An 'Early Frost' (1985), a movie about a homosexual attorney, named Michael Pierson, working through his relationship with his family after learning that he has AIDS.

Salt-N-Pepe was a hip-hop group that worked extensively with the youth outreach program, Lifebeat, which works to spread awareness of HIV prevention. One of Salt-N-Pepa's riskiest decisions was releasing the first mainstream songs about HIV awareness and prevention, changing the lyrics of one of their song's "Let's Talk about Sex" to "Let's Talk about AIDS."

1950s actor Rock Hudson was the definition of masculinity. After publicly coming out as homosexual and HIV-positive, he shocked much of his fanbase, also bringing attention to the disease. Hudson's publicist said that Hudson made the announcement to "help the rest of humanity by acknowledging that has has the disease.". Although his actions obviously didn't end HIV's fear and stigma it did help bring awareness to the disease and help focus more funding to HIV and AIDS research.

Since the early 1980s, with the beginning of the HIV epidemic, the media has played a very important role in shaping how we view HIV and AIDS. The news, television, and film all help to create empathy among the audience.

In 2014, among all adults and adolescents living with HIV (diagnosed or undiagnosed), 62% received some HIV medical care, 48% were retained in continuous HIV care, and 49% had achieved viral suppression (having a very low level of the virus).h A person living with HIV who takes HIV medicine as prescribed and gets and stays virally suppressed can stay healthy and has effectively no risk of sexually transmitting HIV to HIV-negative partners.

Gay and bisexual men are affected by HIV more than any other demographic in 2016.

Gay and bisexual men accounted for 67% (26,570) of all diagnoses and 83% of HIV diagnoses among males.

Black/African Americane gay and bisexual men accounted for the largest number of HIV diagnoses (10,223), followed by Hispanic/Latino (7,425) and white (7,390) gay and bisexual men.

Most reductions were observed "among people who inject drugs (56%)" and heterosexual men and women (36%). The group that showed little to no substantial change were homosexual and bisexual men. However the author cites this as because though white and black populations of homosexuals and bisexual men showed a decline, they were offset by other demographics such as bisexual and homosexual latino men.

More than 1.1 million people in the U.S. are living with HIV today, but 1 in 7 of them don’t know it.

An estimated 37,600 Americans became newly infected with HIV in 2014.

From 2008 to 2014, the estimated number of annual HIV infections in the U.S. declined 18%.

In 2016, 39,782 people were diagnosed with HIV in the U.S. Gay and bisexual men, particularly young African American gay and bisexual men, are most affected.

Southern states bear the greatest burden of HIV, accounting for 50% of new infections in 2014.

In the jurisdictions where they could be estimateda, annual infections in all states decreased or remained stable from 2008-2014.

As it was noted, stigma and discrimination can appear as big barriers for HIV/AIDS-infected people, which hinder them from accessing health, medical and care services. The results of this research can inform patients, families and health givers of practical aspects of HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination. They may assist them to reduce the outcomes and complication of their disease by planning and support.

"I referred to a dentist for my tooth pain. He refused to provide any services to me. In the presence of other patients, he tore out my record file and put it in the trash" (a 32-year-old woman).

Patients' experiences from stigma indicated that some physicians and health professionals labeled positive patients with HIV with stigma and discrimination. They pushed the patients away from themselves and deprived them from treatment services. "Some of the physicians treated us impolitely. As they knew about our infection, they refused to visit us. The lab professionals misbehaved us" (a 24-year-old woman).

This annotation is from a study in 2013-2014, designed to help explain the "perceived experiences of patients from stigma and discrimination and their roles on health-seeking services among patients"

Stigma from society has greatly influenced the treatment of HIV and hindered patients from getting the care they need both because they are refused help from insurance or their family, or because they are afraid to seek the help themselves. For example, a recent study found out of 482 males in the study, 82% never preferred to do HIV tests because of the shame, fear and embarassment finding they had the virus.

"Stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS are viewed as one of the greatest challenges mentioned for HIV infection."

The first people with AIDS in America were homosexual men, "mainly transmitted through sexual intercourse." AIDS also occurs "mostly in people who participate in unusual sexual activities." HIV infection causes patients to be stigmatized and cast out of society which "deeply degrades the person's personality from a while to an ordinary and finally to a stigmatized human being." Although psychologist realize the importance of understanding how stigmas form, they should also seek to indentify the the cultural differences because this is what causes the stigma.

