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  1. Mar 2017
  2. ac.els-cdn.com ac.els-cdn.com
    Does Commercialization Undermine the Benefits of Decentralization for Local Services Provision? Evidence from Mexico’s Urban Water and Sanitation Sector
    47
    1. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      some resistance from the urbanpoor continued

      <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (2000, February 16). Exigen ajustar precio del agua—Piden vecinos aumentar precio a 392 pesos y no los 743 fijados por la Alcaldía; anuncian movilizaciones. Click to access full source. <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (2004, April 15). Inconforme tarifa de agua; Comunidad. Protestan vecinos de la zona popular por cuota anual del líquido. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: Both of these sources are newspaper articles that document some form of protest against cost recovery measures after the major 1998 protests documented earlier in the paper. Reforma 2000 documents a petition to the mayoral administration on behalf of a group of neighborhood association leaders to lower by approximately half the water tariff increase affecting low income neighborhoods for the year 2000. Reforma 2004 documents an 800 person march in April 2004 against water tariff increases and a sewage disposal fee implemented in 2004. These data suggest that protest against water tariff increases did not cease altogether after the first PAN administration, however, given the thorough newspaper search that was conducted, its clear that the bulk of protests occurred during the 1997-2000 mayoral administration, assuming that major protests would have been covered by local newspapers.

    2. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      open only to neighborhood associ-ation leaders

      <br> Full Citation: Gaceta. (2002). Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico (April 8), p. 19. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: I include this quote from the official meetings of the water utility in 2002 assessing the reprentativeness of the opinions gathered at the public forum, and the [silliness?] of their [random] numerical assessment of how much these neighborhood association leaders actually represented the families in these neighborhoods. Aside from the humor in this numerical assesment, I also include this piece of evidence to document that only neighborhood association leaders were invited to the town hall meetings, meaning that citizen's preferences were intermediated by corporatist leadership of local leaders (a practice that continues to be common in Mexico).

      Excerpt: Se comenta la participacion positiva de las comunidades por conducto de sus Presidentes de Consejo de Participacion Ciudadana y Delegados Municipales. En este ejercicio democratico participaron 85 comunidades, logrando una consulta a 9229 familias, considerando a cada uno de ellas una integracion de cinco miembros, se obtiene una muestra de 46, 145 habitantes, que representan el 10.38% de la zona popular sujeta a tandeo, esto nos permite asegurar que la consulta tiene una confiabilidad de 98%.

      Translation: There was a positive community participation via their neighborhood association leaders and municipal delegates. In this democratic exercise, 85 communities were represented, including 9229 families, [so] assuming 5 people per family, this is a sample of 46, 145 residents that represent 10.38% of poor neighborhoods with irregular service, allowing us to estimate that the meetings are 98% reliability score.

    3. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      only public forums undertaken by the water utility duringthis period occurred in 2001 and 2002

      <br> Full Citation: Gaceta. (2001). Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico (April 3). Click to access full source. <br> Full Citation: Gaceta. (2002). Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico (April 8). Click to access full source. <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (2001a, March 12). Termina sin acuerdo consulta sobre agua. Location: shareable

      Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: These sources document that the water utility held two public forums in 2001 and 2002 with neighborhood association leaders. Gaceta 2001 and Gaceta 2002 are minutes of the board of directors of the water utility discussing the public forum meetings, which were published in the state registrar. Through interviews I found out that the mayor at the time (PAN mayor Eduardo Contreras 2003-2006) was not highly partisan or had little political experience and felt that publishing this information was the appropriate thing to do to increase transparency. In conjunction with that sentiment, Contreras also allowed for a Board of Directors in the water utility that was bipartisan, rather than stacked with PAN loyalists. Gaceta 2001, p. 32 documents plans for a town hall meeting to assess responses to water tariff increases affecting 122 neighborhoods and to inform neighborhood association leaders of the costs associated with delivering water service in the hopes that increased information and transparency would spur consumer willingness to pay. Reforma 2001a is a newspaper article that reports that neighborhood association leaders leaving the 2001 meeting were dissatisfied with the meeting, and felt that their interests were not being heard. Gaceta 2002 is another publication of the meetings of the board of directors of the water utility documenting the second meeting that occurred in 2002, with the intention of reducing a "culture of nonpayment," and noting that this was a democratic exercise to incorporate the voice of the public into municipal decision making. I provide these sources as evidence that these meetings did occur, and I verified in Interview #151 with a respondent that had worked at the water utility for 15 years that these were the only public forums that were held, under the Contreras administration.

