But it also faces today an entirely different kind of crisis, the results of a betrayal of the public trust resulting from a massive abdication of the duty of care. And it is important not to diminish the extent to which such care is a duty owed by the institution both to its internal community—especially its students—and to the world.

Scholars such as Martha Nussbaum have pointed to the role of the humanities—especially philosophy, history, and literature—in cultivating “the ability to think critically; the ability to transcend local loyalties and to approach world problems as a ‘citizen of the world’; and, finally, the ability to imagine sympathetically the predicament of another person,” abilities that are, she argues, “crucial to the health of any democracy internally, and to the creation of a decent world culture capable of constructively addressing the world’s most pressing problems” (7).

return it to a focus on public service

talk about openness, impact, public service, and generosity falls apart at the point at which it crosses paths with the more entrenched if unspoken principles around which our institutions are actually arranged today.

resistance to the notion that members of the public can serve as “peers”

citizen humanities

But I do want to argue that we would benefit from doing more work in ways that are not just technically but also rhetorically accessible to the public.

the public couldn’t possibly be interested in scholarly work

Knowledge that is not public is not knowledge.”

lies at the core of the academic mission. It is at the heart of our values.

discovered and accessed

Taking one’s work public can involve significant risk

how to make the intellectual and professional connections that might help my writing develop and find an audience

Obsolescence,

contribute to the publics to which they belong

co-create learning outcomes,

Open Educational Resources

The ORCID principles represented the first attempt to address the issue ofcommunity trust which have developed in our conversations since to include additionalissues. Other instructive examples that provide direction include Wikimedia Foundationand CERN.

forkable

we need to ensureit is not co-opted by particular interest groups.

Trust must run strongly acrosseach of the following areas: running the infrastructure (governance), funding it(sustainability), and preserving community ownership of it (insurance).

In particular our view is that theunderlying data that is generated by the actions of the research community should be acommunity resource – supporting informed decision making for the community as well asproviding as base for private enterprise to provide value added services.

As part of this initiative, we are looking at possible pilots at a subset of institutions that would allow us to use repositories as a proof-of-concept for community-owned infrastructure, and also to reassert community control over our content.

The use of open source platforms, with appropriate community governance, is also critical to this goal and to preventing greater commercial control of both scholarly content and associated infrastructure.

“Everything we have gained by opening content and data will be under threat if we allow the enclosure of scholarly infrastructures.”

proliferation of Western publishing biases

shifted away from an emphasis on managing content, and moved directly towards becoming a powerhouse in data analytics

The counting of papers indexed by large-scale bibliometric databases—which mainly cover journals published by commercial publishers, as we have seen in this paper—creates a strong incentive for researchers to publish in these journals, and thus reinforces the control of commercial publishers on the scientific community.

Of course, most journals rely on publishers’ systems to handle and review the manuscripts; however, while these systems facilitate the process, it is the researchers as part of the scientific community who perform peer review. Hence, this essential step of quality control is not a value added by the publishers but by the scientific community itself.

On the whole, our results show that the top commercial publishers have benefited from the digital era, as it led to a dramatic increase in the share of scientific literature they published.

1) the creation of new journals and 2) existing journals being acquired by these publishers.

On the whole, for these two broad domains of scholarly knowledge, five publishers account for more than half of today’s published journal output.

One could expect, however, that these numbers have changed during the shift from print to electronic publishing.

imply because it allows a generalized form of scrutiny: anyone can check and recheck what is being proposed in the ‘Grand Conversation’.

here are other possible centers of science that would bring a degree of real internationalization to Latin American science without condemning it to revert to submitting to a system that really aims at extracting good brains and good teams from the poor countries to aggregate them to the existing and dominant system.

This also reminds us that a misplaced obsession with flawed conceptions of ‘international’ or ‘mainstream’ science has been in place for decades.

Finding ways to internationalize Latin American research has been a concern and even an obsession since the 1980s. However, working with old equipment and library collections that are both incomplete and dated put researchers at a drastic disadvantage

It has nothing to say against development, but as it transforms the quality issue into a competition for best rankings, it introduces competition as the management tool in the worldwide research system, and it also defines the rules of the competition.

international co-authorship for developing countries is one of the indicators ... of incorporation into international scientific networks necessary for the advancement of science and technology in these countries’

To revert to Dr De, his interest in cholera could be expected in Calcutta, but in Paris and London, in the late 1950s, cholera had the trappings of either a nineteenth-century disease, or a disease in far away lands

poorly internationalized knowledge system

Publishing a good work from ‘unknown’ – i.e. unfamiliar – authors basedin ‘exotic’ institutions will not bring prestige to the targeted journal.

prestige generally trumps visibility and even quality

the present competition regime as it affects Latin American research does not do much to enhance the general quality of research in the region, and it may even decrease it, even as the number of ‘gold-medal’ scientists may rise to some extent.

