Beyond the damage to the frontal lobe itself, subsequent investigations into the rod’s path also identified probable damage to pathways between the frontal lobe and other brain structures, including the limbic system.
The frontal lobe controls decisions making emotion and behavior damage here can change who a person is.
Although lying in a pool of his blood with brain matter emerging from his head, Gage was conscious and able to get up, walk, and speak. But in the months following his accident, people noticed that his personality had changed
After the accident, Gage's personality changed. he became impulsive and had trouble controlling emotions.
Probably the most famous case of frontal lobe damage is that of a man by the name of Phineas Gage. On September 13, 1848, Gage (age 25) was working as a railroad foreman in Vermont.
A railroad worker who survived when an iron rod went through his skills in 1848
People who suffer damage to Broca’s area have great difficulty producing language of any form.
It helps produce speech. damage here makes it hard to talk or form words.
The occipital lobe is located at the very back of the brain, and contains the primary visual cortex
Vision and visual processing
The temporal lobe is located on the side of the head (temporal means “near the temples”), and is associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language.
Hearing,memory, and understanding language
he brain’s parietal lobe is located immediately behind the frontal lobe, and is involved in processing information from the body’s senses.
Touch,pressure, and spatial sense
he frontal lobe is located in the forward part of the brain, extending back to a fissure known as the central sulcus.
Reasoning, planning, movement. and speech
The brain and its parts can be divided into three main categories: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Midbrain- helps process movement, hearing, and vision
forebrain (Figure 1),
controls thinking, emotions,memory, and decision making
Electroencephalography (EEG) serves this purpose by providing a measure of a brain’s electrical activity. An array of electrodes is placed around a person’s head (Figure 4).
Its measure electrical activity. They use a array of electrodes around a person's head
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) operates on the same principles, but it shows changes in brain activity over time by tracking blood flow and oxygen levels
Measures the blood flow and oxygen levels
In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a person is placed inside a machine that generates a strong magnetic field.
Best showing for structure (anatomical detail)
Once in the bloodstream, the amount of tracer in any given region of the brain can be monitored.
once in the bloodstream the tracer's movement is monitored
A computerized tomography (CT) scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person’s body or brain (Figure 1).
a technique that takes a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain
Clinical psychologists can test a new pharmaceutical treatment for depression by giving some patients the new pill and others an already-tested one to see which is the more effective treatment.
This method can actually show cause and effect because researchers control what happens
two different variables are measured to determine whether there is a relationship between them.
This type looks at relationships between two things but doesn't prove that one causes the other
researchers gather participants from different groups (commonly different ages) and look for differences between the groups.
looking at different groups at the same time
n a study of a representative sample of 856 children Eron and his colleagues (1972) found that a boy’s exposure to media violence at age eight was significantly related to his aggressive behavior ten years later, after he graduated from high school
Super useful for showing effect, but it takes a long time to finish
esearchers examine data that has already been collected for other purposes.
Its handy because the data is already there, but you're limited to what's been collected before.
ducational psychologists can ask students to report their grade point average and what, if anything, they eat for breakfast on an average day. A healthy breakfast has been associated with better academic performance (Digangi’s 1999).
People questioning to collect info about their habit
researcher unobtrusively collects information without the participant’s awareness.
Watching people or kids in their normal setting without them knowing they're being watched
a detailed analysis of a particular person, group, business, event, etc. This approach is commonly used to learn more about rare examples with the goal of describing that particular thing.
This is when Researchers focus on one person or a small group to learn a lot about them