Sad that he had so many connections to these people who were slaves, and had to go through such a struggle and so many injustices.

Slavery of ALL forms should be abolished. I love learning about the points in history when people stood up and took action against this horrible act.

Such lengthy, extensive, and oddly specific ways of determining who earns these rights. I feel like this description leaves a lot of wiggle room for loop holes and exclusion.

I love that she shows how proud she is of her Native heritage by putting a bumper sticker on her car. This is something that takes your statement with you everywhere you go, so it is really cool to see!

In my opinion, directly calling them out is the best way to get the justice. When facing a situation like this head on, people feel more pressure to change.

Why am I not surprised this guy would just take the easier way out and go for the problem that would have less threat of retaliation against him. It would be cool to see someone in power who REALLY cared about ending racial injustices in the system.

I have learned a lot about Alcatraz, but it is interesting I have never come across this information in its history. How crazy to think they wanted land so badly they would settle for this.

This is a really cool source!!! It is weird to see how different the states were split... and how giant Oklahoma was hahaha.

I checked out the NCAI website, and there is lots of interesting info!! Thought I would link it in case anyone else has interest in reading more about them.(https://www.ncai.org)

Super cool to collaborate with another school on this! I always love seeing everyone else takes on these topics. I always tend to lean towards the side of the US doing things to benefit themselves in these scenarios, but I would be interested to hear from someone with a differing opinion.

Thank god someone is against that blood quantum rule. Weirdest and most controlling thing I have heard the US do in this type of scenario.

Was this the one that involved movement of Native American masks? I can not remember who was in the right in this situation but it jogs my memory about learning about this at some point!

https://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/laws/nagpra.htm

Here is some more info I found in case anyone would be interested!

Does anyone have a link to this source? I am interested!

I always wondered how the Native derived their names. Always so unique and beautiful!

Yeah after some research I found that this act allowed the government to decide which Natives they thought were "competent and capable" enough to keep their land. So terrible :(

I am still a little confused on who created the idea to do this and why did they genuinely think this was a good idea.

This is a bummer, it would be great if they didn't have US government dictating who and what counted as a historical tribe.

The Natives are owed this education after all the US has done. Not that they need it to be successful, but I think this education would have helped prevent them from getting duped by the US in some past treaties.

To my knowledge, this river flows through a beautiful preserve in Washington. Glad they have kept this name for the river.

WOW these are beautiful, I wish there was more information and a less vague title to learn more about these beautiful artifacts.

I think we can relate this to modern times and how celebrities use the media to voice their opinions and get human rights to be a widely recognized issue. I know a lot of younger people who probably wouldn't have any clue if it was not for information shared by celebrities.

If you guys haven't seen already, someone shared a video about him this week in the primary source padlet that was super interesting!

Sad that this has to be added in, and that they couldn't ever truly trust the US to have their back.

Their headdresses are so beautiful and intricately designed. It is impressive they were able to create these at the time.

This is the closest I have ever seen a poll be.

Good for them for sticking to what they know works for them and being strong as a unit.

I had a cool conversation about this with my family this weekend! My brother is half Native American, so it was really interesting to hear his perspective on the subject and learn how he feels about how far we have come in terms of respecting the Natives.

How are we already in week 4? I hope everyone else is enjoying this class, here's to the almost halfway point!

We all thank her for her wise words and bravery!

Weren't laws supposed to be put in place to protect us? NOT to dupe or confuse us?

Party should NOT dictate opinions on human rights. This is why I hate what the two party system has become. I have seen a lot of people change all their opinions on the need for social justice due to their loyalty to a party.

Amazing of her to speak out on behalf of all native women. Wasn't Muscogee Creek Nation the tribe involved in the court case earlier this year?

It should not matter. Consent is consent and no circumstance could ever change that.

Perfect description. Racism exists in all areas.

Disgusting! What on earth! No one should have to be so cautious after a night out of fun and I would be terrified to go anywhere without a group if I was a Native woman due to these stats.

Okay I sadly was expecting this to be the case. It is so unfortunate to hear and I wish it was not true for the sake of these women. Thank god for people like this author who are talking about the topic and raising awareness.

I didn't even know this was a profession you could study at university. Super cool and I love seeing more fields dedicating time and energy to learning about the Natives.

Well here we go again with disregarding Native rights and injustices.

I didn't see any issue with letting the Natives have their own court system, why couldn't the US either let them have this, or talk to them and find a scenario that everyone was happy with?

:( Too easy for the US to manipulate this land away from the Natives.

Isn't this the case from earlier this year? I remember the case was about whether or not US disestablished tribal land. I am unsure of the outcome of the case but sadly I would assume the case went in favor of US not the tribe. Would love even more info on this!!

There should be no option for Congress to explicitly state otherwise.

