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<quote work="inferno" linebegin="I_71" lineend="I_71">E vissi a Roma</quote>. Certa cosa č che <name nameid="virgilio" nametype="person">Virgilio</name>, avendo l'ingegno disposto e acuto agli studi, primieramente studiň a <name nameid="cremona" reg="Cremona" nametype="place">Cremona</name> e di quindi n'andň a <name nameid="melano" reg="Milano" nametype="place">Melano</name>, lŕ dov'egli studiň in medicina; e, avendo lo 'ngegno pronto alla poesia e vedendo i poeti essere nel cospetto d'<name nameid="ottaviano" reg="ottavianoaugusto" nametype="person">Ottaviano</name> acetti, se ne andň a <name nameid="napoli" reg="Napoli" nametype="place">Napoli</name> e quivi si crede sotto <name nameid="cornuto" seealso="LuciusAnnaeusCornutus" nametype="person">Cornuto</name> poeta udisse alquanto tempo. (Esp., I (I), 61).[13]

Dice adunque cosě: <quote work="inferno" linebegin="I_1" lineend="I_1">Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita</quote>. Ove, ad evidenzia di questo principio, č da sapere: la vita de' mortali č, massimamente di quegli li quali a quel termine divengono il quale pare che per convenevole ne sia posto, settanta anni, quantunque alquanti e pochi piů ne vivano e infinita moltitudine meno, sě come per lo <name nameid="salmista" nametype="person" myth="yes" biblical="yes" authored="bible">Salmista</name> si comprende nel <name nameid="salmi" nametype="work" partof="bible" author="salmista" rend="italics">Salmo</name> LXXXVIIII, dove dice: <quote work="salmi" linebegin="89_9" lineend="89_10" rend="italics">Anni nostri sicut aranea meditabuntur; dies annorum nostrorum septuaginta anni. Si autem in potentatibus circa octoginta anni; et amplius eorum labor et dolor</quote>: e perciň colui, il quale perviene a trentacinque anni, si puň dire essere nel mezzo della nostra vita. (Esp.,I (I), 3)[12]

Nr. AM 162 B fol. β AM 133 fol. GKS 2868 GKS 2870 7,37 x x 8,1 x 8,6 x x x 8,8 x x x x 8,9 x 8,10 x x x 8,11 x x x 8,15 x x x 8,16 x x 8,18 x x 8,27 x x 8,29 x x x

▀

Works cited Source texts Betabroti­ (Njрls saga). AM 162 B fol. ▀, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? Cook, Robert, trans. 2001. Njalњs Saga. (World of the Sagas). London: Penguin.? Egilsson, Sveinn Yngvi, ed. 2003. Brennu-Njрls saga. Texti Reykjabзkar. Reykjavik: Bjartur.? First Grammatical Treatise. Nordal, Sigur­ur, ed. 1931. Codex Wormianus (The Younger Edda). MS. No. 242 in The Arnemagnean Collection in the University Library of Copenhagen (Corpus Codicum Islandicorum Medii Aevi, 2). Facsimile. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.? Gьslason, Konrр­, and Eirьkur Jзnsson, eds. 1875. Njрla. Udgivet efter gamle hтndskrifter. FШrste bind. Copenhagen: Det kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskabet.? Grрskinna (Njрls saga). GKS 2870 4to, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? Helgason, Jзn, ed. 1962. Njрls Saga. The Arna-MagnТan manuscript 468, 4TO (Reykjabзk) (Manuscripta Islandica, 6). Facsimile. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.? KрlfalТkjarbзk (Njрls saga). AM 133 fol., Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? Мssbзk (Njрls saga). AM 162 B fol. ?, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? яormз­sbзk (Njрls saga). AM 162 B fol. d, Stofnun ┴rna MagnЩssonar ь ьslenskum frТ­um, Reykjavik.? RaschellЯ, Fabrizio D., ed. 1982. The so-called Second Grammatical Treatise. An orthographic pattern of late thirteenth-century Icelandic (Filologia Germanica. Testi e studi, 2). Florence: Felice le Monnier.? Skafinskinna (Njрls saga). GKS 2868 4to, Den ArnamagnТanske Samling, Copenhagen.? Snerpa.is. 2015. Accessed May 10. http://www.snerpa.is/. ? Van Arkel-De Leeuw van Weenen, Andrea, ed. 1987. MШ­ruvallabзk. AM 132 Fol. Volume two. Text. Leiden: E. J. Brill.? Secondary Sources About Juxta. 2015. Accessed May 10. http://www.juxtasoftware.org/about. ? Andrews, Tara. 2013.The third way. Philology and critical edition in the digital age. Variants. The Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship 10: 61-76.? Beltrami, Pietro G. 2013. Textual criticism and historical dictionaries. Variants. The Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship 10: 41-59.? Benediktsson, Hreinn. 1965. Early Icelandic script. As illustrated in vernacular texts from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (═slenzk handrit. Series in folio, 2). Reykjavik: The Manuscript Institute of Iceland.? Bischoff, Bernhard. 1986. PalСographie des rШmischen Altertums und des abendlСndischen Mittelalters (Grundlagen der Germanistik, 24). Berlin: Erich Schmidt.? Bollason, ArthЩr, ed. 2011. Die schШnsten islСndischen Sagas. Berlin: Insel.? Cappelli, Adriano. 1967. Lexicon Abbreviaturarum. Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli.? Chesnutt, Michael, ed. 2006. Egils saga Skallagrьmssonar. Bind III. C-Redaktionen (Editiones ArnamagnТanТ. Series A, 21). Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel.? Christoffersen, Marit. 2002. Nordic language history and research on word order. In The Nordic languages. An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. Volume 1 (Handbooks of linguistics and communication science, 22.1), ed. Oskar Bandle: 182-191. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.? Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath, and Balthasar Bickel. 2008. The Leipzig glossing rules. Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Department of Linguistics. Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/pdf/LGR08.02.05.pdf.? Coseriu, Eugenio. 1988. Sprachkompetenz. GrundzЧge der Theorie des SpreГchens (UTB, 1481). TЧbingen: Francke.? Derolez, Albert. 2006. The Palaeography of Gothic manuscript books. From the twelfth to the early sixteenth century (Cambridge Studies in Palaeography and Codicology, 9) (1st edition 2003). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ? Driscoll, Matthew James. 2006. Levels of transcription. In Electronic textual editing, eds. Lou Burnard, Katherine OњBrien OњKeeffe, and John Unsworth, 254-261. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.? Gunnlaugsson, Gu­var­ur Mрr. 2003. Stafrжtt e­a samrТmt? Um frТ­ilegar Щtgрfur og notendur ■eirra. Gripla 14: 197-235.? Hallberg, Peter. 1968. Stilsignalement och fШrfattarskap i norrШn sagalitteratur (Nordistica Gothoburgensia, 3). Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.? Hallberg, Peter. 1969. Den islСndska sagan (Verdandis skriftserie, 6). (N.p.): LСromedelsfШrlagen/Svenska bokfШrlaget.? Haugen, Odd Einar. 2004. Tekstkritik og tekstfilologi. In Handbok i norrЭn filologi, ed. Odd Einar Haugen, [Bergen]: Fagbokforlaget, 81-118.? Hauksson, яorleifur, and язrir Мskarsson. 1994. ═slensk stьlfrТ­i. Reykjavik: Mрl og menning.? Jensen, Helle. 1989. Om udgivelse af vestnordiske tekster. In Forskningsprofiler, eds Bente Holmberg, Britta Olrik Frederiksen, and Hanne Ruus. Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 208-220.? Karlsson, Stefрn. 2004. The Icelandic language. London: Viking Society for Northern Research.? Knirk, James. 1985. The role of the editor of a diplomatic edition. In The Sixth International Saga Conference. 28.7. - 2.8.1985. Workshop papers II. Copenhagen: Det arnamagnТanske Institut, KЭbenhavns Universitet. ? Kondrup, Johnny. 2011. Editionsfilologi. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanums Forlag.? Marquжs-Aguado, Teresa. 2013. Editions of Middle English texts and linguistic research. Desiderata regarding palaeography and editorial practices. Variants. The Journal of the European Society for Textual Scholarship 10: 17-40.? Mazal, Otto. 1986. Lehrbuch der Handschriftenkunde (Elemente des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens, 10). Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.? Norberg, Dag. 1968. Manuel pratique de latin medieval (Connaissance des langues, 4). Paris: A. and J. Picard.? Sigtryggsson, Jзhannes B. 2005. Huglei­ingar um stafrжttar uppskriftir. Gripla 16: 265-286. ? Sveinsson, Einar Мlafur. 1933. Um Njрlu. 1. Bindi. Reykjavik: Menningarsjз­ur. ? Sveinsson, Einar Мlafur. 1953. Studies in the manuscript tradition of Njрlssaga (Studia Islandica, 13). Reykjavik: Leiftur.? Sveinsson, Einar Мlafur. 1954. Formрli. In Brennu-Njрls saga (═slenzk fornrit, 12), ed. Einar Мlafur Sveinsson, V-CLXIII. Reykjavik: Hi­ ьslenzka fornritafжlag.? Szokody, Oliver, 2002. Old Nordic types of texts I: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian. In The Nordic languages. An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. Volume 1 (Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science, 22.1), ed. Oskar Bandle. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 981-989.? язrзlfsson, BjШrn K. 1925. Um ьslenskar or­myndir р 14. og 15. Шld og breytingar ■eirra Щr fornmрlinu (Rit um ьslenska mрlfrТ­i, 2). Reykjavik: Fjelagsprentsmi­jan.? Um Brennu-Njрls sШgu. 1991. In Brennu-Njрls saga. Me­ formрla, sk§ringum og eftirmрla um ═slendinga sШgur (Sьgildar sШgur, 1), ed. оrnзlfur Thorsson. Reykjavьk: Mрl og menning, VII-XXV. ? Zeevaert, Ludger. 2009. Deutscher Einfluss und syntaktischer Wandel im Schwedischen. In Deutsch im Norden. Akten der nordisch-germanistischen Tagung zu ┼bo/Turku, Finnland, 18.-19. Mai 2007 (NordeuropСische BeitrСge, 28), eds Lars Wollin, Dagmar Neuendorff, and Michael Szurawitzki. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 279-306.? Zeevaert, Ludger. 2012. Low German influence and typological change in Swedish: Some results from a research project. In Contact between Low German and Scandinavian in the Late Middle Ages. 25 Years of Research (Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi, 121), eds Lennart Elmevik, and Ernst-Hтkon Jahr. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien fШr svensk folkkultur, 171-190.? Zeevaert, Ludger. 2014. MШrkum Njрlu! An annotated corpus to anlayse and explain grammatical divergences between 14th-century manuscripts of Njрls saga. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 14), eds Nicoletta Calzolari, Khalid Choukri, Thierry Declerck et al.. Paris: ELRA, 981-987.?

