is a very promising avenue of research for the immediate future. In the Iberian Peninsula steps have recently been taken in this direction, as shown in the comparative study of three cases presented at the international conference entitled “Cartularies in Medieval Europe: Texts and Contexts” held in Lisbon in June 2015 (see Tinti, Peterson and Agúndez 2015). [3]. Cartulario: Spain. Ministry of Culture. National Historical Archive. AHN, Diversoso y Colecciones, Códice 998. Becerro: Spain. Ministry of Culture. National Historical Archive. AHN, Diversos y Colecciones, Códice 1375. The two codices were digitised as part of the CRELOC project, and images can be viewed at www.creloc.net (Jular Pérez-Alfaro, 2006). [4]. The Becerro plan announced that there would be eight chapters: 1) Foundation of the monastery; 2) Donations by the founders; 3) Donations from benefactors; 4) Papal and Royal Confirmations; 5) Sales and Purchases; 6) Property rights; 7) Censuses; 8) List of Abbots (Abadologio) (which probably eventually gave rise to a separate volume). AHN, Cod. 1375, fols 1v-2r. AcknowledgementsThis study was conducted with the support of the research projects of the Spanish National R & D Plan ref. HAR2013-47889-C3-2-P, led by Julio Escalona and ref. HAR2012-34756, led by Cristina Jular Pérez-Alfaro, respectively. Some preliminary aspects of this research were presented at the international conference entitled Cartularies in Medieval Europe: Texts and Contexts, held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 11-12 June, 2015 and the PraME Séminaire (Séminaire Pratiques médiévales de l'écrit) at the University of Namur, Belgium, on 3 December, 2015. The authors wish to acknowledge the criticisms and comments received from those present at these events. The draft was read by Francesca Tinti and we particularly appreciate the suggestions received from her. In the early stages of research, we benefitted from the comments and insights provided by Carmen Escalona Noguero, whom we heartedly thank. Finally we want to acknowledge the very helpful criticism received from Digital Medievalist's two anonymous readers, who have helped us greatly in defining the final version of the text. Any errors, however, are the sole responsibility of the authors.

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