The Swansea Bay to Rhondda line, built in1895 to improve access to the growing coalfield, provided a convenient passenger service to the coastfor the district's workers
BOOM really good link of relationship between industry and tourism aiding eachother
As new railway lines34were constructed, the accessibility of the coast increased
importance of railway again
One local guidebook of the period noted that ‘since the advent of the South Wales Railway,the resort of sea-bathing people has been very considerable’
reference to the importance of railways - as such, it was industrialisation which aided the boost of tourism. the railway was opened for industrial purposes, was then used for tourist ones - they kinda played off eachother, enabling each industry to grow!
That their wishes prevailed was not merely an example of commercialinterests outweighing the needs of visitors. The town's preparedness to sacrifice the burrows seems alsoto have been based on a belief that tourism would not be stifled as a result.
together but seperate entities?
The workscomprise a spacious trumpet-mouth entrance, a half-tide basin, an immense lock, an iron bridge, and aninner dock of sufficient acre to allow some hundreds of ships to repose majestically on their shadows inperfect safety.’ The report also conveyed the impact of a special branch line, which linked the new dockto the South Wales Railway, bisecting some of the main pedestrian and vehicle routes between the townand the bay:Wind Street is crossed by an iron bridge, and the line passes along towards the Royal Institution,where another iron bridge spans the main thoroughfare leading to Fisher Street and down to theBurrows. From this point its course is through Burrows Lodge-grounds where the arches terminate.
primary source usage for industry
The decades of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Britain are associated byhistorians of tourism and leisure with the growth in popularity of sea bathing as a health and leisureactivity among the fashionable elite. By economic historians, they are viewed as decades of industrial1take-off, when the pace of output from textile manufactories, smelting works and mines quickened tounprecedented levels
Gives specific historian examples in footnotes - this is good and places her work within historiography
storian of the copper industry, Ronald Rees
nice reference to specific historians
One passenger wrote approvingly of ‘thescenery being grand, particularly Oystermouth Castle and the bay of Swansea’. Local guidebooks27directed visitors to the town's manufacturing premises as well as the more natural appeal of its bay andsands. The 1802 presented the proximity of bathing facilities and commercial sites as aSwansea Guidepositive advantage, drawing visitors’ attention, for example, to the Cambrian pottery operated by GeorgeHaynes, which was arranged ‘on Mr Wedgwood's plan’, and situated ‘contiguous to ... [his] Cold andHot Sea Water Baths’
Primary source usage! analyse this possibly
In fact, tourism in Swansea derived some indirectbenefits from industry in the town in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. T
So she does argue that industrialisation aided tourism - the facilities made for transporting industrial stuff eventually helped people
The drive to lure fashionable tourists at the same time as expanding as a centre for copper smeltingwas not unproblematic. One guidebook author while describing Swansea as ‘a favourite resort in thesummer for bathing’, also warned that ‘the volumes of smoke from the different manufactories are agreat deduction to the general attraction of the place’.
does she then argue that they co-existed but at the expense of the other?
a weekly English language newspaper, the, in 1804. The new publication placed Swansea on a par with other resort towns whereCambriannewspapers served as a useful organ of the tourist trade, announcing the arrival of the well-heeled andfashionable and informing visitors of the events and services on offer throughout the season
to encourage english visitors and to advertise- quite a good use of evidence i think
The Duke of Beaufort, Swansea's principal landowner, added further momentum by creating a publicwalk on an area of recently enclosed corporation land lying between the town and the sea known as ‘theburrows’. This became the town's first real visitor hub with a ‘pleasant promenade’, ‘many good lodginghouses’ and ‘two convenient bathing-houses
Could be useful part of comparison if i went for the landowners article
he building of commercial docks in the nineteenth century, as far as seaside historians are5concerned, diverted coastal towns such as these away from becoming tourist centres, with the two rolesbeing seen as incompatible.