AcknowledgementsThe project Breytileiki Njрls sШgu/The Variance of Njрls saga (principal investigator: Dr Svanhildur Мskarsdзttir) is funded by Rannsзknarmi­stШ­ ═slands/The Icelandic Centre for Research (http://www.rannis.is/) (styrknЩmer 110610021). This article is based on a presentation with the title Axes, halberds or foils given at the COST-workshop Easy Tools for Difficult Texts: Manuscripts & Textual Tradition at the Huygens ING, Den Haag, Netherlands, 18-19 April 2013.I would like to thank Alaric Hall (School of English, University of Leeds) and two anonymous reviewers for valuable suggestions for an improvement of this article, and Emily Lethbridge (Mi­aldastofa, Hрskзli ═slands) for useful comments on an earlier version.

Notes: [1]. Cf. for example Um Brennu-Njрls sШgu (1991, VII). A self-evident terminus ante quem is the age of the oldest extant manuscripts that can be dated to around 1300 (▒ 25 years). The terminus post quem is usually determined with regard to the usage of certain judicial proceedings and technical terms (for example the Low German loan word prзfa [to examine]) that do not show up in the laws of the Icelandic free-state but are of Norwegian provenance. The laws of the free-state were replaced by Jрrnsь­a in 1271, and according to Einar Мlafur Sveinsson (1954, LXXVIII) it is quite likely that Jрrnsь­a was used as a source by the author of Njрls saga; for example, the proverb me­ lШgum skal land vрrt byggja, en me­ зlШgum ey­a [with law our land shall rise, but it will perish with lawlessness] in chapter seventy of Njрls saga seems to be taken directly from Jрrnsь­a, but it is assumed that it took some years for the new legal customs and law codices to have an effect on the writing of a saga; Einar Мlafur Sveinsson (1933, 299 ff., esp. 310). [2]. It is assumed that the use of the sobriquets instead of call numbers makes it easier for the reader to distinguish between the different manuscripts. The call numbers (GKS stands for Gammel Kongelig Samlig, the Old Royal Collection, AM for Den ArnamagnТanske hтndskriftsamling, the Arnamagnean Collection) are given in brackets at first mention and in the list of Source texts. яormз­sbok is named after the seventeenth-century Icelandic historian яormз­ur Torfason, the name Grрskinna refers to the sealskin cover of the codex, and the names of Reykjabзk and MШ­ruvallabзk to the provenance of the manuscripts (Reykir and MШ­ruvellir are Icelandic place names). [3]. In яormз­sbзk, sentences one and two are coordinated by oc [and], and the subject in sentence two is omitted, which is to be expected if both sentences have a common subject. In this case, however, the omission of the pronominal subject ■eir [they] in sentence two in яormз­sbзk is sylleptic. The verb form snero refers to a subject in the plural, Starka­r and his men; the subject in sentence one, however, is a singular, Starka­r. Thus, the usage or omission of a pronominal subject in the plural may be taken as a conscious stylistic decision. [4]. Zeevaert (2012, 173 ff.) challenges the idea of a universal principle of consistency in the order of modified and modifying elements in phrases and clauses, which is at the basis of typological approaches to syntax in the Greenbergian tradition, on grounds of lacking ќ and in the case of the Scandinavian languages counterfactual ќ empirical evidence. [5]. яormз­sbзk: sр er dьsir drрpu/Мssbзk: ■ann er a­ dьsir vТgju [the one who was slain by dьsir;] Grрskinna: ■ann er sagt a­ dьsir vТgju [he is said to have been slain by dьsir]; Reykjabзk: ■ann er sagt er a­ dьsir vТgju [the one who is said to have been slain by the dьsir]. [6]. Haugen (2004, 94) and Driscoll (2006, 254) point to the fact that the term diplomatic edition covers a continuum from strictly diplomatic editions aiming at reproducing every feature of a manuscript to semi-diplomatic editions giving no information about expanded abbreviations or the layout and the punctuation of the original. The method applied here corresponds by and large to what is described by Gu­var­ur Mрr Gunnlaugsson (2003, 202) as a stafrжtt Щtgрfa [literal edition]. Especially for historical language stages the distinction between individual deviations from a linguistic norm and scribal errors is difficult and often subjectively biased. The correction of scribal errors in transcriptions should thus be applied with carefulness, and has to be traceable to avoid wrong conclusions about the language of the manuscript. [7]. A complementary distribution of different s-allographs exists for example in the Greek script (word final: <?>, non-final: <s>) or blackletter scripts like the German Fraktur (used until 1941, word final: <s>, non-final: <?>). In Iceland this distribution is common in late medieval manuscripts, but not in the earlier texts; in яormз­sbзk word-final <s> is written <?> in approximately eighty-three percent and <s> in approximately seventeen percent of the cases (in about half of these cases <s> stands for a geminate s), in non-final position the distribution is 95% for <?> and 5% for <s>. According to Mazal (1986, 11) <s> was introduced to Latin script in the eleventh century as part of the ligature -vs at the end of words and spread from there to other positions. [8]. This seems to be the usage proposed by the First Grammarian (i.e. the anonymous author of the Icelandic so-called First Grammatical Treatise from the mid-twelfth century) who lists the shape of the letters to be used for the short and long variants of consonants, for example <g> for /g/, <?> for /g:/, <c> for /k/, <k> for /k:/ (Nordal 1931, 88). Unfortunately, the scribe of Codex Wormianus, the only extant manuscript of the treatise, jumped over the line containing the character to be used for /s:/ when copying the text, which was added above the line as <s>, presumably by a younger hand. [9]. The letter usually referred to as insular 'v' (for example in Hreinn Benediktsson 1965, 25), was adapted from <?> (Wynn) which was used in Old English writing for the voiced labio-velar approximant /w/. In Post-Classical Latin, <v> represented a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ (Norberg 1968: 21), and <v> was thus no longer perceived as an adequate representation of English /w/. In a shape that resembles a capital Latin P it was originally part of the Elder fu■ark and the Anglo-Saxon fu■orc. [10]. It should be added that <v> and <u> are not clearly distinguishable in all cases: <v> does not have a clearly pointed but rather a round shape, <u> consists of two slightly waved downward strokes whereas the right stroke of <v> is bowed to the left. Thus <u> usually has a characteristic short stroke to the right on the base line, but one cannot exclude that the distribution in the transcription is slightly biased by modern orthography that uses <v> for the consonant /v/ and <u> for the vowel /u/ in cases where this stroke is not clearly discernible. [11]. The tendency for a distribution of the two letters c and k in relation to their position in the word seems to reflect a rule that is formulated in the Second Grammatical Treatise, preserved together with three other writings on Old Icelandic grammatical matters in Codex Wormianus (AM 242 fol.) and under the name Hрttalykill also in Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11). Together with <­>, <z>, and <x>, <c> is classified as an undirstafr [sub-letter], which can only be used syllable-finally (En fjзr­i stafr er c, ok hafa sumir menn ■ann ritshрtt, at setja hann fyrir k e­a q; en hitt eina er rжtt hans hljз­, at vera sem a­rir undirstafir ь enda samstШfu, RaschellЯ 1982, 68). Hreinn Benediktsson (1965, 79) explains this rule as an attempt to reinterpret the use of two graphemes for one phoneme after the reason for their distribution was no longer transparent. [12]. In comparison to the First Grammarian's orthographic principals, which are radically phonologically based (he proposes for example using <c> for /k/, to sort out <q> and to use <k> equivalent to the small capitals of other consonants, i.e. instead of the geminate consonant), this approach may appear inconsequent from a strictly linguistic point of view. It should be mentioned, though, that the First Grammarian's rules are not even applied in the part of Codex Wormianus that contains the First Grammatical Treatise. [13]. Suitable style sheets are provided by different organisations. In the Njрla-project we use mainly style sheets provided by Menota and TEI, but also style sheets that were originally developed by Kai WШrner (HZSK, Hamburg) for use with an Old Swedish corpus. Of valuable help for the adaption and development of the style sheets to the tasks of our project and for the design of new style sheets were Ulrike Henny (CCeH, Cologne) and, at a course organised by the IDE (Institut fЧr Dokumentologie und Editorik), Martina Semlak (University of Graz). [14]. Hallberg (1968, 38ff.) gives an overview of the use of what he calls omvСnd ordfШljd [inverted word order] in different manuscripts of nine Icelandic sagas. The figures include four family sagas (not Njрls saga, however) which partly exhibit quite distinct differences in the use of the feature.