    4. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      insisted on continuing to imple-ment cost recovery measures

      <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (1998g, April 10). Exigen cuota fija de agua por $302—Solicita frente de Convergencia Político Social solicitó el Alcalde José Luis Durán establecer pago anual en 131 colonias populares. Click to access full source.

      Full Citation: Reforma. (1998d, March 18). Bajan 20% cuota de agua. Click to access full source. <br>

      Full Citation: Reforma. (1998e, March 19). Rechazan rebaja en agua.

      Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: These three newspaper articles document the aftermath of the March and April 1998 protest against water tariff increases. They largely recount the events that occurred during the marches, demonstrations and sit-ins, but also record official statements by municipal officials responding to the protests. Importantly, they record the mayor's reaction to the protests and concessions that were made. Reforma 1998g documents the requests that the Frente movement made of the municipal government, including lowering the annual tariff for water service from $402 to $302 mxp, extending a 50% reduction in water tariff to all members of the Front social movement, and extending the discount in water tariffs during April through July. Reforma 1998d and Reforma 1998e documents that the mayor (and water utility) responded with a 20% decrease in the water tariff, valid through the end of April, for homes that receive irregular service in low income neighborhoods.

    5. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      “viewing citizen’s paymentas revenues for a business is totally absurd”

      <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (1998g, April 10). Exigen cuota fija de agua por $302—Solicita frente de Convergencia Político Social solicitó el Alcalde José Luis Durán establecer pago anual en 131 colonias populares. Click to access full source.

      Excerpt: En un document dirigido al director de Organismo descentralizado de Agua Potable, Armando Perez Moreno, el Frente considera que el pago por agua ha causado descontento e irritacion, “pues la optica de ver los dineros del pueblo como los ingresos de una empresa es totalmente absurd.

      Translation: In a document directed towards the water utility director Armanda Perez Moreno, [the social movement] said that water tariffs have caused anger and irritation, “ viewing citizen’s payment as revenues for a business it totally absurd.

    6. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      calling for Dura ́n’s resignation and associating thesemeasures with anti-poor policies

      <br> Full Citation: Gaceta. (2001). Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. Gaceta del Gobierno del Estado de Mexico (April 3), p. 33. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This source documents the perspective of the water utility in terms of the boycott payment and collective action instances against the water utility. It is a published account (inside of the state level registrar) of the minutes of a water utility board of directors meeting where discussions are being held over how to react to these instances of collective action. I provide this source as evidence that the water utility functionaries saw the instances of collective action as led by opposition party leaders rather than autonomously organized by civil society members. While I am unable to determine which side organized the protests, I believe that they were at least partially organized by PRI and PRD leaders to create problems for the first ever PAN administration.

      Excerpt: En vista que varias personas continuan tratando de manipular la informacion relacionada a los casos generados por la promocion del programa de "No al Pago de Agua", que iniciaran y extendieran algunos operadores politicos en Naucalpan por los anios 1998, 1999 y 2000, y dado el hecho de que por diferentes declaraciones que hemos escuchado a lo largo de los meses de conciliaciliacion con los usuarios, que preocupados del estado de indefension en que quedaron por la falta de seguimiento o cierre de dichas campanias, que los llevaron a depositar cantidades reducidas en consignacion ante los Juzgados Civiles de Cuantia Menor o iniciaron procedimiento ante el Tribunal de lo Contencioso Administrativo.

      Translation: ...various people continue to manipulate the information relating to the cases of promoting the "No to water payments" campaign that a few political operatives orchestrated in Naucalpan during 1998, 1999 and 2000...and... we have heard multiple declarations through the months from users worried that they felt defenseless against these campaigns...