AIDS is one of the greatest human challenges and risk factors for health with over 35.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS

I see this a lot, usually in articles or magazines, Instead of just using linguistic devices to explain things to the reader they'll include pictures, diagrams and things of that sort. I never really gave much thought to it, because that's always what i've seen. I assumed it was standard. But, as an writer, careful consideration must be used to discern the best possible way to convey and idea and so different modes are utilized for this purpose.

Though the most common and essential forms of text, linguistic modes of texts are the least common outside of book and newspapers. Think of how many forms of text we see in the world like advertisements. Advertisements certainly rely on language to direct your thinking but visual modes are much more common and much more important to their message.

Arguably the most used mode that one will encounter. For example, when one writes, one uses color and pictures and diagrams to best convey concepts. When one speaks, one uses gestures and dress accordingly. When one eats, One wants to eat things that look appetizing.

Affordances are essentially, the pros and cons of a mode. For example, a picture is more succinct in describing something than text, but less apt for explaining complex ideas, such as philosophy. The pros and cons are known as affordances because the picture will "afford" you a good description of something but not "afford" you with a good explanation of it. In John Cline's "What is a Machete Anyways?, John Cline uses pictures periodically to assist his narrative. For example, when explaining the different kinds of machetes, he uses a picture to better explain:

Gestural modes are arguably the most important mode of our day to day social interactions. 55% of communication comes from gestures and body language alone, most of the time (https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beyond-words/201109/is-nonverbal-communication-numbers-game). Certainly, something to consider when giving a speech or interviewing.

Spatial mode helps direct the reader to specific ideas and topics that the writer wants to you, similar to camera panning and focusing in film. Examples of this would include, paragraphs used to group single coherent ideas together, and the grouping of university building by departments. Spatial mode is the intuitive grouping of text into commonsensical arrangements that are easier to understand.

In terms of music and film and the arts that incorporate sound, I don't really see how the aural mode plays that much of an effect in our lives. Certainly, tone plays an effect in speech, and things of that nature but, alongside other forms, i don't see the great importance of aural mode in our day to day lives. I don't know why I thought of this but I was watching Chef's Table, and this chef, Dan Barber was talking about being fired from a bakery because he forgot to add salt to the dough. He said that the dough rose and rose, and in a final moment of cadence, all the balls of dough collapsed and flattened, like the end of a symphony. Though not directly an aural mode. He uses aural examples, as a metaphor to explain his story.

Multimodal is the use of multiple modes of text to better convey a writers point. For example: an advertisement might use linguistic devices like slogans or something ridiculing people with thinning hair, using spatial devices like big font around the mean words to draw attention to them. Beside this, there might be a picture of someone with a full head of hair being happy. After i wrote this, I searched online for an example of this and there were so many: In the photo, there is a split picture of a man. On the left, the man is bald, and the words "Before" are written above him. Surrounding the man, are unkind, humiliating descriptions of the bald man. On the right side, the man has hair. "After" is written above the man and there are all sorts of compliments for the man, like "handsome" and "youthful". The ad plays directly into the insecurities of many men suffering from hair loss, making them feel humiliated in an attempt to convince them to receive hair transplants.

Modes, are defined as a way of communicating. Multimodal, is the use of different media to communicate a purpose. "A text can be anything from a lolcat to a concert tee shirt to a dictionary to a performance." In John Cline's "What is a Machete, Anyways?", John Cline examines the historical and cultural significance of a machete. In the article, he uses primarily linguistic and visual text to communicate with his audience. Mainly using linguistic text, with visual, and aural text to support his linguistic devices.

First thing that comes to mind when thinking of "text". As writers, this is probably the most fundamental tool for writing or brainstorming. We as thinking things, think in language and even when looking at a picture, listening to a song, we think in linguistic thoughts.

This is a strange concept to me. It seems another word for text would be better served here, rather than text.

Each of the essays included in the book, which i have not read, have no relation in them except that they use the Prownian Method in their analysis. Aside from the "What is a Machete Anyways?" article by John Cline, I also read an blog post by Greg Cotter who used the Prownian Method to analyse a legal pad. I found the post to be really helpful to see it used in a school type setting and enjoyed reading it.