Conclusion

dьsir

Мssbзk

Д 13 Other instances of lexical variation are of lesser interest for the part of the project that deals with synchronic linguistic variation and is mostly concerned with grammatical features, but are in some instances highly interesting in connection with stemmatological questions. Those variants are the result of unconscious changes due to misreadings by a scribe. A good example is the description of the weapons Sigurd Swine-head is using: A sword (sver­) in яormз­sbзk, but a certain type of spear used for hunting (svi­a) in Grрskinna and Reykjabзk. In the Icelandic family sagas (the search was based on the forty-three different texts in ЊSnerpa.is.ћ 2015), the word svi­a is much less frequent than the word sver­ (a total of seven instances in forty-three different texts compared to several hundred instances for sver­); an (unconscious) change from svi­a (found in Grрskinna and Reykjabзk) to sver­ is more likely than the opposite development (see also Sveinsson 1953, 77). For the description of Sigur­ur's shield the version of Grрskinna seems to fit the plot best. The information that the shield is einbyr­ur [single-layer] is useful because it explains why Gunnar's arrow so easily penetrates it. In comparison to this, the descriptions of the shield as red (in Reykjabзk) or round (in яormз­sbзk) are superfluous or tautological. In the family sagas, the adjective einbyr­ur is also by far less frequent than rau­r (rendr is rather uncommon too). It is tantalising to hypothesise that einbyr­an was the original reading that was split up in two different words, einn and byr­an, by a scribe because it was separated by a line-shift in his exemplar (as is the case for example in Grрskinna, in the transcription above). However, an adjective byr­r [boarded] makes absolutely no sense in this context and would thus have been corrected, possibly to round or red, and also einn (either a numeral one or an indefinite pronoun a certain) would in this case have been in the best case superfluous: of course Sigurd Swine-Head uses only one shield, and the use of a postpositive indefinite pronoun (a certain/some kind of target-shield) would be rather marked in this context and not appropriate in connection with a rather common weapon as a tШrguskjШld (a small round shield with a buckle). This would lead to the assumption that both яormз­sbзk and Reykjabзk provide younger readings than Grрskinna (and also MШ­ruvallabзk).

ЊSnerpa.is.ћ

Grрskinna and Reykjabзk.

яormз­sbзk

rр­ama­ur

┌lfhж­inn

Д 7 om bardaga Д 8 1 NU eggiar Starka­r ?ina menn9 2 oc ?nero fram i ne?it at ■eim . 3 Sigur­r 10 ?uinhof■i for fyr?t oc haf­i 11 torgv ?ciolld rendan en ?ver­ i 12 annarri hendi 4 Gunnarr ?er hann oc ?cytr 13 til han? af boganom . 5 hann bra upp vi­ 14 ?cilldinom er hann ?a at orin flo hatt 15 oc flo orin igegnom ?ciolldinn oc au16gat ?ua at vt flo ihnaccann oc uar­ 17 ■at uig fyr?t . 6 Annarri avr ?kavt Gunnarr at 18 vlfhe■ni heima manni ?tarka­ar oc kom ?v 19 a hann mi­ian . oc fell hann a fetr bon20da ?inom . en bundinn fell um hann ■veran 21 7 kol?ceggr ka?tar ?teini ihofo­ bond22anom oc var­ ■at han? bani . Grрskinna (GKS 2870 4to) Д 9 30 1 <S>i■an egia­i ?tarka­r menn ?ina . 2 ?nva ■eir nv framm ine?it at [40v] 1 ■eim . 3 Sigur­r ?vinhavf­i for fyr?tr oc haf­i tavrgo ?kiolld ein2byr­an enn ?vi­v i annarri hendi . 4 Gvnnarr ?er hann oc ?kytr af bog[a]ganom 3 5 hann bra vp ?killdinom er hann ?a orina hatt flivga oc kom avrin i gegnom 4 ?kiolldinn . oc i avgat ?va at vt kom vm hnakkann oc var­ ■at vig 5 fyr?t . 6 annarri avr ?kavtt Gvnnarr at vlfhe­ni ra­a manni ?tadka­ar oc 6 kom a hann mi­ian . oc fell hann fyrir fюtr einom . oc fell bondinn vm hann . 7 kolskeggr 7 ka?ta­i til ?teini oc kom ihavfvt bondanom . oc var ■at hans bani . Reykjabзk (AM 468 4to) (MШ­ruvallabзk, AM 132 fol.) Д 10 [32v] 26 1 Si­an eg[g]ia­i ?tarka­r [?in]a menn . 2 ?nua ■eir 27 ■a fram i ne?it at ■eim 3 [Sigur­r] ?vinhof­i for fyr?tr ok haf­i tor28gv ?kiolld einn rau­an (M: einbyr­an) en ?ui­v iannarri hendi . 4 Gunnarr ?er hann ok ?kytr til 29 han? afboganvm . 5 hann bra vpp hat[t] (M: -) ?kildinvm er hann ?a aurina hatt flygia ok kom 30 orin igegnvm ?kioldinn ok iaugat sva at vtt kom i (M: -) hnackann okvar­ ■at vig fyr?t 6 [33r] 1 annarri aur ?kaut Gunnar[r] (M: hann) at vlfhe­ni manni (M: rр­amanni) ?tar[c]ka­ar okkom ?v a hann mi­ian okfell hann fyrir fetr bo2anda einvm ok (M: +fell) bondinn v[m] hann . 7 kol?keggr ka?tar til ?teini okkom ihofut bondanvm okvar­ ■at han? 3 bani

Д 6 The English text follows Robert Cook's translation, which is based on the text from the mid-fourteenth century codex MШ­ruvallabзk (AM 132 fol.). MШ­ruvallabзk has not yet been included in the text corpus of the project. To facilitate a comparison of the English translation and the Old Icelandic original, deviating readings in MШ­ruvallabзk (apart from differences in spelling and use of tenses) have been added in brackets to the transcription from Reykjabзk. The additions are based on Andrea van Arkel-de Leeuw van Weenen's transcription (1987).