Hmm... I see in 1980 they required the Creeks to give their land over to the Secretary of the Interior. THEIR land that the US would of course never truly let belong to them.

Why is congress the one who determines what is and isn't Native reservation, when the Natives should be the one determining and selecting their own land.

Well that's a first. They can't blame any Natives for not just instantly 100% trusting them after all they put the Natives through to be fair.

I don't understand why they couldn't just let them keep the land in GA/AL. At the very least they were assured their new land would be theirs for the long run which I'm sure was great to hear after all the shenanigans they had endured.

Is this true? I'd really like to learn more on Oklahoma and its tribes working together.

Was this one of the first cases where they designated a portion of Indian land as a reservation?

I remember how "unfair" the people of the US thought it was for themselves to be tried by the Indians because they thought the Indians would always choose each other, but what is stopping the US from doing the same thing to the Natives and what makes this fair?

Super powerful piece of writing.

Wrote a paper on this for another class and learning about the intense levels of stress this can cause leads me to feel very sympathetic for those who have endured this situation.

It is 2020... LETS CHANGE THIS! This is a year for us to make things socially better and hopefully Natives will be included in getting more recognition and having more individuals pay attention to their stories.

LOL I love that the author is putting his personality into the writing it is making it so much more enjoyable for me to read.

Without a professional degree it can often times be hard to get a job to take you seriously, so its a huge step that these Indians are able to get this kind of work for themselves.

Horrible, but I am glad to hear these women now have a platform to spread awareness for their story and hopefully know how their bravery may help and empower others.

Such truth here. Learning about the trade industry is very interesting because of how far and wide people had to go, and how many people they had to connect with.

I would love to hear more of these positive/ reminiscent stories and learn more about the positive parts of Native life.

"false beginnings and many fulfilled endings". Well worded quote.

I really hope to never hear this phrase used again. I have family in Fiji and they always call their lateness "island time" since there is no worries there. I think this is a much better reference than a racial stereotype.

Heartbreaking. I wish there was a way to change not only this statistic, but also the statistics of violence and sexual violence towards Native women.

Interesting because you would not usually see acknowledgement of these individuals.

I have a friend who just moved near this area, and I again did not know this was Native Land.

This is the first time I have heard this term used to describe this.

Surprising the Creeks had debt with the US, seeing as how they shouldn't owe the US anything. Good on US for relieving this debt even though they are literally just giving themselves money essentially.

I'm impressed this treaty is also recognizing a person of color and granting them a reward. I am confused why this reward has to come in the form of someone else land, and I strongly disagree with that.

They are finally acknowledging that these people ARE infact entitled to something.

Interesting details here. Why is the president now in charge of the fate of this land? Is this referring to the US president or a Creek president?

The more I learn about the Native Women the more I am impressed and look up to their strength!

Woo hoo! HUGE leap for Native Women. Time to start changing those statistics and protecting these wonderful women.

More than HALF of Native Women experiencing sexual violence in their lifetime is a statistic that we need to change.

Absolutely wild. I was just there before quarantine and had no idea this was native land. Would be cool to see the US today have more dedications and plaques to commemorate those who founded this land, and those who this land truly belongs to!

Okay US really? Every time they "gave" some rights to the Natives it seems it was just a ploy to benefit themselves. I am always so shocked reading the weekly blog post.

Cool to get a feel for this time period and such a beautiful horse!

Good on the Cherokees for doing what they could to make things right. Although clearly the US did not care or regard their opinions, this type of behavior was needed to attempt change.

I would to become more knowledgeable about the terms preferred to refer to tribes especially in Southern California since these would be the tribes closest to me.

These people were so peaceful, and had such a wonderful homelife. I love to imagine how differently things would have been if the US had left them the rights to their land.

This is an insanely small number holy cow. Of course the BIA again didn't really care.

I can't believe this was still going on. I had no clue this event occurred just 15 years ago.

WOW what a powerful quote. I would honestly paint this on my wall. She was such a strong incredible woman.

Interesting that they needed the Indians skill set, but couldn't even muster up enough decency to give them their deserved rights.

I remember reading he was a large part in the split of the Democratic-Republican Party.

Every time I see this phrase I cringe. It is so disturbing. I can't imagine being a bystander throughout this situation. I am so happy that in 2020 even though it is horrible to have to still be fighting racial issues, we are able to have a voice and speak out against it and band together for what is right.

Cool to see this tied in since I had learned a lot about this in my previous class. Loved learning about this time period because I feel like it gave me a lot of insight to the thought processes that led us to today.

Wasn't this how a lot of laws were set and founded? Didn't this one include Johnson v. M'Intosh ??

I really like these little outtakes. They are well written. This is very true, the Europeans showed up talking such a big game and then "had to" back up their talk with action sadly.

As this was certainly the case, I'd like to imagine a world where the Europeans not only showed up here with wide eyes excited about this new land, but included and even took notes from those who were already there. It would have changed the course of history, and maybe could have stop racial injustice before it even started in America.