With the competition regime generated by citation-based indicators, the number of prize-winning scientists may increase, butthe general quality of entire scientific communities may stagnate, or even decrease (loss of vocations, loss of interest, etc.).

hey were not meant to measure quality

he application of citation-based indicators was designed to delineate the circulation of theories, concepts, methods and tools, to analyze the networking connections among scientists and to measure the impact of published articles

Access to scholarly literature is at the heart of current debates in the research community.

prevalence and characteristics of OA

higher citation counts for OA, suggesting a so-called “open access citation advantage”

there is a need for large-scale, high-quality data on the growth and composition of the OA literature itself.

OA articles receive 18% more citations than average

Furthermore, there is evidence of a sizable proportion of those sharing articles onsocial media (Twitter in particular) being non-academics

only bonafide peer-reviewed journalsare included in the study,

The apparent interest by the public in accessing research uncovered by this studypoints to the need to better understand how the public will benefit from receiving access.

In it, Willinsky argues (among other things)for the public value of OA, but readily admits that “the common reader’s download-ing of the latest article on trilobites from the Journal of Paleontology is unlikely to bethe number-one argument in convincing researchers”

This study also goes beyond exploring the impact of the research, it also contributesto our understanding of the value that the public finds in having access, in a world thathas been increasingly moving towards providing such access through different open ac-cess model

move beyond looking atwhatis published, and to begin to understand its impact andreach.

dearth

t is conceivable that students are learning the “conventionsof particular text types and disciplines” that Curry and Hewings (2005) suggest “may bebest demonstrated using example texts”

The remarkable 16–25% of the users who access the two portals used in this study are atestament of the public interest in the work being produced by academics.

I call these “alternative” inthat neither group is made up of individuals who are themselves likely to be authors, andthus, all impact on these communities (public, pedagogic, or otherwise) would not havebeen detected in any citation-based (traditional impact) measure.

do Latin American journals have impact and reach beyond the academiccommunity?. The answer: a resoundingYES.

All in all we might draw two conclusions from this: Firstly, academia never really sleeps. And secondly, we can answer John Bohannon’s question on Who’s downloading pirated papers? with a resounding Academics do for sure!.

You’d naively expect that the larger a population is, the more downloads will be done.

When I saw this data I immediately wondered whether most of those downloads were made from outside universities/by the general public or whether they were done by academic researchers who couldn’t get access through their institution due to the lack of subscriptions.

after all it’s the general public that’s paying academic research and they are the ones that suffer most from paid access.

citizen science has become nearly as big a concept as science itself

typically do not yield the community-development and personal-empow-erment outcomes that have the power to impact social change (Calabrese Barton, 2012).

The fact that participants in some public Data Collection projects achieve some measurable gains in knowledge about science content or process is a hopeful finding. That participants do not seem to demonstrate noticeable changes in attitudes or behaviors is cause for reflection. Many fac-tors might account for this finding.

Also, hikers who were trained to follow a protocol for collecting data about invasive plants, and who subsequently gathered to analyze data and discuss responsible environmental behavior with respect to invasive plants, reported increased ability to recognize invasive plants and increased awareness of the effects of invasive plants on the environment (Jordan etal., 2011).

results of citizen science projects have been published in high-profile scientific journals,

public deficit in science knowledge and attitudes to recognition of the need to increased participatory input (Bauer, 2009)

“Public Understanding of Science” (PUS)

public participation in scientific research

The goal of citizen science espoused by Irwin is to bring the public and science closer together, to consider possibilities for a more active “scientific citizenship,” and to involve the public more deeply in dialogue and decision-making around issues related to risk and environmental threat

Educate the public about environmental issues. Citizen science advances environmental protection by EPA does not have a formal strategy on citizen science educating the public about environmental issues. EPA, but considerable work is underway in EPA programs and working with other agencies and organizations, can regions. These projects and activities on citizen science use citizen science as a STEM education tool, including support four areas of emphasis that help EPA accomplish involving young people in science and research.