      <br>

      Full Citation: Reforma. (1998c, March 13). Cuotas de agua, a referéndum. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This newspaper article reports on a clear instance of a PRI politician using the water prices conflict as a referendum against the PAN administration.

      Excerpt: Como partido vamos a convocar a toda la ciudadania, la todas los organizaciones sociales, si se decide no dar marcha atras, a realizar un referendum para preguntarle a la gente si esta de acuerdo en pagar las nuevas cutoas y si estan de acuerdo como gobierno Duran, afirmo Antonio Lara, regidor del PRI, y titular de la Comision Hidraulica en el Congreso.

      Translation: As a party we are going to gather the citizenry, all of the social organizations, if [the PAN] refuses to not backtrack [or concede to lowering prices], to conduct a referendum asking the people if they are consenting to pay the new tariffs and if they are in [favor] of the government of [PAN mayor] Duran," affirmed Antonio Lara, PRI city council person and head of the [state] congressional hydraulic commission.

    7. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      we receive water every third day, for barely three or fourhours, and sometimes it does not come until 11 pm”

      <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (1998b, March 12). Rechaza PAN bajar agua. Click to access full source.

      Excerpt: La gente si quiere pagar, pero los incrementos son deproporcionados; nosotros propusimos un increment del 30 por ciento de acuerdo a lo que decidimos en asamblea…[el agua] la tenemos cada tercer dia, no las ponen tres o cuatro horas apenas, a veces llega hasta las 11 de la noche”…

      Translation: See quotation in text of article.

    8. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      suggested consumers were willing to payfor water received

      <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (1998i, May 12). Pagan el agua ante Tribunal-Vecinos de Lomas del Cadete garantizan pago mínimo mientras sigue su demanda en contra de OAPAS. Click to access full source.

      Excerpt: Con la consigna de pagar lo que consideran justo y no lo que determine el Organismo de Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento, al menos 200 vecinos de Lomas del Cadetec acudieron ayer al Palacio de Justicias del Poder Judicial a depositar sobres con dinero. Los sobres depositados por los vecinos contienen, cada uno, 215 pesos, que corresponden a la tarifa annual que se cobro por el servicio de agua en zona de tandeo durante 1997.

      Translation: With the intention of paying what they considered just and not what the [water utility] determined, at least 200 residents of Lomas del Cadete united yesterday in front of the Municipal [Court] to deposit sums of cash. The folders…contained 215 pesos, which was the tariff for the [intermittent service category] in 1997.

    9. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      price increase of as much as 266% for the irregular, poorquality water service they were receiving

      <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (1998a, March 11). Rechazan aumento al agua-Protestan mil vecinos de zonas populares por alza de hasta 266%; proponen pagar entre 15 y 30% ma´s. Click to access full source.

      Excerpt: Las organizaciones sociales UPREZ, COCODEN Y UCP, diversos lideres de colonos y dirigentes priistas y perredistas que en conjunto dicen representar 82 colonias populares...acordaron ayer formar un frente comun para no pagar el servicio de agua potable hasta que se reduzcan las tarifas....Los quejosos argumentan que la Alcaldia panista aumento las cutoas anuales de agua en la zona popular en un porcentaje de hasta 266 por ciento.

      Translation: The social organizations UPREZ, COCODEN Y UCP, diverse neighborhood association leaders and PRI and PRD leaders that together claim to represent 82 poor neighborhoods...yesterday committed to a water payment boycott until the water tariffs are lowered...[they] are complaining that the PAN mayor increased the annual block water tariff in poor neighborhoods as much as 266%.

      <br> Full Citation:Reforma. (1998b, March 12). Rechaza PAN bajar agua. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This newspaper article provides greater detail regarding the payment boycott and collective action that began in March of 1998 against the PAN administration due to the repeal of Acuerdo 10, the prior agreement for subsidized water that poor neighborhoods held with PRI leaders. I include this here to provide evidence that the PAN administration of 1997-2000 repealed the Acuredo 10 subsidy.

      Excerpt: La polemica se suscito luego de que la semana pasada el Consejo Directivo de OAPAS determine eliminar el subsidio denominado Acuerdo 10, que beneficiaba a 82 colonias, lo que derive en incrementos reales en tarifas de agua potable para la zona popular de Naucalpan, que oscilan entre el 76 y el 266 por ciento.

