There are two mosquito species linked to most outbreaks of Zika, A. aegypti and A. albopictus.(1)

t.3 Interestingly, though eukaryotic mRNA has a 3’ poly(A) tail, flaviviruses lack this trait.4

Spread by mosquitoes

Like other flaviviruses, the yellow fever virus lacks a poly A tail.

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal infection in women ages 15-44.

Summary:

In gram-negative bacteria, relevance ratio of acinetobacter baumannii (AB) was the highest (18.4%) and followed by klebsiella pneumoniae (11.4%)

Pneumonia is the second leading reason for hospitalization of medicare beneficiaries and accounts for more than 600,000 medicare hospitalizations yearly [1,2]. It is common and potentially serious infected. The elderly are more susceptible to pneumonia and more likely to die from this infection than younger populations

carbenicillin, cephalosporins, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin

P. aeruginosa have been found to survive within droplet nuclei and can remain in aerosols for long periods of time, thus there is evidence of potential airborne transmission Footnote 20. Contact with contaminated water is also a major route, but since the oral infectious dose is thought to be very high, routes that pose the greatest health risk are skin exposure (for example, in contaminated hot tub water) and lung exposure from inhaling aerosols discharged from infected respiratory tracts Footnote 13. The bacterial can often enter the body through injuries and wounds Footnote 3. The use of contaminated mechanical respiratory ventilators in hospital settings is also a common source of nosocomial infections Footnote 12.

Humans, animals (wild, domestic, livestock), and plants (flora and fungi)

P. aeruginosa infections account for 20% of pneumonia and 16% of urinary tract infections Footnote 16. Prevalence in the community is less than in the hospital, and cases of severe community-acquired infection are rare

The common site of infection is the lower respiratory tract,

opportunistic pathogens,

P. aeruginosa can produce a large variety of extracellular toxins, including exotoxin A and enterotoxins

If infection is discovered to be caused by F. nucleatum or F. necrophorum, treatment should be started promptly as these two species have been linked to deaths as a result of severe cases of Lemierre’s disease

SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Fusobacteria have been known to persist in soil for up to 18 weeks (16). They survive well in wet soil with high manure content (17), however, studies of aerated fecal slurry showed that the levels of Fusobacterium were below the level of detection after 24 hours (18). In non-aerated fecal slurry, no change in Fusobacterium levels were observed in the first 24 hours, and Fusobacteria were no longer present after 6 days. Survival on BHIA medium exposed to air ranges from six hours to seven days depending on species

RUG RESISTANCE: Fusobacterium may be resistant to penicillin and there is widespread resistance to erythromycin and other macrolides

Metronidazole, piperacillin/tazobactum, ticarcillin/clavulanate, amoxicillin/sulbactum, ampicillin/sulbactum, ertupenem, imipenem, meropenem, clindamycin, and cefoxitin are all used therapeutically to treat infections associated with Fusobacterium (6, 10)

ZOONOSIS: Yes - Fusobacterium can be passed to humans from animal bites or handling of animals with open sore

RESERVOIR: Humans and animals, including horses, cattle, sheep, cats, dogs, goats, pigs, cows

Infections can occur by contact with mucous membranes as well as accidental inoculation and transfer of bodily fluids

HOST RANGE: Humans and animals, including horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, fowl

It is also associated with Lemierre disease, which presents as acute jugular vein septic thrombophlebitis, often with complications including sepsis, and metastastic abscesses in the lungs, liver, joints and pleural spaces.

A large amount of butyric acid in the absence of isobutyric or isovaleric acid indicates the presence of Fusobacterium.

Fusobacteria necrophorum produces a leukocidin and hemolyses erythrocytes of humans, horses, rabbits, and, much less extensively, sheep and cattle. Certain F necrophorum cells hemagglutinate the erythrocytes of humans, chickens, and pigeons. A bovine isolate of F necrophorum demonstrates phospholipase A and lysophospholipase activity.

Cells of F necrophorum often are elongated or filamentous, are curved, and possess spherical enlargements and large, free, round bodies.

difficult to culture, requiring a longer incubation period than other bacteria.

he mean duration of antibiotic treatment was 4 weeks, but it ranged from 10 days to 8 weeks.

Thrombocytopenia

Mississippi Mud

fast track approval

Growth and survival characteristics

Staphylococcus aureus

some people are more capable of spreading it than others