EPA can build capacity in citizen science approaches environmental protection by helping communities as a whole and broadly support effective projects and understand local problems and collect quality data that programs through strategic investments; progress in a can be used to advocate for or solve environmental few key areas could enhance all four areas of emphasis and health issues. Citizen science provides effective at the Agency

Ensure feedback loops are in place

The “power of place” is the influence of emotional, cultural and material connections to the places where people live, which motivates action.

A place-based approach is central to citizen science for defining and solving problems at the local and community levels. By increasing engagement at the local level and promoting outcomes in local decision making, place-based citizen science can reduce the need for regulatory intervention and increase the capacity of EPA to support environmental protection.

Literacy

Shared Knowledge

Common Vision. A public connected to and invested in the missions

democratization of res-earch and policy making

participatory science

Embrace citizen science as a core tenet of environmental protection

National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and Technology

itizen science broadens environmental protection by working across boundaries that can separate policy makers, scientists and members of the public, harnessing the shared commitment of grassroots efforts, formal research and federal protection to create a safer and healthier Nation.

build an informed population that can advocate successfully for environmental protection,

Above all,the majority of data is in the hands of for-profit companies, which contradicts the openness and transparency that has motivated the idea of altmetrics

The conceptualizationcan hencebe used to construct meaningful indicators.In the case ofaltmetrics, recorded online eventsare used without having a proper understanding of underlyingactsand in how far they are representative of various engagements with scholarly work.

If Twitter orMendeley were discontinued, an entire data source would be lostand the acts of tweeting and saving to Mendeley would no long

broadly definedaltmetrics asthe “study and use of scholarly impact measures based on activity in online tools and environments”,

Altmetrics comprisemany different types of metrics, whichhas made it difficult to establish a clear-cut definitionof what they represent

peer-reviewed scientific journal still isthe most important channel to diffuse scientificknowledge

s researchers increasingly use themto raise their visibility, connect withothers and diffuse their w

The above story is very uncomfortable,

On the path on which they had run,came rolling the head of the man' wife.

The name Yalek and the associated crests and songs will beperformed at all the pole-raising feasts and so will always be areminder about vulnerability and abusing power tocontrol others.

The young woman is assisted and healed by Loon Woman

slave woman is killed by the wolves,

The main elements of the case brief are: (1) What arethe relevant facts of the story? (2) What is the main human problem thatthe story focuses on? (3) What is decided about the problem or how isthis problem resolved? (4) What is the reason behind the decision (saidand/or unsaid)-is there an explanation in the story?

e seek to re-embed stories (i.e. cases) in a fullercontext.

The young woman was pregnant and she gave birth to a child thatresembled a wolf-he had a pointed nose and a small tail

The sun crest and its songs wouldbelong to her and her children, generation after generation.

the women madeplans to escape

The prince once loved us just as heloves you now, but he discarded us and now we are slaves. When he hears ofsome other woman, he will throw you away too."

But their legs were covered in sores from theextreme cold and burns from the fire. One of the slaves took pity on theyoung woman, "Don't you know the man you are married to is a wolf

Indigenous feminist legal analysis.

adapted case method.

developed detailed policy proposalsand practical models for dealing with violence against women."

At the same time, Indigenous women have demonstrated greatresilience and leadership in bringing issues of violence more fully into thepublic spotlight."

efforts are woefully inadequate in addressing broader issues of violencewithin Indigenous communities." There has been no sustainedconstitutional innovation dealing with Indigenous justice issues despitenumerous reports recommending greater Indigenous control of justiceunder section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982."

n the United States, Indigenous legal powers and principles havebeen officially recognized and activated by both tribal and nationalgovernments in an attempt to respond to internal and external violenceagainst Indigenous women.

Gendered violence will not effortlessly disappear if colonialism isfully addressed. Indigenous men do not harm Indigenous women justbecause of colonialism.

decolonization must be gendered;

Deer asserts that "[riesisting rape means resisting colonization."72 Herperspective importantly points to the use of sexual violence as a tool ofcolonization; however, if taken out of context, it also dangerously impliesthat gendered violence is only colonial and that Indigenous histories arepure and non-violent.

we believe that as a historicalstatement this elder's view is simply wrong;

we advocate against understandingIndigenous legal traditions and Indigenous peoples as being frozen inhistory.