      Translation: The problem arose when the Board of Directors of the [Naucalpan] water utility decided to eliminate the subsidy Acuerdo 10 last week, which benefitted 82 neighborhoods, and which [now] results in real increases in water tariffs for poor neighborhoods in Naucalpan to oscillate between 76 and 266% increases.

    10. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      By 2008, 1,313 industries were registered clients ofthe water utility

      <br> Full Citation: OAPAS. (2008a). Reporte de tomas por tipo de contratacion. Organismo Público Descentralizado para la Prestación de los Servicios de Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento de Naucalpan. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: See 1313 total under Industrial category of users in Chart entitled Reporte de Tomas por Tipo de Contrataciones.

    11. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      being asked tohelp finance flood controls and improve deficient drainage sys-tems in their industrial parks

      <br> Full Citation: Reforma. (1996a, June 20). Buscan empresarios mitigar inundaciones. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This source demonstrates the weak position of the water utility in 1996 to attend to the demands of business and industry with respect to hydraulic works.

      Excerpt: Cerca de 100 comerciantes y empresarios del Parque Industrial Alce Blanco cooperaran para reunir 200,000mxp y adquirir cuatro bombas que ayuden a evitar inundaciones en la calles aledanias a sus empresas...Debido a la situacion economica que esta afectando a todos los sectores y desde luego a este Organismo, no fue posible concluir antes de presente temporada de lluvia las obras que iniciamos para evitar inundaciones...

      Translation: Close to 100 commercial businesses and industrialists will cooperate to contribute $200,000 mxp to purchase equipment to help reduce flooding in the streets near their businesses....[as noted by a water utility functionary:] Given the [poor] economy that is affecting many sectors and including this water utility, we were unable to complete the anti-flooding prevention projects prior to the rainy season that we began [earlier in the year]...

    12. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      by 1997, the water utility was bankrupt

      <br> Full Citation: Gaceta Municipal. (1997). Gaceta Municipal. Gobierno de Naucalpan, Estado de México (December 15). Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This source is a bulletin issued by the Duran mayoral administration (1997-2000) issued periodically and reporting on the activities of different municipal institutions. It is a valuable piece of evidence that references the conditions of the water utility at the beginning of Duran's mayoral administration in 1997, documenting the baseline against which some reforms can be measured.

      Excerpt: Al igual que la Hacienda Municipal, las finanzas del...OAPAS... se recibieron en situacion critica...adeudos importantes...ascendian a $4,405,000 mxp... A principio de anio, el OAPAS tenia un adeudo de $62, 551,000 mxp por agua recibida en bloque.

      Translation: Similar to the municipal budget, the water utility that was [transferred from the prior mayoral administration to the new mayoral administration] was in dire conditions..important debts exceed $4,405,000 mxp... At the beginning of [1997], [the water utility] owed $62, 551,000 mxp for bulk water [from the state water commission].

    13. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      most do not re-cover enough revenue to invest in minimal serviceimprovements

      <br> Full Citation: Poder Legislativo del Estado de México. (2008). Informe sobre la revisión de la Cuenta Pública Municipal: Volumen 8: Resultados de la Evaluación al Desempeño de los Organismos Descentralizados Operadores de Agua y Saneamiento y MAVICI. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This source is the fiscal audit conducted by the Mexico state government auditing branch of the fiscal state of the municipal water utilities throughout the state in 2009. It is perhaps the most reliable source of data regarding the fiscal accounts of water utility because failure to comply with auditing or the manipulation of figures is a major legal offense and one that I found water utility employees to be quite careful about. This source shows the extent of the municipal water utility debt and challenge of raising internal revenue in Mexico State.

      Excerpt: I calculated these figures based on the number of water utilities in the state that showed fiscally insolvent numbers, on pages 39, 57 and 75.