she disagrees with this
In the1790s, James Baker recorded that the town ‘had a very considerable share of resort from the mostdistinguished persons of fashion in the kingdom; it is found a most convenient trip for the inhabitants ofBristol, Bath and the counties adjoining the Severn Sea’
First primary source - possible analysis and comparision with other article
health tourism, with wealthy visitors flocking in duringthe summer months to bathe in the sheltered bay
but was 'health tourism' the same as developed seaside resorts?
uidebooks, newspaper columns and visitor comments of the day andcrucial to understanding the urban environment of Swansea
While they are the primary sources available, they should be taken with a pinch of salt. often, such works were to advertise the areas, so, as i think blarney says, they missed out the industry parts, or maybe if they were dissing the place, they emphasised the ports?
in the second half of the nineteenth century,with more day-trippers and working-class visitors from the surrounding industrial suburbs and furtherafield.
Thischapter re-evaluates the history of one south Wales coastal town by merging these two previouslyseparate strands of research to form a new analysis of interactivity between industry and tourism
Clearlu believes that the history of industry and tourism are linked. She claims that there is a strong link between them and that they shouldn't be separated. This is a similar view to blarney, someone of whom she references multiple times and is also an author in the same collection that this chapter is a part of
Page 1 She begins with talk of the seperation of
P. Borsay,
She references Borsay multiple times - he seems to be a significant writier on the history of welsh beaches does she take his view or challenge it? Reply when you've read it
As the79commercial business of the harbour declined, so it would seem that its resources were turned to theleisure sector
GOOD QUOTE SLAYYY
There were two solutions to managing the clash between port and resort: segregation or incorporation
potentially good quote!
Guide literatureis particularly prone to adopting this perspective since its market is the visitor population, for whom itsupplies not only empirical data but also appropriate cultural images
SLAYYY look at the primary sources they use? the guide literature can be misleading as they are trying to market a place to the public - they are more likely to highlight hte booming tourist industry and beautiful landscape than the manky iron works and coal mines nearby as well as the booming noisy ports!
At the heart of this economy, and its physical interface with the town,was the harbour. During the nineteenth century, this remained an important and vital area of activity andthe subject of regular maintenance and improvement
Links to the mitskell article! It links in how often these resorts saw harbours and beaches utilised to aid the other. for some, the ports enabled the funds to build big resorts and their ammeneties, for others, the popularity of the place boosted industry in the area!
from the dynamic South Wales industrial areas werebeginning to make a mark, particularly during periods such as bank holidays
The development of leisur ewas closely linked to industrialisation! industrialisation had led to a higher degree of disposible income, organised agitation had led to laws pased legally reducing work hours and providing 'bank holidays' meaning that the mulitutdes of industrial workers could now partake in the leisure acitvities previously only for the wealthy - without industrialisation, we may argue, such seaside resorts would have likely not have had the numbers to help their boom. furthermore, while not all were ports, the development of such resorts, blaney argues, were industrial in nature also, (expand from page 1).
his left a good portion, indeed the majority of the promontory on which the town sat,21undeveloped. There is little to suggest that the failure to establish an early railway link to the towncurtailed expansion
This is think would go against other articles who stres the importance of railway in the resorts expansion
During the first half of the nineteenth century, the town acquired the17essential package of ingredients for a fashionable resort: good indoor and outdoor bathing facilities,assembly rooms, a theatre, markets and shops stocked with fresh food and luxury products, a circulatinglibrary, formal promenades, a network of informal walks and excursions in the neighbouring environsand region, comfortable lodgings and residences and a dedicated guidebook to inform visitors andstructure their expectations
Would this class as urbanisation? It seems like its given the immenities of an industrial place?