As much as i would usually want to argue with claims like this i whole heartedly agree. Each step draws from the previous one to form the next one. It really is the logical step of object-analysis. One cannot deduce the use of an object until it has been described, and one cannot begin to speculate the significance of the object until we know what it does.

A form of analysis created by Yale professor, Jules Prown. Prownian Analysis is the first step in the larger process known as the Prownian Method. In this method the author will almost obssively describe the object, deduce all that they may from it such as dating, speculate as to the use of the object during it's time and what the objects signifigance was, research as to the actual historical properties of the object, and then finally interpretive analysis. Interpretive analysis is the final step in the process that sort of combines all of the previous step but then uses them to further your analysis such as "i think it was used for this" but then it served a different purpose, and you would examine why that was and reconcile that two ideas.

I'm not sure if i entirely understand what Haltman means about this. If a writer is speculating into the signifigance of an object, he should remain unbiased when researching the object. For example, if he finds evidence to contrary of his propositions, he should not neglect to use the evidence, but rather let the idea move the topic of discussion towards something else and follow it. John Cline does this in "What is a Machete Anyways?" in which he proposes a certain signifigance for the machete, it being a familiar, unfrightening tool that he was raised around in Iowa. But then, when examining the cultural significance of the object as a tool of genocide, he supports his claim that the machete has, for a long time, been a common tool among poorer indigenous workers in third world countries, and that this is why it was so commonly used in revolts.

When describing an object one must draw forth details about an object that make it clear what an object represents. In doing so, the author will give a broad description of the object and then move in to focus on specific details about the object in a way that leads the reader towards the same implications that you are going to make. For example, if one were to take an object such as a campfire, one might describe it as: It's an array of burning logs inside a pit, bordered by rocks to keep the sparks out. The logs are hot and they are dangerous, but they also keep the people around the fire warm. The logs cook the peoples food to make it edible, so that may eat it. The fire provides a sense of communal living for the people that might not exist otherwise. Had we not had something like fire many millions of years ago, maybe we would not have come together to live as a community. Thus, as one moves away from the dangers of fire, one can lead the reader towards signifigance of a campfire as a symbol of communal living, and a precursor to society.

While i must admit that i don't really understand what this means by itself, it seems to me that from the provided list, the most obvious and powerful significations of an object are these polar metaphors, such as light vs dark, life vs dark. These same instance of polarity can be seen in Cline's "What is a Machete Anyways?" in which machete bear this polar significance within the indigenous and third world communities as both a tool of liberation from oppression and fascist genocide.

In John Cline's "What is a Machete Anyways?" analyze the historical use of a machete throughout the world. He argues that throughout most of the colonized third world countries, most of the indigenous workers found worked in agriculture such as sugar plantations in Brazil, banana farms in Jamaica. Almost all of these people had two things in common: they owned and used a machete on a daily basis, making it an extremely common tool, and they faced constant oppression. Once the oppressed revolt and overthrow the oppressor, as they always do, they found themselves arming themselves with the most common tool they could find, the machete.

Though i think i understand what he is saying, I'm not sure if i entirely disagree or don't entirely understand. For example, an object like a machete might not take much, if any, creativity to speculate the use of it. The reason why the machete was used for many violent revolts in third world countries was because it was a common tool used by colonized farmers and workers. These were tools most people had among them in their house hold and thus it made the most sense to use them in times of war. To "speculate" the use of the machete in this case wouldn't take much creativity because it is something i think that is well documented by historians. Maybe those historians had to use creativity to come to this conclusion, but even then i would argue that one could find proof of the machete's commonality in journals or interviews.

This sort of comes back to what was previosly stated, "Writing constitutes analysis" Once on has an objective analysis of an object, with a richly detailed account for all of its aspects, one can move on to draw further details from it such as symbolism, and signifigance. And in doing so, we will narrow down our focus to specific details of the object. In Cline's "What is a Machete Anyways?" Cline describes the machete used in much of South America, but then once talking about Rwanda, he moves away from things like physical composition, and focuses more on details like "sharp edge" because he is reinforcing the use of the object as a tool of violence.

This was mentioned earlier in the text. Because description are verbal or written, they are described using words. In order to analyze words we must first have a description of an object. From there, one is able to draw conclusions and analysis.