I believe this is far more psychological than about a racial motivation. People have an inherent belief to block out negative stigma, they do not wish to see homelessness and poverty. They would much rather live theirs lives in ignorant bliss, in the protected bubbles to faves harsh realities and truths and that extends to all races and ethnic groups. Now that is not to say I don't believe race doesn't play a part I believe it does but I don't think it's the primary factor.

I never imagined the importance sidewalks had in blending and connecting different communities. I knew of their use and ease of access for mobility from one place to another but didn't realize the significance they placed on those who relied on the the most from inner city communities to people without motor vehicles.

I had lived in a 2 different gated communities from my early childhood to teen life and with a large scale of diversity and and sense of community. I would say overall the memories are incredibly pleasant with neighborhood picnics enjoying neighbors company and social get togethers. My case may have been more rare as I lived at one point in a immigrant sanctuary where the vast majority of the neighborhood was not natural born citizens, everyone coming from a different nation.

I find it absolutely astounding how if this is the case, how this figure would not be more of a controversial figure. Instead I find his Wikipedia page about him, praising him and how the debate of where this originally cited argument stems into a debate. In his legacy page, the view if he built low overhanging bridges out of racial idealogy is hotly debated between "Do Politics have Artifacts" article and "Do Artifacts have Politics" both taking opposing sides on this stance.

I found this specific detail about 12 foot tall buses very peculiar. It doesn't have any major focus to the article as a whole other than it supported lower income people and at the time, primarily people of color. The buses itself were before modern day air conditioning, there was very limited seats and were far less safe then modern buses we have now in days. this really relates the struggles some of these people went through on a daily basis that we just take for granted.

Did not Know the definition of this word, Google state the definition is "1. of the nature of a paradigm or model. "they offer this database as a paradigmatic example" 2. of or denoting the relationship between a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles." Hey maybe I'll be able to use the adjective in a paper one day to increase the ethos of my argument one day

This reminds of the Americans with Disabilities Act and how disabled people did not have access to enter public and government buildings because they weren't wheel chair accessible making it harder and more dangerous for them to move around. This in my opinion is one act that is universally loved and can't see many arguments against it.

Citation: "Americans with Disabilities Act." United States Department of Labor. N.p., 06 May 2016. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This small paragraph addresses the claim of the entire article focusing on specific examples from New York's Long Island bridges to Atlanta's MARTA system. This claim also links back to the How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away Article, how building design choices are relatively left unchecked from invasive or negative impacts to a certain group of people. It also shows how subtle and how incredibly hard it was to notice the design choices used that could severely addressing hurt a certain group of people in this case as well, the poor and homeless. They both focus on addressing those of lower incomes as something that need to be kept out of sight and out of mind by making it uncomfortable to be in more wealthy areas or outright not giving them the rescources to go to these places at all

Cited Article: Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This introductory paragraph really caused me to think back to my childhood parks and benches. It never once occurred to me why benches were so small or why they were uncomfortable or how no more than two people typically could sit on a bench at a time. Even when I did think longer onto it I believed it had to be for artistic value or because of budgetary cuts, and for all fairness it very well could have been, but now I began to look at the community as a whole I like many others avoid homeless people and try to keep it out of mind but now the issue has become more prominent to me because of this opening paragraph and opening my mind.

The Atlantic How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away deals with an almost identical premise. The paper describes how a Hotel in London had dull spikes indented into the sidewalk and concrete walkways surrounding the building and how they discouraged and harmed homeless people who used the shade and roof of these buildings to sleep away from the elements. Someone who took notice posted photos of these items and caused massive outrage worldwide at the terrible disregard for those less fortunate than ourselves. Mayors from Montreal to London criticized and were appalled by these additions to buildings.

The next paragraph focuses on "skate stoppers" and how these indents are placed into concrete sidewalks or rails to stop skateboarding in that area. These "pig ears" as they are also referred bring up an interesting point saying how damaging and negatively they affect a skateboarders life but not the average passerby, who would not even bat an eye to these additions to structures.

The article then rounds back around to the issues focusing on the homeless and how important architecture is to our perceived subconscious and repressed ideas or morals for those who use it. It brings up specific benches throughout many different cities that were designed to be either uncomfortable, meant for short term use and just not meant to be laid down on. It also addresses cities anti-loitering laws and how they are specifically used to harass the homeless and less fortunate who, either sleep or spend their days in public establishments. The final conclusion addresses how the public and mayors were outraged by these implementations and calls for actions asking if the mayors or governments would do anything to remove these "additions" and justify their anger.