Reykjabзk

Grрskinna

(Gьslason and Jзnsson 1875)

subjectќfinite

verbќsubject

<hl?t>,

(for example ? as &slong;)

(AM 162 B fol. ? = gamma.txt)

Number Feature Name Feature 1 Number of static strokes Feature 2 Number of nodes Feature 3 Number of straight static strokes Feature 4 Number of bent static strokes Feature 5 Number of vertical static strokes Feature 6 Number of horizontal static strokes Feature 7 Number of loops Feature 8 Number of open ends Feature 9 Number of closed elements

Channel Filter Annotation H1 HP 400 UV reflectography H2 LP 400 VIS-IR H3 BP 450 VIS-IR H4 BP 550 VIS-IR H5 BP 650 VIS-IR H6 BP 780 VIS-IR H7 LP 800 IR reflectography H8 no filter VIS-IR N1 RGB VIS-IR N2 RGB UV fluorescence

Folio k- means MRF Sauvola 17 recto precision 0,58 0,93 0,67 recall 0,34 0,64 0,72 29 recto precision 0,67 0,82 0,63 recall 0,72 0,78 0,61 30 verso precision 0,54 0,90 0,73 recall 0,75 0,68 0,72 27 recto precision 0,85 0,92 0,55 recall 0,69 0,81 0,64 Average precision 0,66 0,89 0,65 recall 0,63 0,73 0,67

n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5 precision 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.80 recall 0.62 0.65 0.65 0.78 0.70 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5 precision 0.80 0.79 0.83 0.79 0.75 recall 0.67 0.73 0.66 0.80 0.66

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<text> <body> <div xml:lang="la"> <p n="a#1"> Christierno Hen<ex>n</ex>ingi presbitero Roskildensis diocesis </p> <p n="a#2">Benigno etc.</p> <p n="a#3"> Cum itaque <damage>si</damage>cut exhibita nobis … </p> … </div> <body> </text>

<text> <p> Christierno Hen<ex>n</ex>ingi presbitero Roskildensis diocesis </p> <p> Benigno etc.</p> <p> Cum itaque <damage>si</damage>cut exhibita nobis …</p> … </text>

<langUsage> <language ident="la">Main language: latin</language> </langUsage>

<samplingDecl> <ab>Excerpt from <ref>A</ref>. The first three paragraphs have been omitted because they are unrelated to Danish matters</ab> </samplingDecl>

<samplingMethod> <textCompleteness>excerpt</textCompleteness> <sourceSiglum>A</sourceSiglum> <samplingNote>The first three paragraphs have been omitted as they are unrelated to Danish matters</samplingNote> </samplingMethod>

<additional> <listBibl> <bibl>Kirkehist. Saml. V 99</bibl> <bibl>Bull. Dan. 358 nr. 466</bibl> <bibl>Rep. nr. 5872</bibl> </listBibl> </additional>

<bibliographicEntry>Kirkehist. Saml. V 99</bibliographicEntry> <bibliographicEntry>Bull. Dan. 358 nr. 466</bibliographicEntry> <bibliographicEntry>Rep. nr. 5872 (i udtog)</bibliographicEntry>

…</summary> <msItemStruct> <filiation> <ab>The document is an apograph from the document of 1388, January 21, Diplomatarium Danicum III, 331</ab> </filiation> </msItemStruct>…

<history> <ab>The letter was registered in the registry of the letters at Vallř (1541), published <ref>Thiset, Adel. Brevkister 137</ref></ab> </history>

<sealDesc> <seal n="0" type="empty"> <ab>empty <ref>empty</ref></ab> </seal> </sealDesc>

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<sealDesc> <seal n="1" type="pendant"> <ab>The seal of Jens Olufsen in black wax. Legend: <q>S IOHANNES OLAVI</q> <ref>DAS 1061</ref> </ab> </seal> </sealDesc>

<seal> <sealNumber>1</sealNumber> <sealStatus>pendant</sealStatus> <sealDescription>Seal of Jens Olufsen in black wax. Legend: <q>S IOHANNES OLAVI</q></sealDescription> <sealReferenceWork>DAS 1061</sealReferenceWork> </seal> …

<additions> <ab> On the verso the inscription: <q>Item Hr. Peder Griis<ex>s</ex>es gaffvebreff. 1413</q></ab> </additions>

<handDesc> <handNote> <ab>The text is written by the same scribe as <ref target="14251102001"/>, <ref target="14251102002"/> and <ref target="14251102003"/> </ab> </handNote> </handDesc>

<handDescription>The text is written by the same scribe as<ref target="14251102001"/>, <ref target="14251102002"/> and <ref target="14251102003"/> </handDescription>

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<condition> <ab>The document is severely damaged by fire and water</ab> </condition>

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<manuscriptMaterial>parch</manuscriptMaterial> <manuscriptHeight>17.2</manuscriptHeight> <manuscriptWidth>24.3</manuscriptWidth> <manuscriptPlica>0.6</manuscriptPlica> …

<witness xml:id="A"> <msDesc> <msIdentifier> <settlement>Copenhagen</settlement> <repository>Rigsarkivet</repository> <idno>NKR c-2732</idno> <msName>empty</msName> </msIdentifier> …

<witnessSigil>A</witnessSigil> <archivePlaceName>Copenhagen</archivePlaceName> <archiveName>Rigsarkivet</archiveName> <inventoryNumber>NKR c-2732</inventoryNumber> <manuscriptName>empty</manuscriptName>

The template <textId>14201127001</textId> yields TEI <idno type="dd"> 14201127001 </idno>.

<editor> <name xml:id="mh"> <forename type="first">Markus</forename> <surname>Hedemann</surname> </name> </editor>

<revision> <established who="#alk" when="2010-06-02"/> <proofFirst who="#jon" when="2010-10-10"/> <proofSecond who="#nil" when="99999999"/> <proofThird who="#nil" when="99999999"/> </revision>…

<revisionDesc> <change when="2010-06-02" who="#mh">Document established by Markus Hedemann, June 2, 2010</change> <change when="2010-10-10" who="#jon">Proof read once by Jonathan Adams, October 10, 2010</change> <change when="99999999" who="#nil">nil</change> <change when="99999999" who="#nil">nil</change> </revisionDesc>

<textCreationTimeEarliest>1420-11-27</textCreationTimeEarliest> <textCreationTimeLatest>1420-11-27</textCreationTimeLatest>

<textCreationTimeCertainty>high</textCreationTimeCertainty>

<textCreationTimeEarliest>1420-11-27</textCreationTimeEarliest> <textCreationTimeLatest>1420-11-27</textCreationTimeLatest> <textCreationTimeCertainty>high</textCreationTimeCertainty> <textCreationPlace>Roskilde</textCreationPlace> <textCreationPlaceCertainty>high</textCreationPlaceCertainty> transforms into the following TEI structure:

<creation> <date not-before="1425-02-01" not-after="1425-02-01" cert="high">1425, 1 February</date> <placeName cert="high">Roskilde</placeName> </creation>

<msContents> <summary> King Erik 7. of Pomerania summons… </summary> </msContents>

<extent>Base text, number of words: <num n="words">535</num>, paragraphs: <num n="paragraphs">23</num>. Translation, number of words: <num n="words">592</num>, paragraphs: <num n="paragraphs">23</num> </extent>

Value Type Meaning Empty strings Information does not exist 0 numbers Information does not exist 1000 dates Information does not exist Nil strings Information is undetermined 99999999 numbers/dates Information is undetermined

<elementSpec ident="publisher" module="core" mode="change"> <content> <rng:value>Danish Society for Language and Literature</rng:value> </content> </elementSpec>

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<attList> <attDef ident="type" mode="delete"/> <attDef ident="quantity" mode="delete"/> <attDef ident="extent" mode="delete"/> …

<content> <rng:group> <rng:zeroOrMore> <rng:choice> <rng:ref name="dim"/> <rng:ref name="model.dimLike"/> </rng:choice> </rng:zeroOrMore> </rng:group> </content>

