Student skills[edit] Typically, literacy in the classroom has focused on the following building blocks: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, text comprehension (NEIRTIC, 2004). However, as the electronic age permeates our society, students need to be prepared for jobs that require further literacy skills. Some of these skills include the following (Kinzer, 2003, para. 15): Keyboarding Layout and design skills for creating presentations and web pages Critical thinking about video, still images, audio, text, and interrelationships, and how they jointly convey intended and unintended messages Skill in using a variety of software types Information gathering, retrieval, and copying into presentation formats Scaling images