Looked into this piece of writing. It is a very interesting perspective, I was only able to find pieces of this writing, and some evaluations of the writing but I would recommend looking into it!! Ill link an article I found interesting below.

http://www.postcolonialweb.org/poldiscourse/bhabha/bhabha4.html

It is a great thought to do something to benefit the Natives, but in all reality we have learned to expect this to be violated.

I have a few friends who are dependents of indigenous tribes, and are very grateful for Cobell! From what I've learned through them she is very influential and I can't wait to learn more about her.

To me, wardship just seems like another tactic to control the Natives, act like they are incompetent, and keep the US in power.

I chose Worcester, because even though Johnson may have been the most impactful and likely devastating for all the Natives, Worcester was a successful protection for Indian land against state law. I thought it would be nice to see that a positive note could perhaps be the most impactful part of this chapter of the Native story.

"That any attempt to acquire their lands, or to form a political connection with them, would be considered by all as an invasion of our territory, and an act of hostility". This quote proves to me that the Natives would likely not have sovereignty, OR the freedoms they are owed.

How unfortunate that these states just continued to repeat this behavior... I am proud to go to a University that recognizes the tribal land the school sits on and celebrates the indigenous people that once lived there.

You would think that a sense of morals would kick in for these individuals and make them realize that race was not a fit reason to treat any individual this way.

I chose the "doctrine of discovery" because this doctrine took any last semblance of hope the Natives had over claiming their land as their rightful property away.

I hate the use of the word "savage" in reference to the Natives that were literally just defending their homes.

There was a lot of tribes involved in this treaty. I remember last week we talked about tribes working together, so it is interesting to see this again.

Someone posted a primary source from him this week! Gave me a lot of insight as to what they thought was the best way for justifying the treatment of the Natives. Very unfortunate that they did choose to treat them this way.

Interesting to see the difference in names, and it is also interesting that something they claim was created "for" the Natives benefit was something the Natives felt very hostile towards.

Great read in terms of information, but it is always so sad hearing the mistreatment of people throughout history. I hope we can continue to learn from these mistakes and I hope that people today will treat all with respect.

The Natives were willing to compromise the way of life they had known for the possibility of living life in a new tolerable way. The fact that they were willing to terminate the Five Tribes would have been a very huge step.

This took away so much pride, culture and all of the values of these tribes. It is a real shame that this is what the tribes were left with. The US wanted to celebrate the inclusion of Oklahoma, but not recognize what a huge loss this was in terms of the Natives freedom.

The upsetting fact is that tribal nations now were included as a "part" of the United States, but we know that they were never treated as such and were constantly disrespected despite their "inclusion" in a state.

So sad that they had to resort to this and STILL were not granted their last resort choice. Although these individuals may not have had the reading skills or same education as the US leaders (something held against them) they had much wisdom and did all they could to adequately represent themselves.

This is just yet another example of the disrespect the Native tribes faced. Instead of giving them rights to their own land they had to once again be followed by American rules and politics as they started this journey.

Great here to see leaders of several different tribes coming and working together to strengthen their connections and work towards their rights.

Very interesting to read through this document with the perspective of both sides in mind. Loved the way the Natives stood up for their rights and did what they could to gain their freedoms.

Great to see the constitution come into play in regards to the Native Americas gaining more outlined rights.

In the final decisions made by US President and other officials, a reversal of the horrible imprisonment of the Indians is made, and returning them to their homeland/ tribe.

This is the life and respect they deserve, living among one another peaceful, AND to be peacefully respected by the citizens of the US just the same.

What a cool and unique name. I hope in this class we will gain a little more insight as to how their names were chosen and the meanings behind them!!

Very nice to hear someone who truly and genuinely cares for the rights of the Natives.

This is extremely accurate based on how people were treating them in the US at this time. This can also connect back to their request for more school houses, and why they would certainly need and deserve that.

The Natives were willing to keep showing up and showing out for their people no matter how long it took.

It's sad the they refer to these people who were just fighting for rights that shouldn't have even been up for debate, are being called "agitators" and just goes to show how little things have changed for them even after their carefully thought out speech.

Taking the advice to heart and giving genuine responses and care to the issue is something that not all people would be willing to do in this case, I find it admirable.

Just wanted to comment here on the amount of respect given to the US leaders, and how exciting it would have been to see that same respect given to the Natives from the US leaders.

This was such a peaceful set of life ideals, and it is so disheartening that the natives weren't able to live their life as they once did in peace.

I know at this time "power in knowledge" was a strong belief, so it makes sense this would be a reason to ask for more school houses. More education and knowledge would grant them the ability to fight for more rights and gain more respect.

It always intrigues me to learn more about George Washington other than the obvious facts that he was our first president.