page 1 he seems to place the rise of seaside resorts as having mnay characteristics of the industrial revolution * they were new and transformative no real precedent capacity to convert a site into something entirely different epitomised essence of specialisation and differentiation of production and location
so all round, were part of 'integrated urban network'
this article focuses on tneby, which is in the south west wales and on northwestern edge of bristol channel
It co existed with English andMarcher law; it was pock marked with local customs and variations; in its substance and procedure it was being heavily influenced by English law and practice; andthere is no reason to believe that there was an articulated pattern of jurisdiction or even a recognized curriculum of legal learning which prevailed throughout nativeWales.
acculturation
hen the tide of fortune turned, especially after 1277, the appeal toWelsh law came into its own as a way to counter English interpretations of the obligations of feudal relationship.
undermined welsh identity by making them fuedal subjects of the king, rather than welsh citizens
Notions ofthe status (status) of the principality, of the prince and of Wales itself were valuable ingredients in developing an ideology of the separateness of Wales which might beused to challenge English notions of feudal dependence
SLAY SLAY SLAY QUOTE! As such, statute I was a clear undermining of Welsh identity in the way that Wales was now an owned land, rather than a principality, it was no longer independent as was subject to the whims of the 'alien' english
he kings of England had also on occasion realised the political advantages of proclaiming themselves as champions of Welsh law intheir attempts to exploit the fissures within the dynasty of Gwynedd and to impose the Welsh custom of partibility for their own advantage.
here. could say underming welsh identity by trying to keep wales divided to stop them from rising up again
n a shared belief in a particularversion of historical mythology and prophecy, i
YAASSSSS KING ARTHURRRR!!
L Wales Annexed to Crown of ENGLAND
Possible primary source?
However, while some may say that statute blah sought to undermine Welsh identity (introduction) notes how a survey from the time suggested that the English system was replacing Welsh laws already. As such, we may argue that such tactics were used not only to supdue the Welsh, but to enable a more unified administration system to () this new colony p.34
Interestingly, () notes a contemporary survey which noted how English laws had already begun to replace Welsh ones, the move moreso one of administrational ease than (blah), neverthless, (blah) notes the continutation of Welsh customs (p.34)
A key cause for rebellion prior to the conquest, upon the Llewyllen ap Gruffudd's defeat, the Statute of Rhuddlan defined Wales as (), statute (blah) providing evidence for blah, the Edwardian conquest undermining Welsh identity through replacing the Welsh institution of blah with a Norman one
he impact of the final Edwardian conquestof Wales 1277–83 was, it is true, greatly reduced by the fact that much ofeastern and southern Wales had already been conquered in a piecemealfashion over two centuries; the inhabitants of those districts had thereby hadample opportunity to come to terms with Anglo-Norman rule over manygenerations
Here we can argue that it was not just the edwardian conquest which sought to undermine identity - it was only really in the remaining north and west, Gwynedd in particular
Thebones of Arthur were supposedly “discovered” in a grave at the monastery of Glaston-bury about 1190, as reported by Gerald of Wales (in two of his works, De PrincipisInstructione, “On the Instruction of Princes,” c. 1193, and Speculum Ecclesiae, “Mirrorof the Church,” c. 1217), who claimed to have been present at the exhumation.Though the discovery may well have been part of a ploy by the Glastonbury monksto attract financial support, it had the additional effect of proving not only that Arthurhad been a “real” person but that, far from planning a return from the Isle of Avalon,he was indisputably dead. Since the figure of Arthur had long been regarded byNorman conservatives as a politically dangerous messianic symbol who incited theremaining British peoples (mainly in Wales and Cornwall) to rebellion, the discoveryof his bones was a convenient sign which discredited Geoffrey’s hints of a Britishreturn to power and enabled the Norman monarchy to appropriate Arthur as an earlyancestor of their own royal line
yasss slayyy!!!
Just as he is aboutto return to Britain from his exile in Brittany, an angelic vision warns him thatGod did not wish the Britons to rule in Britain any longer, not until Merlin’sprophecy of a triumphant return of the heirs of the British kings was fulfilled (HRBbook 12).