As noted, one of the more powerful discourses that is deployed inconversations about gender is the assertion that Indigenous societies had(and some argue, still have") perfectly balanced gender roles prior tocontact.? The notion here is that Indigenous women and men each hadtheir roles, and that these were equally valued, and they werecomplementary.

Indigenous feminist legal theory

all gendered discoursesshould be engaged with, discussed, and re-evaluated if they areoppressive.

Indigenous laws needto be understood as gendered.3 Indigenous law, like all other forms oflaw, is not neutral; rather, it is heavily influenced by dominant socialnorms.

Violence against women, though oftenexperienced in interpersonal relationships, is connected to larger socialstructures of inequality within any society.

racism,colonialism, sexism, and patriarchy, for example, are allinterconnected forms of violence that support one another.?

Indigenous legal subjectshave different lived realities because of their gender.

Indigenous laws need to be able to challenge violence against Indigenouswomen in all its forms-from physical violence to degrading stereotypes.

spiritual violence, and symbolic violence.

engaging with stories.

We consider differentways that Indigenous people have attempted to address violence againstwomen using state law and modern Indigenous law,

recognizing the prevalence of violence against women

we are mindful of theimportant critiques of using restorative justice processes to respond toviolence against women.1

Indigenous law does not mean the same thing as responding withrestorative justice.

different systems to operate in harmony

There was gendered violence in Indigenous societies historically andsometimes it was very significant.

How might we begin thinkingabout violence against Indigenous women through the frame ofIndigenous law? Can Indigenous legal traditions-including stories asprecedent-and legal processes help us advance this work? What can acritical gendered approach to Indigenous laws offer to this discussion?

Indigenous laws flow from Indigenous cultures as a contextuallyspecific set of ideas and practices aimed at generating the conditions forgreater peace and order.

We must move from focusing on general claims of culture toconsidering which specific aspects of Indigenous legal traditions can bedeployed to more effectively address this problem.'

What we consider here are some shifts in focus and somedifferent perspectives to determine what can be added to the presentdiscussions about violence against Indigenous women.

The danger of a rather conventional conception ofcivic engagement, however, is that it will be inadequate to the task ofinspiring and instructing the very people who in the years ahead willneed to undertake the difficult transformational change that Americandemocracy needs.

perennial

ephemeral

deological differences

(manywere short-term, few offered students meaningful opportunities to re-flect on the complex socio-economic factors that caused the problemto begin with)

voiding political activism

‘a lifelong commitmentto community service, and ... promote sensitive, thoughtful and effec-tive citizenship and leadership’ (McKibben 1985).

The purpose of this article is to describe how the movement unfoldedand how these ideological debates have produced a conception ofcivic engagement that calls for further revision if it is to fulfil its orig-inal democratic promise.

Should the movement seek to disrupt prevailingacademic norms or gently amend them?

These include integrating community-based activities intocourses in order to allow students to grapple with complex real-worldproblems (that is, service-learning) (Eyler and Giles 1999; Stanton etal. 1999), reorienting scholarly activities to address pressing societaland community concerns (e.g., community-based research and actionresearch) (Boyer 1990; Driscoll and Lynton 1999; O’Meara and Rice2005), the development of sustained and reciprocal university/com-munity partnerships (Harkavy and Wiewel 1995; Jacoby 2003; Mau-rasse 2001), and preparing students to live in an increasingly diverseand inter-connected world (Gurin et al. 2002; Musil 2005).

civic purposes

It stimulates conversations among a wide-ranging and trusting community of experts, empowers local voices, and educates the diverse next gen-eration of students

At the same time, Syracuse University professors are seeing the diverse next generation grow up right before their eyes into aspiring professionals and academics.

social infrastructure

compact re-development

Syracuse University students and faculty are partners, plan-ners, activists, and designers in realizing that vision of the future.

increase the impact of our scholarship on the pressing problems of the world—a vision we call “Scholarship in Action”—we needed to engage with communities of experts as complex as the challenges we face today

we invited all who considered themselves our stakeholders to share their thoughts on past successes and fail-ures—faculty and staff members; students; alumni; friends of the university; and, crucially for the present context, members of the local and regional community.

growing national movement among higher education institutions re-emphasizing their public mission

aimed at envisioning the university’s course for the future, explicitly starting from the assumption that the university, even as a private institu-tion, had a public mission, and that its map of academic excellence, from public affairs and public communications to information studies and architecture, among many other fields, drew sustenance from scholarly engagement in the world

contiguous

Scholars, students, and residents forged “communities of experts” to fulfill the central promise of an anchor institution: to make a sustainable difference in our community.

microcosm

e suggest care is needed in identifying, and replacing, any simplistic policies that only pay lip service and symbolic attention to the public dimensions of scholarship and that inadvertently generate barriers to publicness

our analysis found that RPT documents signal that faculty should focus on uptake within their specific academic fields,

That metrics are used in this wayis perhaps unsurprising, but their mention at three quarters of R-type institutions is indicative of just how common the call is for citation measures as evidence.

