In contrast to natural seasonal variation of water abundance, anomalously low water abundance in the dry season is called drought

Therefore, how Amazon forests respond to the variation of environmental factors (such as sunlight, temperature, and water), both seasonally and inter-annually, is of great concern to the research community.

cause Amazon forests to reduce investment in tissue maintenance and defense, it is not clear whether the photosynthesis of Amazon forests will continue to recover after future water stresses, because of the accumulated damages caused by the droughts.

results from the MAIAC data suggest that: (1) the droughts decreased the greenness (i.e., photosynthetic activity) of Amazon forests; (2) the Amazon wet season precipitation reduction induced by El Niño events could also lead to reduced photosynthetic activity of Amazon forests; and (3) in the subsequent year after the water stresses, the greenness of Amazon forests recovered from the preceding decreases

is only possible to assess Amazon forests’ response to the droughts in large areal extent through satellite remote sensing. Here, we used the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation index (VI) data to assess Amazon forests’ response to droughts, and compared the results with those from the standard (Collection 5 and Collection 6) MODIS VI data.

Community bioacoustics integrates the signal space of an acoustic community with information on species composition, diversity and signaling activity to study spatiotemporal community dynamics (i.e., seasonal and spatial variation in species composition or phylogenetic diversity) (Luther, 2008, 2009; Krishnan, 2019a; Lahiri et al., 2021).

We speculate that if reintroduced birds are unable to breed with wild populations or to persist as stable populations themselves and if reintroduced birds compete with native populations, then competition created by reintroductions may hasten rather than prevent extinctions

However, past attempts highlight the need to consider the effects of community change on both target and nontarget species.

Information from existing research into avian vocalizations can be used to improve conservation planning and increase the success of interventions

Acoustic monitoring can also be employed to evaluate the success of conservation interventions, providing useful evidence for future efforts.

Monitoring gene flow and dispersal events across a range of species, particularly endangered species during conservation interventions, should be a priority for researchers examining genetics in avian conservation.

More information is required to provide useful evidence for conservation practitioners.

This has been reported following multiple conservation interventions in the North Island Kokako (Callaeas wilsoni) (Bradley et al. 2014).

and can promote reproductive isolation at secondary contact (Grant & Grant 2002)—including during conservation interventions when previously separated populations are brought together.

This may cause problems if birds with different dialects are brought together during conservation interventions

The combined evidence from territory studies suggests birds may find it difficult to defend territories where foreign dialects are prevalent (Slabbekoorn & Smith 2002), which could reduce access to food, nest sites, and mates.

However, birds respond more strongly to unfamiliar songs of their own dialect and to songs that are more similar to their own than to foreign dialects

There are increasing examples of spectral and temporal partitioning in the acoustic signals of wild birds, both in response to other birds (Ficken et al. 1974; Planque & Slabbekoorn 2007; Luther 2009) and other taxa

However, it is often impossible to detect bottleneck events from song diversity due to the continued action of drift or withdrawal of learning

The action of drift is more severe in smaller populations, especially in fragmented environments, which are commonplace in conservation (Laiolo & Tella 2007).

There are a number of suggested mechanisms for dialect formation and evolution (Catchpole & Slater 2008), and understanding these is essential to predicting the possible impacts of dialects on conservation programs.

animal behavior

The conspicuous nature of the vocal behavior of birds makes it a useful tool for monitoring populations and measuring biodiversity, but the importance of vocalizations in conservation goes beyond monitoring