Author Abbreviated title Reference Imprint Copies Schedel, Hartmann Liber chronicarum HC 14508* Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, 12 July 1493 786 Aristoteles Opera [Greek]... HC 1657* Venice: Aldus Manutius, Romanus, 1495-98 319 Biblia latina... HC 3173* [Strassburg: Adolf Rusch, for Anton Koberger at Nuremberg, not after 1480] 287 Politianus, Angelus Opera... HC 13218* Venice: Aldus Manutius, Romanus, July 1498 270 Euclides Elementa geometriae... HC 6693* Venice: Erhard Ratdolt, 25 May 1482 266 Epistolae diversorum philosophorum...[Greek] HC 6659* Venice: Aldus Manutius, Romanus, 1499 266 Firmicus Maternus, Julius Mathesis (De nativitatibus libri VIII)... HC 14559* Venice: Aldus Manutius, Romanus, June and [17] Oct. 1499 257 Ubertinus de Casali Arbor vitae crucifixae Jesu Christi HC 4551* Venice: Andreas de Bonetis, 12 Mar. 1485 252 Boethius Opera H 3351* Venice: Johannes and Gregorius de Gregoriis, de Forlivio, 1491-92 251 Antoninus Florentinus Summa theologica (Partes I-IV)... HC 1243*

Year Editions (IISTC) Editions (signed only) 1475 835 242 1476 589 231 1477 672 257 1478 657 266 1479 563 245 1480 1177 285 1481 734 342 1482 816 359 1483 932 334 1484 717 295 1485 1118 312

# script to process library-output files # for British Isles. # Remove nested parentheses first, to get # rid of semicolons within comments, and #then split on semicolons; if there is # a 'London, BL', remove one from the total count $in="libs-brit.txt"; # input file $out = "bricount.txt"; # output file open IN, $in or die "Cannot open $in for read:$!"; open OUT, ">$out" or die "Cannot open $out for write:$!"; print OUT "istc_number\tlocations\tcount\n"; # add column heads while (<IN>) { undef @cities; $copycount=0; /^(i.\d{8})\t(.*)$/; $istc_number=$1; $locations=$2; # get rid of (digit) in BL signatures $fixlocations=$locations; while ($fixlocations=~/[^ ]\(\d\)/) { $fixlocations=~s/[^ ]\(\d\)//g; } # get rid of nested parentheses while ($fixlocations=~/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)/) { $fixlocations=~s/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)//g; } @cities=split /;/, $fixlocations; foreach $city (@cities) { $city=~s/\((\d{1,2})[^\(]*\)/\(\1\)/g; # replace (3, 1 torn) with (3) $city=~s/\(\d{1,2} lea[^\(]*\)//g; # eliminate e.g. (3 leaves) if ($city=~/London BL,[^,]* and /) {$copycount++} # correct for multiple BL signatures without # comma dividers $city=~s/(London|Oxford|Cambridge|Manchester|Dublin|Durham|Hereford|Edinburgh|Cashel|Guernsey|Coleraine|Barnard Castle|Parkminster|Northampton|Reigate| Birmingham|Canterbury|Harpenden|Brasenose|Killiney),/\1/; # eliminate commas after city names undef @libraries; @libraries=split /,/, $city; foreach $library (@libraries) { if ($library=~/\((\d{1,2})\)/) { $copycount+=$1; } else { $copycount++; } if ($library=~/London BL/) { $copycount--; } } } print OUT "$istc_number\t$locations\t$copycount\n"; #print "$istc_number\t$locations\t$copycount\n"; }

} } print OUT "$istc_number\t$locations\t$copycount\n"; } The next script is for locations such as Spain/Portugal that separate libraries within a single city from each other with commas, but without a comma after the name of the city: # Script to process library-output files for countries # delimited as City Library1, Library2: Other Europe, # Spain, Netherlands, France (mostly), Britain (usually) $in=shift; # take input file from command line $out = shift; # take output filename from command line open IN, $in or die "Cannot open $in for read:$!"; open OUT, ">$out" or die "Cannot open $out for write:$!"; print OUT "istc_number\tlocations\tcount\n"; while (<IN>) { undef @cities; $copycount=0; /^(i.\d{8})\t(.*)$/; $istc_number=$1; $locations=$2; @cities=split /;/, $locations; foreach $city (@cities) { while ($city=~/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)/) { $city=~s/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)//g; } #get rid of nested parentheses $city=~s/\((\d{1,2})[^\(]*\)/\(\1\)/g; #replace (3, 1 torn) with (3) undef @libraries; @libraries=split /,/, $city; foreach $library (@libraries) { if ($library=~/\((\d{1,2})\)/) { $copycount+=$1; } else {$copycount++} } } print OUT "$istc_number\t$locations\t$copycount\n"; }

# script to process library-output files for # countries delimited as City, Library1, Library2: # Belgium, Other [usually] $in=shift; # take input file from command line $out = shift; # take output filename from command line open IN, $in or die "Cannot open $in for read:$!"; open OUT, ">$out" or die "Cannot open $out for write:$!"; print OUT "istc_number\tlocations\tcount\n"; while (<IN>) { undef @cities; $copycount=0; /^(i.\d{8})\t(.*)$/; $istc_number=$1; $locations=$2; @cities=split /;/, $locations; foreach $city (@cities) { while ($city=~/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)/) { $city=~s/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)//g; } #get rid of nested parentheses $city=~s/\((\d{1,2})[^\(]*\)/\(\1\)/g; #replace (3, 1 torn) with (3) undef @libraries; if ($city =~ /,/) { @libraries=split /,/, $city; $null = shift @libraries; } else {$libraries[0] = $city} foreach $library (@libraries) { if ($library=~/\((\d{1,2})\)/) { $copycount+=$1; } else {$copycount++} } }

} That is, the input file begins like this: ia00000500 [Spain or Portugal: Printer of Alfasi's Halakhot, before 1492?] ia00001000 Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, [about 1496] ia00001500 Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, [about 1497] ia00002000 Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, [about 1500] ia00003000 [London: John Lettou and William de Machlinia, about 1482] ia00004000 [London]: Richard Pynson, 9 Oct. 1499 ia00004500 [London]: Richard Pynson, 9 Oct. 1499 ia00005000 [London]: Richard Pynson, '9 Oct. 1499' [about 1503] ia00005500 [The Netherlands: Prototypography, about 1465-80] ia00008000 Venice: Franciscus Lapicida, 20 Oct. 1494 The output of the further manipulation here appears as follows in eight different fields: istc_number imprint city printer avg_year first_year last_year flags ia00000500 [Spain or Portugal: Printer of Alfasi's Halakhot, before 1492?] Spain or Portugal Printer of Alfasi's Halakhot 1492 1492 1492 --- ia00001000 Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, [about 1496] Westminster Wynkyn de Worde 1496 1496 1496 ++- ia00001500 Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, [about 1497] Westminster Wynkyn de Worde 1497 1497 1497 ++- ia00002000 Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, [about 1500] Westminster Wynkyn de Worde 1500 1500 1500 ++- ia00003000 [London: John Lettou and William de Machlinia, about 1482] London John Lettou and William de Machlinia 1482 1482 1482 --- ia00004000 [London]: Richard Pynson, 9 Oct. 1499 London Richard Pynson 1499 1499 1499 -++ ia00004500 [London]: Richard Pynson, 9 Oct. 1499 London Richard Pynson 1499 1499 1499 -++ ia00005000 [London]: Richard Pynson, '9 Oct. 1499' [about 1503] London Richard Pynson 1503 1503 1503 -+- ia00005500 [The Netherlands: Prototypography, about 1465-80] The Netherlands Prototypography 1473 1465 1480 --- ia00008000 Venice: Franciscus Lapicida, 20 Oct. 1494 Venice Franciscus Lapicida 1494 1494 1494 +++ Appendix 4: An approach to counting incunables using the IISTC § 20 Turning the IISTC's Locations field into a numerical count of surviving copies presents new

SELECT istc.Printer, istc.City, Min(istc.first_year) AS MinOffirst_year, Max(istc.last_year) AS MaxOflast_year, Count(istc.istc_number) AS CountOfistc_number FROM istc WHERE (((istc.Flags) Like "+++")) GROUP BY istc.Printer, istc.City HAVING (((istc.City)="ulm"));

$batch="istc.txt"; # Define the name of file to search open BATCH, $batch or die "Cannot open $batch for read:$!"; # Open the file, or close with an # error if it doesn't exist while (<BATCH>) { # As long as there are lines # in the file left to search... if (/^Title:\t(.*?)$/) { # ...look for the pattern # "Title:<tab character><anything # else> # at the beginning of a line $match = $1; # Save "anything else"... $hit=1; # ...and set a flag that # we've found what we're # looking for } if (/^ISTC.*(i.\d{8})/ and ($hit == 1)) { # Now, if we have a match already # saved, look for the # pattern "ISTC" at # the beginning of the # line, and then anything # else, and then "i" followed # by eight digits; save the # "i" and the digits, as that's # the ISTC number $hit = 0; # Reset our flag $istc_number = $1; # Assign the "i plus eight digits" # to a variable print "$istc_number\t$match\n"; # Print the ISTC number, a tab # character, the title, and a # new line character } }