    14. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      onlyapproximately 50% of the city has registered connections

      <br> Full Citation: CISA (2007). Municipio de Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México: Diagnóstico del subsector agua potable, resumen ejecutivo. CISA Solutions, p. 24. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This document is a comprehensive report of the physical, financial and operational state of the Neza water utility undertaken by a private consulting company hired in 2007. This study was paid for by a higher tier of government. It was provided to me by an employee who had taken a copy and saved it for themselves.

      Excerpt: La produccion es inferior a la demanda, que representa un deficit del 5.02% de la misma. Se tiene una cobertura en agua potable del 86.97%, sin embargo si comparamos el estimado de usuarios a partir de la poblacion contra el numero de usuarios registrados en el padron del Organismo Operador del Municipio, esta solo alcanza el 49.75%.

      Translation: There is an official coverage data [according to water utility figures] of 86.97%, however if we compare the number of registered users to the city's population, coverage only reaches 49.75%.

    15. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      , there are a handful of“high”performers

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2011b). Situación del agua potable, alcantarillado y saneamiento. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 93. Click to access full source.

    16. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      from 394 treatment plantsin 1992 to 2,289 in 2011

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2012). Situación del agua potable, alcantarillado y saneamiento. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 49. Click to access full source.

    17. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      from 32 in 1975 to 100 in 2009

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2011a). Estadísticas del agua de México. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 34.

      Click to access full source.

    18. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      total investment made in thesector since 2002 has doubled from 2002 to 2011, from .17%to .32% of GDP

      <br> Full Citation: IMTA. (2011). Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua.

      Click to access full source.
    20. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      commercial efficiency as a nationalaverage has increased by only 1% in the last decade

      <br> Full Citation: IMTA. (2011). Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua.

      Click to access full source.

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (2005). Mexico infrastructure public expenditure review (IPER). Washington DC: World Bank, p. 30. Click to access full source.

    21. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      While CNA data show a national average of73.8% of commercial efficiency in 2012

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2012). Situación del agua potable, alcantarillado y saneamiento. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 60. Click to access full source.

    22. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      intestinal infectious disease in Mexico in 2005was twice as high as in Argentina, four times as high as inCosta Rica, and 15 times as high as in Chile

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (2005). Mexico infrastructure public expenditure review (IPER). Washington DC: World Bank, p. 28, footnote 56. Click to access full source.

    23. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      water-related health indicators have improvedover time in Mexico

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2011a). Estadísticas del agua de México. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 102. Click to access full source.

    24. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      ncreasing from 157 liters percapita in 2003 to 480 liters per capita in 2010

      <br> Full Citation: IADB (2010). Determinants of bottled water consumption in Mexico. Executive summary. Inter-American Development Bank: Executive Summary, p. 15.

      Click to access full source.

    25. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      esti-mate that intermittent service affected 24.2% of consumers in2002 and increased to 28.5% in 2011

      <br> Full Citation: IMTA. (2011). Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua.

      Click to access full source.
    26. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      45% of households experienceddaily intermittency and 55% of households periodic intermit-tency in 2000 based on census data

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (2005). Mexico infrastructure public expenditure review (IPER). Washington DC: World Bank, p. 27.

      Click to access full source.
    27. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      hysical efficiency asmeasured in terms of volume consumed/water produced hasincreased by less than 2% since 2002

      <br> Full Citation: IMTA. (2011). Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua.

      Click to access full source.
    28. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      (an estimated 84% oflost water is due to leaky infrastructure and 16% to clandestineconnections)

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2010). Cobertura universal: Suburbios urbanos conectados a redes. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 12. Click to access full source.

    29. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      n some cities considerably higher

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2012). Situación del agua potable, alcantarillado y saneamiento. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. Annex 1 a. Click to access full source. <br> Full Citation: Universal. (2009b, May 28). Consumo irresponsable causa pérdida de 70% de agua.

      Click to access full source.
    30. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      amount of non-revenue water (volume billed/vol-ume produced) in urban centers is approximately 47%

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2010). Cobertura universal: Suburbios urbanos conectados a redes. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 12. Click to access full source.

    31. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      national average of 91.2% watercoverage and 89.9% sanitation coverage, increases from81.9% to 65% respectively, since 1991

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (1992). Situación del agua potable, alcantarillado y saneamiento. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 10. Click to access full source. <br>

      Full Citation: CNA (2011b). Situación del agua potable, alcantarillado y saneamiento. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 22. Click to access full source.