Link to Henry and Edward in the fact that the normans was this return??
Even the character of Gawain,Arthur’s nephew, and the removal of the wounded Arthur to Avalon, both staplefeatures of later Arthurian stories, appear first in Geoffrey’s account.
Geoffrey in the early 12th century talks of his wounded being returned to avalon - Gerald then comes and (blahs) it with the talk of the discovery of Arthur's bones
dward Iliked to think of himself as Arthur reborn and he and Eleanor presided over a grand reopening of theGlastonbury tomb just after Easter in 1278, by which he orchestrated the connection (Loomis 1953
YAS YAS YASSS - Here, he replaces the mythology of Wales. He places HIMSELF as the new arthur, a pan-blah king, strong and warrior like, able to lead his people. This of course undermined Welsh identity, for Welsh myth and prophecy had said that he would be Welsh, not Norman and as such squashed a subject of rebellion for theWelsh people, chipping away a piece of their shared identity.
Arthur had, of course, to be laid to rest, and so disabled as a symbol of Welsh resistance to Anglo-Norman domination, and this was achieved spectacularly at Glastonbury, where his remains(alongside those of Guinevere) were ‘discovered’ in 1191 ( ).
HAAAAALEEEEELUUUUJAHHHHH!!! MUCHAS GRACIASSSS!!!! Right! Here is the best section everrrr!!! Edward I utilised the squashing of the athur myth and the phrophecy of his return to disable 'a symbol of Welsh resistance to Anglo-Norman domination' P.14)
Many, most obviously Edward I, made extensive use of his reign asa source of political precedent and propaganda to be reformulated for present purposes of politicalstatus and aggrandizement.
This is a veryyy good quote and shows how Edward I usedArthur in his campaign. Edward styled himself as the descendent of arthur, particularly emphasised in the extract with the 'great size' of the bones, edward himself dubbed 'longshanks' due to his extensive heigt
From Henry II onwards until at least Henry VIII,L’Estoire des EngleisEnglish kings, their courtiers and their apologists took the existence of Geoffrey’s Arthur as a matterof fact which was beyond doubt
yippeee
It has reasonably been suggested that this political and dynastic utility was always Geoffrey’sintention (e.g. Tatlock 1950: 426), given that he was competing with other writers of history for élitepatronage
Unsurprising then that he writes of the discovery of the bones - he needs to almost big up the king's so he can continue to live the lifestyle he was accostumed to
In particular, it provided the new Anglo-Norman kings with a predecessor of heroicsize, a great pan-British king in a long line of monarchs capable of countering contemporary pressuresfor decentralization, as had occurred in France, and reinforcing claims of political superiority over theCeltic lands
Yippeeee good quote!
However, Anglo-Saxon history was ill-suited to legitimizing the new Norman regime in Britain
Thus, the clerics, Geroffrey in particular, sought to apprpriate Welsh legendy (their version of history) to fit the normans
The result was arguably a reinforcement of belief in a folk Arthuras a protective force, as met with by the canons of Laon in Cornwall and Devon early in the twelfthcentury, who was considered by members of the local community to be still living. William ofNewburgh, almost a century later, similarly noted ( I, 9): ‘the Britons ...The History of English Affairsare considered to be so barbaric that they are said to be still awaiting the future coming of Ar
good
As the was later to note, no burial place was known for Arthur –Stanzas of the Gravesunsurprising, of course, if his origins lay in the fusion of folklore and political utility
This gives evidence for the significance ofit's finding then
Arthur’s depiction as the beloved of Christ and the Virgin Mother, and as a Christ-helper,encouraged his reign to be envisaged as a peculiarly golden age, characterized not only by gloriousvictory and extensive rule but also by high moral standing
Link to Edward
there developed the idea of Arthur’s conquests on the continent, which are firstmet with in passing in the pre-Galfridian Breton and .Life of St. Goueznovius Culhwch ac Olwen
Link to edward and the normons
The ’s claim that ArthurHistoriainvariably led the kings of the Britons in battle was naturally read by later audiences as indicative of agreat king ruling over other kings. Arthur necessarily emerged, therefore, as an ‘overking’ and as anemperor – and the r
Does this link to Llewllyn the last?? With him being hte princeo f wales. OR could Edward use this?