Sarah Schindler "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment" addresses how architecture itself can be used as an invisible and sometime completely unnoticeable divider between people, from social class, religion, ethnic groups to race. It addresses how built environments use their physical features to make some things harder to reach or less obtainable to a focused group of individuals. It gives many examples from lower designed bridges so buses could not pass through them which were characterized by low income, and mostly people of color, basically cutting people's access off to something that was meant to be a public resource for all. It goes into detail to show the ways many communities segregate or monopolize public attractions or services or divides others to a public resource.

Citations: Schindler, Sarah. "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment." The Yale Law Journal - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

They didn't really own the land, it was granted to them by the town. I wonder if this was directly linked to a racial issue or if it only was the fact that they didn't own anything. They cleared and worked the land but the town granted them the land. After they passed away the town tried selling the land and failed, they also continue to own the land to this day.

This text stands out because it not put emphasis on the sentence "Cato Howe is Black." it draws focus to an issue on race and racial identity. This will then be further expanded upon through the use of racial cultures intertwining with the dominant Anglo-American culture and African culture mixing.

This text pulls a lot of significance from the fact that people of darker skin tones were not even worth leaving a written account of until the played a role in America's independence from Great Britain.

This community is the core of the entire article and its substance. It makes me wonder what would have happened if these 4 men didn't come together or they didn't choose to settle land or own property. If they never owned the property, they never would be able to show such a blend of two different cultures coming together from their home structure to their pottery remains we would only then have their military service to work from a cultural standpoint of what their society was.

I actually looked up how much 27 dollars was worth in 2017. It's a little over 530 dollars, That is probably the poorest I can imagine some people to be living with, only that value worth of assets to continue your life off of.

This article relates directly to the CNN Historical treasures lost, damaged in Italian quake article as it shows, that natural disasters be it either fire or earthquake destroy human culture and heritage over time. It erases some of the answers we would have had, had they remained there, it also portrays their significance as a chain between the modern day and a look into the past.

Historical Treasures Lost, Damaged in Italian Quake CNN article conveys the story of a 6.2 magnitude earthquake that hit Italian towns and communities destroying many historical and cultural sites. It then continues to address the sadness and feeling of loss the communities experienced following the earthquake from the clean up to funds being raised for aid relief and restoration. Then they finally ask the people to come together for a day of solidarity for their community to mourn for their losses and to rebuild.

This article addresses similar subjects of natural disasters destroying man made historical and cultural structures and buildings as well as addresses the importance and significance these building portrayed to the people and community. These building signify past generations and eras of time that leave a natural connection and chain to the past that newer generations will be able physically experience and relate to.

James F Deetz exposes the racial, cultural, and economic differences experienced by freed African American slaves following the revolutionary war. He engages us in gathering every bit of detail and document he can gather about Cato Howe, Plato Turner, Prince Goodwin, Quamany and their families. he explains how they all had to survive on 96 acres on infertile land and had to survive off government pensions and aid. It was on this land where they spent the remainder of their days within the tiny community. Although their lives was modest the only documents we can obtain about them was their military and death records and a few references the city of Plymouth makes when addressing their land.

Through the process of excavations and research we are able to determine so much more using the well preserved remains were dug up from the property. We learn of James Burr the Grandson of Plato Turner and last inhabitant of the land. Further investigations show how this small community interjected aspects of African culture and combined them with the more dominant Anglo-American culture of the time. These discoveries don't only give us a better understanding of their lives and community but also their cultural adaptations to a different society.

“Parting Ways Cemetery.” Parting Ways Cemetery. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2016.

"Historical treasures lost, damaged in Italian quake." CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.

This could be an exact example of a blending or convergence of cultures as human societies used similar techniques to survive and thrive. They both relied on crude but reliable means to further their civilizations.

This shotgun house is a clear reminder of the African culture they were able to preserve and allow us to see their significance in a Anglo American dominated society

This Question addresses the entire paper and how the importance the material aspects and written documents allow us to peer back into the past and see the social and cultural aspects of a previous age. This relays on us to identify these links between past and present and what significance they portrayed.

James F Deetz exposes the racial and economic differences experienced by freed African American slaves following the revolutionary war. He engages us in gathering every bit of detail and document he can gather about Cato Howe and 3 other men and their families ,post-war, how they all had to survive on 96 acres on infertile land and had to survive off government pensions. It was on this land where he spent the remainder of his days with the tiny community he formed. He lived out a modest life only having a total of 27 dollars to his name, never having more than the minimum things he required to continue living. Although his life was modest the only documents we can obtain about him was his military and death records and a few references the city of Plymouth makes when addressing the land other than that, it was as if he never existed. Through the process of archaeology we are able to determine so much more using the well preserved remains were dug up from his property to not only get a better understanding of his life and community but also the modest living standards he lived off till the end of his days.