Institutions are far less likely to require training than to offer it. Almost a quarter of institutions (23 percent) don't require professors to do any of a list of eight activities, and the proportion of CAOs saying they required participation in individual activities ranged from a high of 45 percent for self-paced training on the institution's online education technology (learning management system, etc.) to about three in 10 for training on online course design. Thirty-seven percent require instructor-led training on effective online teaching methods.