    32. QDR 08 Mar 2017
      decrease reliance on federal subsidiesthrough cost recovery, and decrease environmental pollution

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (1994). Sintesis de la memoria de gestion 1988–1994. Comisión Nacional del Agua, pp. 9-10. Click to access full source. <br>

      Full Citation: World Bank. (1990). Staff appraisal report for loan 3271-ME (No. 8973-ME). Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 10-16. Click to access full source.

    33. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      637 of which serve populationsover 20,000

      <br> Full Citation: IMTA. (2011). Programa de Indicadores de Gestión de Organismos Operadores del Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua. Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua.

      Click to access full source.

      <br> Full Citation: INEGI. (2009). Panorama censal de los organismos operadores de agua en México. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, p. 9. Click to access full source.

    34. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      treating water as an eco-nomic good, cost recovery, service suspension for non-pay-ment, and“performance-based”financing schemes

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (1993). Informe 1989–1993. Comisión Nacional del Agua, pp. 47-48, 59-68.

      Click to access full source.

    35. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      operate with le-gal, fiscal, and administrative autonomy from city hall

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (1990). Staff appraisal report for loan 3271-ME (No. 8973-ME). Washington, DC: World Bank, pp. 15-17. Click to access full source.

    36. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      sector financingderived from IFI loans follow APAZU operating rules

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (1990). Staff appraisal report for loan 3271-ME (No. 8973-ME). Washington, DC: World Bank, p. 11. Click to access full source.

    37. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      account for less than 2% of all water services in thecountry

      <br> Full Citation: INEGI. (2009). Panorama censal de los organismos operadores de agua en México. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.

      Click to access full source. <br> Full Citation: CNA (1993). Informe 1989–1993. Comisión Nacional del Agua. Click to access full source. <br>

      Full Citation: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (1992). Ley de Aguas Nacionales. Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Click to access full source.

    39. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      the share of industrial and commercial con-sumption totaled only 10% of total consumption in 1990

      <br> Full Citation: (1990). Staff appraisal report for loan 3271-ME (No. 8973-ME). Washington, DC: World Bank, p. 5. Click to access full source.

    40. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      high incidenceof water-borne disease and a child mortality rate of over 70times that of the United States

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (1975). Report and recommendation to the President (No. P-1727-ME.). Washington DC, p. 10. Click to access full source.

    41. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      he rates have not been sufficiently increased be-cause of inertia and political considerations”

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (1964). An appraisal of the development program of Mexico: Volume VII, Annex VI, water supply, sewerage and public health. Department of Operations, Western Hemisphere. Washington DC: World Bank, p. 2. Click to access full source.

    42. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      users were charged only30% of the long-run marginal cost of providing service

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (1990). Staff appraisal report for loan 3271-ME (No. 8973-ME). Washington, DC: World Bank, p. 13. Click to access full source.

    43. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      cost of providingservice ranged from $MXP 1.50–1.75

      <br> Full Citation: SRH. (1973). Los servicios de agua potable en México. Distrito Federal, México: Secretaría de Recursos Hidráulicos, p. 208. Click to access full source.

    44. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      transfer systems to locals who felt little ownership of the pro-ject and had few system maintenance resources

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. (1992). Project completion report for loan 1186-ME, 1913-ME, 2281-ME (Infrastructure Division, Country Department II, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office No. Report No. 11448). Washington, DC: World Bank, p. 45.

      Click to access full source.

    46. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      further control for variation in state levelpolicy toward urban services.

      <br> Full Citation: GEM (1997). Evaluación 1997. Gobierno del Estado de México: Subsecretaría de Infraestructura Hidraúlica. Click to access full source.

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2006). Estadísticas del agua, aguas del valle de México y sistema Cutzamala Región XIII. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 79.

      Click to access full source.

    47. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      at 8.8% of GDP, and it isalso the most densely populated state in Mexico, with 13.8%of the population

      <br> Full Citation: CNA (2011a). Estadísticas del agua de México. Comisión Nacional del Agua, p. 16. Click to access full source.