Adam of Damerham King Arthur and Glastonbury (18th April)
Again, another good source for Arthur, this time gives context for the second source and the reburial of arthur
By the late thirteenth century, Glastonbury -- some twelve miles from Cadbury -- was already a place with strong Arthurian connections. Identified by Geoffrey of Monmouth as the site of the legendary Avalon, resting-place of Joseph of Arimathea who took possession of the Holy Grail after the Crucifixion, it had already attracted the attention of Henry II and Richard I.(2) However, it was Edward I whose interest in the Glastonbury legend was particularly strong. He owned a prose Tristan, conducted Arthurian-inspired tournaments, linked his Welsh and Scottish campaigns to the legend, and created festivals which he called `Round Tables' in emulation of his mythical role-model.(3) His most conspicuous act in this regard was to order that the alleged tomb of Arthur and Guinevere, `discovered' at Glastonbury in the twelfth century, be opened and that the remains be removed from their resting-place in the lady chapel and then re-interred in the main church
Good quote for background of Edward I's obsession with Arthur
Page 13- Defining facism - possible to identify two waves
resident Wilson’sFourteen Points as the basis of a new democratic post-war order,
Could be good to note - liberal democracy, in newly liberal democratic states like Germany saw the USA< especially president Wilson, innfluence the type of liberal democracy they were to adhere to
Historiography of Weimar Germany:
Historiography in weirmar germany....duh
The village was extremely poor, and it was said that by 1933 one half of its inhabitants voted Nazi and the other half Communist
possible primary source to back up votes or liberal democracy
At the same time, however, formed in the turbulent years of defeat, revolution, civil war, and inflation, we had little belief in the duration of stability. The one certainty we had was that nothing was certain. Since none of the political movements that had started with the end of the war had fully reached its goal, we wondered whether unrest and turmoil was really abating or only reassembling for a new attack.
Potential primary source for liberal democracy
Hans Ostwald, "A Moral History of the Inflation" (1931)
possible primary source?
On Monday or Tuesday, the Ministers of the Interior of the states are coming to a meeting about the SA. I have no doubt that we will master it – one way or the other. I think we have already drawn its poisonous fangs. One can made good tactical use of the endless declarations of legality made by the SA leaders, which they have handed to me in thick volumes. The SA is thereby undermining its credibility. But there are still difficult weeks of political maneuvering until the various Landtag elections are over. Then, one will have to start working towards making the Nazis acceptable as participants in a government because the movement, which will certainly grow, can no longer be suppressed by force. Of course the Nazis must not be allowed to form a government of their own anywhere, let alone in the Reich. But in the states an attempt will have to be made here and there to harness them in a coalition and to cure them of their utopias by constructive government work. I can see no better way, for the idea of trying to destroy the Party through an anti-Nazi law on the lines of the old anti-Socialist law I would regard as a very unfortunate undertaking. With the SA of course it is different. They must be eliminated in any event, and ideally the so-called Iron Front as well. [ . . . ] Source of English translation: Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, eds., Nazism 1919-1945, Vol. 1,The Rise to Power 1919-1934. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1998, pp. 98-99
Point 3 primary source for references
To put the whole of this program into effect, we demand the creation of a strong central state power for the Reich; the unconditional authority of the political central Parliament over the entire Reich and its organizations; and the formation of Corporations based on estate and occupation for the purpose of carrying out the general legislation passed by the Reich in the various German states.
