10 Matching Annotations
  1. Nov 2017
    1. second period elements have no d orbitals and so can not have more than an octet of electrons, that is, only the third period and greater can form sp3d  and sp3d2  orbitals.

      How come there are no hybrid combinations with the f orbital?

    2. fig. 9.2.5: Boron ground state electron configuration on left, and the hybrid orbital configuation on the right that is involved with the three bonds in boron trifluoride. 

      I think this image may not go with this description. There is no boron. But do these images still depict the concept we are studying?

    3. fig. 9.2.4:  Beryllium is also sp hybridized in beryllium chloride. What is the orbital of the chlorine in BeCl2? it is a 3p orbital as chlorine has one free-radical orbital in it's valence state, and so there is no need to hybridize it.

      So is this saying that one atom may hybridize in a molecule, while another may not be hybridized?

    1. Electrons in bonding molecular orbitals help stabilize a system of atoms since less energy is associated with bonded atoms as opposed to a system of unbound atoms.  Bonding orbitals are formed by in-phase combinations of atomic orbitals and increase the electron density between the atoms (see figure 2 below)   Electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals cause a system to be destabilized since more energy is associated with bonded atoms than that of a system of unbound atoms. Antibonding orbitals are formed by out-of-phase combinations of atomic orbitals and decrease the electron density between atoms (see figure 2 below). 

      These are stating the opposite of each other. Which is it supposed to be? Do bonding molecular orbitals have more or less energy than antibonding molecular orbitals?