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    1. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      21 percent of survey respondents received over 75percent of their budgets from government funding.

      <br> Full Citation: Duda, Rubens. 2011. Bureaucrat, Department of Civil Society and Human Rights, Department of STD/AIDS, Ministry of Health. Author interview. August 24.

      Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: I substantiate this claim in the book manuscript but not in this article, due to space constraints, and because the claim is not central to main my argument. Nevertheless, I am including here a document containing notes from my 2011 interview with Rubens Duda, as direct evidence to support the claim. The interview notes are sparse and not particularly clear. However, the interview recording from Minute 20 to Minute 30-something, provides clear and direct evidence in support of my in-text claim. In it, Rubens Duda describes how the national AIDS program helped activists form state-wide AIDS advocacy networks in new states of Brazil. It was an effort led by the AIDS advocacy networks in Rio and São Paulo, and the national AIDS program support the efforts of these activists from Rio and São Paulo with funding and by traveling to different states of Brazil to help advertise and explain the concept of an AIDS advocacy network (referred to as “forums”).

    2. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      AIDS net-works in the Northeastern states of Maranhão, Pernambuco, Ceará, and Paraíba.

      <br> Full Citation: Falta de remédio para HIV causa protestos. 2010. Gazeta do Povo, April 29. Click to access full source.

      <br> Full Citation: Brasil: Falta de antirretrovirais gera protestos em sete estados brasileiros. 2010. Agência Lusa, April 28. Click to access full source.

      <br> Full Citation: Falta de remédios contra aids causa protestos. 2010. O Estado de São Paulo, April 28. Click to access full source.

      <br> Full Citation: Leite, Fabiane. Falta de remédios contra aids causa protestos. 2010. O Estado de São Paulo, April 28. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: Here, I am including newspaper articles about the protests that I mention in my descriptive claim.

    3. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      associations in the North and Northwest regions received fundingfrom federal contracts

      <br> Full Citation: Ministério da Saúde. 2003. Catálogo de organizações da sociedade civil HIV/AIDS 2001/2002. Ministério da Saúde.

      </a> Click to access full source. </a>

      Analytic Note: This document is a national catalog of civil society organizations working with AIDS in 2003. It constitutes an attempt by the national AIDS bureaucracy to collect data on AIDS NGOs in Brazil. I built my own national database of AIDS NGOs in 2003 to use for analysis, and I did it using the data contained within this catalog.
    4. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      officially regis-tered 508 AIDS associations by 2002 and 695 organizations by 2009

      <br> Full Citation: Ministério da Saúde. 2003. Catálogo de organizações da sociedade civil HIV/AIDS 2001/2002. Ministério da Saúde.

      </a> Click to access full source. </a>

      Analytic Note: This document is a national catalog of civil society organizations working with AIDS in 2003. It constitutes an attempt by the national AIDS bureaucracy to collect data on AIDS NGOs in Brazil. I built my own national database of AIDS NGOs in 2003 to use for analysis, and I did it using the data contained within this catalog.
    5. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      in fights between states and municipalities, between [civil society]organizations and the municipality or state”

      <br> Full Citation: Duda, Rubens. 2010. Bureaucrat, Department of Civil Society and Human Rights, Department of STD/AIDS, Ministry of Health. Author interview. Brasília, March 18.

      Click to access full source. </a>
    6. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      “in the context of a decentralized national health system” (

      <br> Full Citation: National Council of Articulation with Social Movements (CASM). 2004-9. Minutes of meetings. Click to access full source.

      Analytic Note: This document is the original set of bylaws of the National Council of Articulation with Social Movements (CASM). The link provided here contains not only the bylaws but also the minutes of every CASM meeting since its inauguration in January 2004.

    7. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      a region notorious forhuman rights violations and gender-related violence

      <br> Full Citation: Ministério da Saúde. National AIDS Program. n.d. List of states’ AIDS activism. Unpublished internal document.