Stated in their 1920 '25-point programme' (quoted in United States Holocaust Mermorial Museum, 2025), the far-right 'NSDAP' in Germany sought from their creation to abolish liberal democracy in it's entirety. Point 25 demanded 'the creation of a strong central state power for the reich', the Nazis having 'unconditional authority...over the entire Reich'. While the program was made early in the far-right extremist groups history, the threat from the far-right in 1920 seemingly minimal in comparision to the hard-left who's sparticist uprising the previous year had sparked terror, once the Nazi party gained a larger following after the crisi, the programme, still forming the heart of Nazi aims, provides evidence of the threat the Nazis posed () to the German people.
We demand legal warfare on deliberate political mendacity and its dissemination in the press. To facilitate the creation of a German national press we demand:
Here, no other parties ig?
We demand the creation and maintenance of a healthy middle class, the immediate communalizing of big department stores, and their lease at a cheap rate to small traders, and that the utmost consideration shall be shown to all small traders in the placing of State and municipal orders.
aim to get the middle-class on their side
We demand land and territory (colonies) to feed our people and to settle our surplus population
Lebnsraum - takeover
Point 25 proposed an authoritarian form of government in its place. Adolf Hitler and the Nazis never wavered from their intention of establishing an authoritarian government under a strong leader. In 1932, as the Nazis campaigned in elections, Hitler asserted, “I consider the future of our nation [Volk] to be seriously threatened if the current democratic parliamentarianism is not replaced by a strong leadership authority
Possible good quotation
As the Nazis tried to win voters, they focused on different parts of the platform. They emphasized different aspects of their ideology based on whose support they were trying to gain at a given moment
The right (under the Nazis) were a particular threat in Germany due to their understanding of party politics. They often changed their focus on ideology based on where they were (reference, please)
In August 1925, Hitler wrote, “This program is unchangeable. It only finds its completion through its fulfillment.”
Shows how the point-plan were their aimswhich they wanted to fulfil
Arthur
Here, Edward appears to appropriate the Welsh myth of arthur. He is cautious to 'wrap them in costly silk', showing respect to the legendary King and his queen. This places Arthur in England. Here it feels like Edward is burying an ancestor of his own, and not the legendary hero. Likely familiar with Geoffrey of Montgomery's 1136 'Historia', it feels like Edward is linking his lineage with that of Arthur, placing himself as the rightful king. Furthermore, the fact that Arthur is dead, his 'bones' found and reburied puts an end to the hope in his 'return', possibly even alluding to the Normans as this hero!
Wales and King Arthur
This suggests possibly that the bones were originally 'found' in order to make the place one for pilgrimage. Pilgrimages forged a backbone of Medieval Christianity, with individuals, families or even the majority of a village venturing to a significant historical or religious site, to honour the saint or figure associated with the site. Site's were often connected to certain things. Such sites had 'relics' of the dead figure, in this case Arthur, the site earning money from souveneirs, offerings, indulgences e.t.c.
Whether the Industrial Revolution gave most Britons absolutely or relatively more and better food, clothes and housing is naturally of interest to every historican. But he will miss much of its point if he forgets that it is not merely a process of addition and subtraction, but a fundamental social change. It transformed the lives of men beyond recognition. Or, to be more exact, in its initial stages it destroyed their old ways of living and left them free to discover or make themselves new ones, if they could and knew ho
Really good quote!!! <333
The British Industrial Revolution experienced mass migration from the country to the town, the evaluation of which is every bit as complicated as the evaluation of the, in some respects similar, migrations of the present day.22 The majority of migrants do not regret the decision to move. Not all have burnt their boats, but return to the country is fairly rare.23 Yet tastes are altered by the city, and the possibility of return to the old life‐style can be forfeited
Living standards definition thingie
ecognize and respect a different view argued vigorously by Amartya Sen (see Sen et al., 1987) according to which, to put it simply, the standard of living should embrace all aspects of the quality of life. Not only has this view great appeal but it also enjoys the advantage that it evades awkward delineation problems.
Living standards definition?