“some of them [open access journals] are peer-reviewed and of very high quality, and some of them are not. The critical issue for tenure and promotion is neither the medium of publication nor the business model of the publisher but the rigor of the peer review process and the quality of the papers.”2

‘predatory open-access journals

Alternatively, efforts to have faculty work serve the public good might have universities seekout ways of interpreting and valuing the public impact of research activities, even when these activities do not engage with the community or are disseminated in traditional publication formats and venues.

results offer new insight into how faculty careers are affected by the debates over the public nature of the institutions.

Our research shows that, while there is a relatively high incidence of the terms “public” and “community” in the RPT documents—that could be interpreted as an indicator that faculty do need to consider the nature of the publicness of their work—there are neither explicit incentives, nor clear structures of support for assessing the contributions of scholarship to the various dimensions of publicness.

“scholarly standing.”

the demarcation between this form of scholarshipand “traditional research” suggests that we need to look at how the latter is discussed

Although these terms are also found within the context of research, as in some of the quotes above, we noted that the word “research” can appear near the words “public” and “community” without being directly relevant to the notion of public-and/or community-engaged research

R-type

We began our analysis with the terms “public”and “community”to understand the degree to which the public is talked about, and to gain a sense of the context surrounding their inclusion in RPT documents.

Given the variety of units, organization structures, and naming conventions, our selection of which units to target was not perfectly systematic. It

If not through publication and dissemination formats, a concerted effort to address community or societal goals might be encouraged and achieved through engaging communities in the research process itself.

research outputs to take forms that are more ready for public consumption

In the sense of public patronage, we might expect the emphasis on research to move towards the use of open access models for scholarly and scientific publications, with the public gaining access to the work they are funding.

this research sought to explore the extent to which public and community engagementin research and scholarly work are reflected in RPT documents.

universitiesshould operate with the mission of addressing general social problems, promoting the common good, and emphasizing the social contributions of educational achievement beyond the individuals’ benefit of access to higher education.

Examples of Some Actual Policy Outcome

democratic political process

The disinclination of manyscientists to engage with the policy world, even amongstthe most collaboratively minded, is revealing. It high-lights an unresolved issue about the extent to which asystematic research-driven model can be adapted andimproved to reflect the need to compete with advocatesof other forms of evidence to secure the attention andsupport of policymakers.

Collab-orative research practices tend to fall into two groups–using each other’s skills and expertise for relativelydiscrete sections of the research process (collaborative)and engaging in a whole process of equal control anddecision-making (co-productive)

‘improved dissemination’

More generally, there are dif-ferent scientific and policymaker cultures

eputational costsoutweigh the policy benefits?

socially embedded’ in authority relations and cultural contexts.

However, while in Germany the emphasis was on increasing fertility and economic growth, British policy focused on social investments through a higher employment rate of single parents and the long-term educational benefits.

nalyses the way child care was reframed as an ‘economic issue’ in both countries in the 1960s.

They are supposed to enhance the knowledge base of evidence-based policy, to improve the accountability of regulatory science and to reconnect the input- and output-dimension of political legitimacy.

the ‘rise of the unelected’

‘ironically, the greater the utility of science in political affairs, the less it can maintain its image of objectivity that has been the very source of its political value’ (Nelkin, 1987, 293

policy-based evidence is supposed to mean exactly the opposite: the failure to include relevant knowledge, the claim of distorted evidence when actually it is not, the interference with research and its opportunistic use, the fabrication, suppression, falsification and instrumentalisation of facts for political purposes.

endarkenment’

Paul Rudd

in the relationship between science and policy actually points to a research gap.

evidence-based policy rests on its own mechanisms of exclusion and selectivity, that is, modes of black-boxing, knowledge monopolisation, blame avoidance and over-simplification