$batch="istc.txt"; open BATCH, $batch or die "Cannot open $batch for read:$!"; while (<BATCH>) { if (/^Title:\t(.*?)$/) { $match = $1; $hit=1; } if (/^ISTC.*(i.\d{8})/ and ($hit == 1)) { $hit = 0; $istc_number = $1; print "$istc_number\t$match\n"; } }

# script to process library-output # files for consistently # semicolon-delimited countries: USA, # Italy, Germany $in=shift; # take input file from command line $out = shift; # take output filename from command line open IN, $in or die "Cannot open $in for read:$!"; open OUT, ">$out" or die "Cannot open $out for write:$!"; print OUT "istc_number\tlocations\tcount\n"; while (<IN>) { $copycount=0; /^(i.\d{8})\t(.*)$/; $istc_number=$1; $locations=$2; @libraries=split /;/, $locations; foreach $library (@libraries) { while ($library=~/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)/) { $library=~s/\((?:\D|\d+[^,])[^\(]*?\)//g; } #get rid of nested parentheses $library=~s/\((\d{1,2})[^\(]*\)/\(\1\)/g; #replace (3, 1 torn) with (3) if ($library=~/\((\d{1,2})\)/) {$copycount+=$1} else {$copycount++} } print OUT "$istc_number\t$locations\t$copycount\n"; }

$batch="istc.txt"; #name of file to search open BATCH, $batch or die "Cannot open $batch for read:$!"; while (<BATCH>) { if (/^[ ]*USA:\t(.*?)$/) { $match = $1; $hit=1; } if (/^ISTC.*(i.\d{8})/ and ($hit == 1)) { $hit = 0; $istc_number = $1; print "$istc_number\t$match\n"; } }

# This script takes as input a # tab-delimited table of istc # numbers and imprint fields, # assumed here to be named 'imprint.txt'. # This script outputs the istc number # again as an index, followed by the # first imprint field only, then fields # containing the city and printer. Then # it outputs the years: the average # of all years in all imprint fields, # the earliest and then the latest such # year. The last column contains three # flags, either + or -. Signed cities, # printers, and dates appear as +++, # while the opposite would be ---. Years # appearing in single quotes ('1401') # have been ignored. # set imprint data file $batch="imprint.txt"; # open the file to process, or give an error # code open BATCH, $batch or die "Cannot open $batch for read:$!"; # create column titles print "istc_number\timprint\tcity\tprinter\tavg_year\tfirst_year\tlast_year\tflags\n"; while (<BATCH>) { # first, reset all variables undef @allyears; undef @sort; $firstyear=0; $lastyear=0; $avgyear = 0; $yearcount = 0; $flags='+++'; # save the input line as $record for later # use $record=$_; # get first two tab-delimited fields, the # ISTC Number and first imprint line /^(.*?)\t(.*?)\t/; $istc_number=$1; $imprint=$2; # search the imprint line for an optional # opening bracket, then the city, then a # colon, then the rest of the line $imprint=~/^(\[|)(.*?)(?:\]: |: )(.*)$/; $rightpart=$3; $city=$2; # if an opening bracket was found, flag #the city as unsigned if ($1) {substr $flags, 0, 1, "-"} # split the rest of the line by commas, # forming the array @printer @printer=split /, /, $rightpart; # fix 3 defective records: if there's # no comma found in the rest # of the line, and there's no number # to be found, add a dummy, # empty date element to array # fix defective imprint lines not # handled correctly: ip01005630 # (no year,), ic00216715 (no year,), ir00334450 if ($#printer==0 and $printer[0]!~/\d/) {push @printer, " "} # fix for two defective records with no # imprint data: print the # istc number and then skip the rest of the loop if ($record=~/^([^\t]*?)\t$/) { $istc_number=$1; print "$istc_number\n"; next; } # remove the last element of @printer array; # it's usually the date field $date = pop @printer; # fix for two deficient records containing neither # city nor printer, just dates if ($imprint !~/:/) { $date = $imprint; undef @printer; $city = ""; } # remove all brackets to test for a date; we # need to find the ca. 150 records of the # anomalous form 'City: printer, year, month # and day' $_ = $date; s/[\[\]]//g; $xdate=$_; # remove all brackets from current last element # of @printer array $ydate=@printer[-1]; $ydate=~s/[\[\]]//g; # if $date doesn't contain a year, then check # the last element of @printer; if it does, # pop it onto the front of $date if ($xdate !~/1[45]\d{2}|undated/i and $ydate=~/1[45]\d{2}/) { $date=pop(@printer).$date; $_ = $date; s/[\[\]]//g; $xdate=$_; } # now obliterate dates in single quotes regarded # as false $xdate=~s/'.*?'//g; # match a year 1400 to 1599 $xdate=~/(1[45]\d{2})/; # if we find it, use it, otherwise we have nothing # to test if ($1) {$testyear=$1} else {$testyear=""} # if we have a date to test, get the last two digits if ($testyear) {$yeardigits=substr $testyear, 2, 2} else {$yeardigits='####'} # if the last two digits are surrounded by brackets, # flag the date as unsigned. [14]94 is treated # as signed, 14[9]4 as unsigned $_ = $imprint; if (/\[[^\]]*$yeardigits[^\]]*\]|\[$yeardigits|$yeardigits\]/ or $yeardigits eq '####') { substr $flags, 2, 1, "-"; } # split the input line again on the tabs @checkdates = split /\t/, $record; # but discard the first two tabs $null=shift @checkdates; $null=shift @checkdates; # and add the date field previously identified unshift (@checkdates, $date); # this next loop extracts all years from each # imprint field in turn foreach $possibledate (@checkdates) { $_=$possibledate; # remove brackets, get rid of '1401' dates s/\[|\]|'.*?'//g; # find simple years, like 1493, 1494-, # 1498-1505 @simple_years=/(1[45]\d{2})/g; # add the years found to the list push (@allyears, @simple_years); # find dates like 1476-80 $_=$possibledate; @complex_years=/(1[45]\d{2}[\-\/]\d{2})\D/g; # first count the simple years in the next loop foreach $simpleyear(@simple_years) { $avgyear+=$simpleyear; $yearcount++; } # and add the second part to the list of years # in the following loop foreach $complexyear (@complex_years) { # find the element to split on: either - or / $split=substr($complexyear,4,1); # ignoring @temp[0], as it is already a simple_year @temp = split /$split/, $complexyear; @temp[1]=substr(@temp[0],0,2).@temp[1]; push (@allyears, @temp[1]); $avgyear+=@temp[1]; $yearcount++; } } # round to nearest year if ($yearcount) { $avgyear=int(($avgyear/$yearcount)+.5); } else { $avgyear = ""; } # now sort the years numerically @sort = sort { $a <=> $b } @allyears; $firstyear=@sort[0]; $lastyear= @sort[-1]; # put the printer back together $printer=join ', ', @printer; # add missing front or back brackets for aesthetics only $_ = $printer; if (/^[^\[]+\]/) {$printer='['.$printer} if (/\[[^\]]+$/) {$printer=$printer.']'} # now get rid of all brackets and store as $xprinter $_ = $printer; s/[\[\]]//g; # if the printer is enclosed in brackets, or begins with a # bracket, flag as unsigned $xprinter=$_; if ($imprint=~/\[[^\]]*\Q$xprinter\E[^\]]*/ or $printer=~/^\[/) { substr $flags, 1, 1, "-"; } # output the information and continue on to the next # record print "$istc_number\t$imprint\t$city\t$xprinter\t"; print "$avgyear\t$firstyear\t$lastyear\t$flags\n"; }

Source Element count Kagan 3 Kishlansky 4 Coffin et al. 4 Sherman 5 Levack 3 Hunt 4 Frankforter 4 McKay 4 Spielvogel 4 Britannica 5 Catholic Encyclopedia 5 Wikipedia 9