I know at the time this seemed like an outlandish idea to the US government, but giving the Natives a real place in our country during this time period could have meant. tremendous change in how our country developed.

This statement shows the power of the government and that even those fighting for better rights and a better life were bound by the governments power.

It is plain and simple to me that there was a huge issue without white power in these days, and their lack of care for this issue may illustrate their lack of willingness to truly change things such as this.

Recently learned this newspaper was only around until 1916, and then was later "revived" in 2002 as a newspaper in the Manhattan Area!

It is very telling that although this treaty talks of peace and a new start, they have a plan in place for the event that things turn bad. The writers must know that the thought of peace may be nice, but it is very unlikely that

Just wanted to comment on how funny it is hearing someone using seals as the way to officiate the treaty this long ago, and the fact that seals are still used to this day!

I wonder why this responsibility was delegated to the commissioners of the United States? It is very strange looking back on a treaty like this and seeing how different things were, and how much control the US took over this situation.

It interests me that the first article is about burying the past. It is important to move forward and work towards a better society, but it can also be important to remember past events and tread cautiously if someone has given you a reason to do so.

Finding peace for the land and safety for its people would be important to all who lived there.

I love seeing times in history where more groups were included.

In my opinion this constitution may have seemed like. great idea, but I don't believe the people of the United States would take it seriously, and I don't believe that the treaty would have stopped the US pursuit of Native Land.

Being strong and creating a unified government would allow all Native tribes to work together and work against the poor treatment they had been receiving. Unity would offer them more strength, and the capability to control their own land and culture.

I said YES! In my opinion, the Native people were the start of United States history, and the battles they fought, all the treaties enacted due to them, and the effects their history still has on our country today are extremely important to US History.

Although it is unfortunate they were only giving the Natives respect to keep them as allies in war, at least this was a way for the Natives to be shown some respect.

The fact that they tried to paint the Natives as "Savages" is so disheartening... people who just wanted the ability to stay on the land they called home painted as violent and unconfined.

It is a very interesting fact that this proclamation came from London officials!

I had heard this term briefly prior to class, but now for the first time am understanding the meaning. I wish this culture was more widely talked about.

Its very interesting going back so far in time, seeing the effects of these events on Native life, and how those effects are still relevant today.

I learned about how to differentiate between primary and secondary sources for my History 101 course last year, so I am excited to see these sources "in action" this year!

YES! This, so important, I loved this article and am excited to apply it to a class for the first time.

Knowing that this is a possibility, actually makes me more motivated to learn and improve. We are our own greatest critics, and a self grading policy for some of us will bring fourth the utmost honesty.

Without grades there would be no need for cheating.

I love the concept of students having more of a say in their grades... not just the teacher saying, "I don't feel as though you deserved that last one percent sorry".

I believe this statement has been used many times over history "like it or not, _ is here to stay"... and it never proves true. People may take awhile to speak up but eventually someone will take a stance and change the current norm.

I have often had teachers who grade each and every little task we do, even grading the way we asked questions in class. I would love if teachers who use grades would be more specific and use the grades to help motivate and inspire our learning.

This teacher was bold and took a huge risk to make this statement. It is very difficult to be the first one to speak up, start a movement and break the traditional mold so I applaud him.

I have struggled with this in classes often. Teachers who give us a horrible class with no care to teaching anything accept what to do for the test, and then are shocked when the class struggles on the test since we never truly learned anything.

It is 100% agreed that it is not always possible to measure how much or how well we have learned something. Sometimes there is more to education than the numbers that come back in our tests.

I have never heard this quote before but I love it. The students that truly dedicate themselves to their learning and push themselves beyond the grade are the students who will leave a mark on this world.

When I was younger I would always do the biggest, riskiest projects. When I started high school I started doing exactly what this article says and trying to do what I can to achieve the best grade and not risk failure. I had a professor last year that talked on this issue and pushed us to take risks for our final project, and it ended up being one of my most influential projects yet.

I love reading studies from the past that capture the early perspectives on issues we are still working on today. This shows that the ways of learning have been in question since far before most of us were even in school, and will continue to evolve until long after we are gone.

I can agree with this to some extent, knowing people who excel in learning, but have test anxiety that prevents their performance from reflecting their actual progress.

This is a quote I wish more teachers would see. I love the concept of learning without always vying for a grade. I've had a teacher who would lecture and do interactive activities every week that weren't graded, they were just for our benefit. I don't think I have ever learned more than I did in that class!

This was a moment I remember so well when I was in school. This short yet powerful quote makes me realize that ALL students are feeling this same struggle together. Writing to try and accumulate all possible points is a huge leap from writing what feels write and what makes you feel powerful.

I decided to take this course because I love learning about history, and seeing what happened in the past and how it has effected our future. I think it is important to learn about Native American history because it is a vital part of our country and Native Americans deserve more respect and recognition!