      Click to access full source. </a>

      Analytic Note: This document is an unpublished spreadsheet produced by the national AIDS bureaucracy. It contains detailed information about each civil society project financed by the national AIDS bureaucracy in the year 2007. Pages 7-9 contain data on groups that received legal aid “assessoria juridica” project funding. I tallied the total number of recipient organizations and also counted the number of recipient organizations per geographic region.
    8. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      funding for civil society to support projects that center on political advocacy

      <br> Full Citation: Ministério da Saúde. National AIDS Program. Civil Society and Human Rights sector (CSHR). 2006. Exercício 2006. Unpublished government document. Accessed August 28, 2006.

      Click to access full source. </a>

      Analytic Note: In drawing up Table 1, I used the information in CSHR 2006, the national budget for civil-society funding. Because I am interested in money that national bureaucrats give directly to civil society organizations, I deleted the two line items that entailed targeted transfers to state-level governments (items 1 and 2 on the budget, which I know are funds that are distributed to civil society groups by state-level governments through my numerous interviews and analysis of other government documents). I also relabeled the categories for clarity.
    9. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      direct federal funding for local AIDS associations in2006

      <br> Full Citation: Ministério da Saúde. National AIDS Program. Civil Society and Human Rights sector (CSHR). 2006. Exercício 2006. Unpublished government document. Accessed August 28, 2006.

      Click to access full source. </a>

      Analytic Note: This document is an unpublished budget of national AIDS bureaucracy funding for civil society projects, by type of project, in the year 2006. The first two line items constitute funding that the national AIDS bureaucracy transfers to state-level governments for distribution to civil-society organizations. The rest of the items in the budget constitute direct national funding for civil-society projects. In drawing up Table 1, I used the information in the budget on national direct funding for civil society, and I relabeled the categories for clarity.
    10. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      allocations of funding across years

      <br> Full Citation: Ministério da Saúde. n.d. Série histórica dos projectos financiados para OSC 1999–2008. Unpublished government document.

      Click to access full source. </a>

      Analytic Note: The document contains two spreadsheets, which are unpublished documents produced by and for the national AIDS bureaucracy. The first describes the number of civil society projects financed by the national AIDS bureaucracy between 1999 and 2008, by state and by year. The second describes the amount of funding for civil society projects, and the number of projects, funded by the national AIDS bureaucracy between 1999 and 2008, by region and by year.
    11. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      This is why it is fundamental for society to be together with uspressuring [government]”

      <br> Full Citation: Kalichman, Artur. 2007. Adjunct Director, State STD/AIDS Program, São Paulo. Quoted from a public address at the seminar Social Control and AIDS in the State of São Paulo. Click to access full source.

    12. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      If we don’t have a solid social movement, established at the locallevel, it is going to be very difficult to achieve this”

      <br> Full Citation: Chequer, Pedro. 2007. Quoted from a public address at the seminar Social Control and AIDS in the State of São Paulo. São Paulo, March. Click to access full source.

    13. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      an absence of political will to invest in AIDS

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. 2010. Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Loan in the Amount of US$67 Million to the Federative Republic of Brazil for the AIDS-SUS Project (National Aids Program—National Health Service). Report no. 54060-BR. (pp. 4-5). Click to access full source.

    14. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      in evaluations of both Brazil’s public health pro-gram and its AIDS programs

      <br> Full Citation: U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). 2007. Audit Report No. 1-512-07-007-P. (pp. 9-15).

      Click to access full source.

      <br> Full Citation: World Bank. 2007. Governance in Brazils Unified Health System (SUS): Raising the Quality of Public Spending and Resource Management. Report no. 36601-BR. (pp. 65-66).

      Click to access full source.

    15. QDR 07 Mar 2017
      such as the rural states of Amazonas and RioGrande do Norte (List of states’ AIDS activism).

      <br> Full Citation: Lima, Noemia. 2010. Bureaucrat, Department of Civil Society and Human Rights, Department of STD/AIDS, Ministry of Health. Author interview. Brasília, March 19.

      Click to access full source. </a>

      Analytic Note: This source is an internal government spreadsheet from 2010, containing a record of the number of parliamentary causes in Brazil and their locations. It was printed and given to me by the government bureaucrat who was in charge of the effort to promote parliamentary AIDS caucuses, Noemia Lima.
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