Narrative element Occurrences in textbooks (9 total) Occurrences in online reference works (3 total) 1. Gregory and the pataria 0 0 2. Conflict over Tedald 5 1 3. Resistance in Saxony prior to 1075 0 1 4. Episcopal opposition to Gregory prior to Jan 1076 meeting with Henry 0 0 5. Canossa 8 3 6. Matilda 4 1 7. Intercessions at Canossa 3 1 8. Gregory’s exile in 1085 5 1 9. Investiture in England 0 3 10. Investiture in France 0 3 11. Concordat of Worms, 1122 8 3 12. Distinction between regions in the Concordat 1 2

The Cartulaire blanc(French National Archives,LL 1157 and LL 1158) (mostly made between 1250 and 1300) The Inventaire général(French National Archives,LL 1189, LL 1190 and LL 1191) (mostly made between 1680 and 1720) Number of images(and of pages, approximately) 1598 2770 Number of charters concerned(VIIth-XIIIth century) 2,600 charters or so (copies) 3,285 calendars (description units) Number of units that have been edited today 411 charters (16%) 3,285 calendars (100%)

Veez ci veint devaunt vous Un chivaler bieau tut rou Qui une destrere sor se est muntι reed Esku de goules ad portι reed Un launce rouge en l'uyn mein, De vin vermaille l'autre plein, Qi ne manjuwe point de peschoun S[i] de le haranc sor noun reed Je vie une reyne sanz rey quene Pur une reyne fere desray frock (Rothwell 2009, vv. 310-319)

§ 19 These nearly identical versions of the passage (with very similar ascriptions) constitute fairly loose paraphrases of the original source: Poeniendis peccatis tres esse debere causas existimatum est. Vna est causa, quae Graece <vel ???as??> vel ???des?a dicitur, cum poena adhibetur castigandi atque emendandi gratia, ut is, qui fortuito deliquit, attentior fiat correctiorque. Altera est, quam hi, qui vocabula ista curiosius diviserunt, t?ľ???a? appellant. Ea causa animadvertendi est, cum dignitas auctoritasque eius, in quem est peccatum, tuenda est, ne praetermissa animadversio contemptum eius pariat et honorem levet; idcircoque id ei vocabulum a conservatione honoris factum putant. Tertia ratio vindicandi est, quae pa??de??ľa a Graecis nominatur, cum poenitio propter exemplum necessaria est, ut ceteri a similibus peccatis, quae prohiberi publicitus interest, metu cognitae poenae deterreantur … Has tris ulciscendi rationes et philosophi alii plurifariam et noster Taurus in primo commentariorum, quos in Gorgian Platonis composuit, scriptas reliquit (Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 7.14.1-5).

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<msDescription> <msIdentifier> <settlement> Oxford </settlement> <repository> Bodleian Library </repository> <idno> MS. Add. A. 61 </idno> <altIdentifier type="SC"> <idno> 28843 </idno> </altIdentifier> </msIdentifier> <msContents> <p> <q> Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie, </q> the <title> De origine et gestis Regum Angliae </title> of Geoffrey of Monmouth (Galfridus Monumetensis): beg. <q> Cum mecum multa & de multis. </q> In Latin. </p> </msContents> <physDesc> <p> <material> Parchment </material> : written in more than one hand: 7¼ x 5⅜ in., i + 55 leaves, in double columns: with a few coloured capitals. </p> </physDesc> <history> <p> Written in <origPlace> England </origPlace> in the <origDate> 13th cent. </origDate> On fol. 54v very faint is <q> Iste liber est fratris guillelmi de buria de ... Roberti ordinis fratrum Pred[icatorum], </q> 14th cent. (?): <q> hanauilla </q> is written at the foot of the page (15th cent.). Bought from the rev. W. D. Macray on March 17, 1863, for £1 10s. </p> </history> </msDescription>

<msDescription> <msIdentifier> <settlement> Oxford </settlement> <repository> Bodleian Library </repository> <idno> MS. Add. A. 61 </idno> <altIdentifier type="SC"> <idno> 28843 </idno> </altIdentifier> </msIdentifier> <p> In Latin, on parchment: written in more than one hand of the 13th cent. in England: 7¼ x 5⅜ in., i + 55 leaves, in double columns: with a few coloured capitals. </p> <p> 'Hic incipit Bruitus Anglie,' the De origine et gestis Regum Angliae of Geoffrey of Monmouth (Galfridus Monumetensis: beg. 'Cum mecum multa & de multis.' </p> <p> On fol. 54v very faint is 'Iste liber est fratris guillelmi de buria de ... Roberti ordinis fratrum Pred[icatorum],' 14th cent. (?): 'hanauilla' is written at the foot of the page (15th cent.). Bought from the rev. W. D. Macray on March 17, 1863, for £1 10s. </p> </msDescription>

<l id="HtP.62" n="KDP.62" rend="%%%+[ABC]"> Meny of ţes maistre freres may cloţe hem at lykynge </l>

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<mods version="3.0"> <titleInfo> <title>Hiring and recruitment practices in academic libraries</title> </titleInfo> <name type="personal"> <namePart>Raschke, Gregory K.</namePart> <displayForm>Gregory K. Raschke</displayForm> </name> <typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource> <genre>journal article</genre> <originInfo> <place> <placeTerm type="text">Baltimore, Md.</placeTerm> </place> <publisher>Johns Hopkins University Press</publisher> <dateIssued>2003</dateIssued> </originInfo> <language> <languageTerm authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm> </language> <physicalDescription> <form authority="marcform">print</form> <extent>15 p.</extent> </physicalDescription> <abstract> Academic libraries need to change their recruiting and hiring procedures … [omitted] … innovative concepts from modern personnel management literature. </abstract> <subject> <topic>College librarians</topic> <topic>Recruiting</topic> <geographic>United States</geographic> </subject> <subject> <topic&ggt;College librarians</topic> <topic>Selection and appointment</topic> <geographic>United States</geographic> </subject> <relatedItem type="host"> <titleInfo> <title>portal: libraries and the academy</title> </titleInfo> <originInfo> <issuance>continuing</issuance> </originInfo> <part> <detail type="volume"> <number>3</number> </detail> <detail type="level"> <number>2</number> </detail> <extent unit="page"> <start>53</start> <end>67</end> </extent> <date>Jan. 2003</date> </part> </relatedItem> </mods>

01author|02editor title: the title of a work (whether a book or journal article) altTitle: the title without HTML tags, used for phrase searching subtitle: used only for books host title: name of journal or volume in which an item appears host subtitle: used only for anthologies and collections host editors: used if a work appears in an edited collection partsAuthors: used if the work has other persons associated with it as authors of Forewords, Introductions, etc. series name: for books in a series series number journal number place: place of publication for books or collections publisher place2: used when a work has two listed places of publication publisher2 dateIssued date created edition: used to indicate 2nd or revised editions, etc. extent: page numbers of articles, or number of pages in a book language note: used for translated titles of foreign works, special comments on an item, etc. identifier: used to cross-reference essays in collections to one another and to the collection, if it is listed separately. May be used in future for ISSN or ISBN numbers. subject1 subject2 subject3 subject4

Appendix 1,

Appendix 1,

Works cited Abram, Christopher. 2011. Myths of the Pagan North. London: Continuum.? Boot, Peter. 2006. Decoding Emblem Semantics. Literary and Linguistic Computing 21 (Suppl. Issue), 15-27.? Bradley, John and Harold Short. 2005. Texts into Databases: The Evolving Field of New-style Prosopography. Literary and Linguistic Computing 20 (Suppl. issue), 3-24.? Brink, Stefan. 2007. How Uniform Was the Old Norse Religion? In Learning and Understanding in the Old Norse World: Essays in Honour of Margaret Clunies Ross. Eds. Judy Quinn, Kate Heslop and Tarrin Wills, 105-36. Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe 18. Turnhout: Brepols.? CIDOC-CRM: Le Boeuf, Patrick, Martin Doerr, Christian Emil Ore, Stephen Stead. 2013. Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group.? Eide, Řyvind. 2008. The Exhibition Problem. A Real-life Example with a Suggested Solution. Literary and Linguistic Computing 23, 27-37.? Jónsson, Finnur, ed. 1912-15. Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning. B: Rettet tekst. Copenhagen: Villadsen & Christensen. Rpt. 1973. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.? Faulkes, Anthony, ed. 2005. Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning. 2nd edn. London: Viking Society for Northern Research.? Meulengracht Sřrensen, Preben. 1986. Thor's Fishing Expedition. In Words and Objects: Towards a Dialogue between Archaeology and History of Religion, ed. Gro Steinsland, 257-78. Oslo: Norwegian University Press and Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning.? Moltke, Erik. 1985. Runes and their Origin: Denmark and Elsewhere. Trans. Peter Foote. Copenhagen: The National Museum of Denmark.? Motz, Lotte. 1993. Volundr. In Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia, ed. Phillip Pulsiano et al. New York: Garland, 713.? Neckel, Gustav and Hans Kuhn (1899), eds. 1983. Edda: Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. 2 vols. I: Text. 5th edn. Heidelberg: Winter.? Ólafur Sveinsson, Einar, ed. 1934. Laxdœla saga. Íslenzk fornrit 5. Reykjavík: Hiđ íslenzka fornritafélag.? Ore, Christian-Emil and Řyvind Eide. 2009. TEI and cultural heritage ontologies: Exchange of information? Literary and Linguistic Computing 24, 161-172.? Pasin, Michele and John Bradley. 2013. Factoid-based prosopography and computer ontologies: Towards an integrated approach. Literary and Linguistic Computing (Advance Access, 29 June 2013).? Peel, Christine (ed.). 1999. Guta saga. London: Viking Society.? Price, Neil. 2002. The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia. Aun 31. Uppsala: Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History.? Simek, Rudolf. 1993. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Trans. Angela Hall. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.? Tacitus, Germania: trans. M. Hutton. 1970. Tacitus I Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.? TEI P5: The TEI Consortium. 2014. TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange. Edited by Lou Burnard and Syd Bauman. Charlotteville: Text Encoding Initiative Consortium.? von See, Klaus, Beatrice La Farge, Eve Picard, Ilona Priebe and Katja Schulz. 1997. Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda. Vol. 2: Götterlieder. Heidelberg: Winter.? Wagner, Norbert. 1977. (Hercules) Magusanus. Bonner Jahrbücher 177, 417-22.? Wills, Tarrin. 2002. Electronic Editing of the Skaldic Corpus. Skandinavistik 32, 25-30.? Wills, Tarrin. 2013. Relational Data Modelling of Textual Corpora: The Skaldic Project and its Extensions. Literary and Linguistic Computing (Advance Access, 11 August 2013).? Zöllner-Weber, Amélie. 2011. Text encoding and ontology—enlarging an ontology by semi-automatic generated instances. Literary and Linguistic Computing 26, 365-70.?

Bibliographic work (A standard bibliographic reference with appropriate fields — 'bibl_works' table, with links to 'bibl_authors', 'bibl_journals', 'bibl_images', etc.) Texts/Poems (E33; Prose works or poems — 'text' table) Fields: Link to Author (where relevant), Title, Introduction, Dating, Provenance Author (E21; The author of a primary work — 'skalds' table) Fields: Name, Dates (b., d., fl.), Biography Word in text (Words that appear in the text segments — 'word' table, also requires 'line' table) Fields: Link to Chapter/etc ., Link to Lemma , Link to Place, etc ., Relative ordering, Word form, Translation in context Place (E53; A real named place, not necessarily identified — currently implemented as part of the 'thing' table) Fields: Link to Word in text , Modern name, Other names, Type of name, Latitude/Longitude coordinates Lemma (Dictionary headword — 'lemma' table) Fields: Lemma, Part of speech, Gloss Existing resources: onp.hum.ku.dk, Fritzner’s Ordbok, etc. Lemma part (Parts of compound words in dictionary lemma — 'lemmapart' table) Fields: Link to Lemma (compound), Link to Lemma (part), Relative order of part Name (E41; A link between a word and a being or thing — 'name' table) Fields: Link to Lemma, Link to Being, Name Name in text (A link between the application of a name to a being and the source of that application — currently implemented using the 'rdf' table) Fields: Link to Name, Link to Chapter/etc. Being (A mythological being or other unique phenomenon — part of 'thing' table) Fields: Main name, Type, Description, Links to Being (as mother, father) Being's Attribute (The linking of a being to an attribute — 'attribution' table) Fields: Link to Being, Link to Attribute Attribute (A personal attribute of a being, or some sort of attribute of any other phenomenon in the corpus — 'attribute' table) Fields: Name, Description Attribution in Text (A link between the attribution of a feature to a being, or similar phenomenon, and a source of that attribution — currently implemented using the 'rdf' table) Fields: Link to Being's Attribute, Link to Chapter/etc., Description Attribute in Text (A non-specific link between a series of attributes not attached to a particular named being, such as in a picture or analogue or text sharing mythological motifs — currently implemented using the 'rdf' table) Fields: Link to Attribute, Link to Chapter/etc., Description Action in Text (A link between a narrative element and a particular instance of that action in a text or image — 'action' table) Fields: Link to Chapter/etc., Link to Narrative Element , Classification as linked by identified name, visual features or generic motif, Description Narrative Element (Ordered part of a repeated narrative which can be used to link to individual versions of the narrative — 'narrativeelement' table) Fields: Link to Narrative , Label, Description, Relative ordering Narrative (A narrative that may occur in more than one text or image — 'narrative' table) Fields: Name, Summary, Context, Commentary Participant (An identified being in a narrative — 'participant' table) Fields: Link to Narrative, Link to Being, Other information

Handyhttp://www.gephi.org,

Works cited Barabási, Albert-László, and Réka Albert. 2009. Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks. Science 286: 509-512. ? Barber, Michael J. 2007. Modularity and Community Detection in Bipartite Networks. Physical Review E 76: 1-9.? Bastian, Matthieu, Sébastien Heymann, and Mathieu Jacomy. 2009. Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks. In Proceedings of the Third International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, Edited by Eytan Adar et al. Menlo Park: AAAI Press, 361-62 http://aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/09/paper/view/154/1009.? Bertrand, Michel, Cécile Lemercier, and Sandro Guzzi-Heeb. 2011.Introduction : Oů en est L'Analyse de Réseaux en Histoire ? / Introducción al Análisis de Redes e Historia: Herramientas, Aproximaciones, Problemas.Redes, 21(5), December.? Dorogovtsev, Sergei N. and Jose F. F. Mendes. 2006. Evolution of Networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.? Fortunato, S. 2010.Community Detection in Graphs. Physics Reports486: 75-174.? Fruchterman, Thomas M. J. and Edward M. Reingold. 1991. Graph Drawing by Force-Directed Placement. Software-Practice and Experience. 21: 1129-64.? Hautefeuille, Florent et al. 2009. Graph-Comp: Études des Réseaux Sociaux de Sociabilitée Paysans au -Age dans la Châtelleni Castelnau-Montratier. 22 December 2011. http://graphcomp.univ-tlse2.fr.? Kannan, Ravi and Prasad Tetali and Santosh Vempala. 1997. Simple Markov-Chain Algorithms for Generating Bipartite Graphs and Tournaments. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Edited by Michael Saks. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 193-200. Repr. in Random Structures and Algorithms 14 (1999), 293-308. ? Keats-Rohan, Katharine Stephanie Benedicta. 2007. Prosopography Approaches and Applications: A Handbook. Oxford: Occasional publications of the Oxford Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research, volume 13.? Lemercier, Claire. 2012. Formale Methoden des Netzwerkanalyse in den Geschichtswissenschaften: Warum und Wie? Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften/Austrian Journal of Historical Studies, ÖZG 23 January, 16-41.? Miquel, Gérard and Willy Luis, eds. n.d. Archives départementales du Lot.22 December 2011. http://www.lot.fr/cg_archives.php.? Rosé, Isabelle. 2011. Reconstrucción, Representación Gráfica y Análisis de las Redes de Poder en la Alta Edad Media. http://revistes.uab.cat/redes/article/view/420 Aproximación a las Prácticas Sociales de la Aristocracia a Partir del Ejemplo de Odón de Cluny († 942). Redes, 21(1), December.? Rossi, Fabrice and Nathalie Villa-Vialaneix. 2011. Représentation Hiérarchique d’un Grand Réseau ŕ Partir d’une Classification Hiérarchique de ses Sommets. Journal de la Société Française de Statistique. 152: 34-65.? Schaeffer, Satu Elisa. 2007. Graph clustering. Computer Science Review.1: 27-64.? Scott, John P. 2000. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. London: Sage.? Tunkelang, Daniel. 1999. A Numerical Optimization Approach to General Graph Drawing. Unpublished PhD thesis, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, CMU-CS-98-189.? Voloshin, Vitaly. I. 2009. Introduction to Graph Theory. New York: Nova Science.?

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