This is an important amendment that states "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside".

Link: https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv

What are bollards? Bollards are sturdy posts that help to control heavy flowing traffic and prevent life threatening car accidents.

Image: http://www.syifoundry.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/bollards-syi-1.jpg

Before I read this passage, I thought of one-way streets as a way of traffic regulation. Living in Midtown, Atlanta, majority of the streets are one ways. I understand that one-way streets are necessary because in the city everything is too crowded and it can become dangerous sometimes for not only the drivers but also the pedestrians walking place to place.

A type of physical exclusion exists between North Korea and South Korea that separates these two countries. The area is called the Korean Demilitarized Zone; it is roughly following the 38th parallel line. Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Dmz-jsa-korea-4-4-2009.jpg

In context, this is another way to say serving as a superior/good model or pattern.

Also known as Larry, Lessig is a big political,legal activist and reliable attorney. He is the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Havard Law School. He has begun to revolutionize and tie his intellectual knowledge with law with politics. Listed below is a link that directs to more information about Lessig.

Link: http://www.lessig.org/about/

This statement right here is what I believe the thesis sentence or the main idea of Schindler's article.

Sarah Schindler's article, "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment," thoroughly explains the bigger problem behind the built environments that seclude those who make little to no income and of color. Following that, she addresses the judicial and political procedures that should be taken to resolve this issue.

As a supplementary reading, I chose to analyze Robert Rosenberger's article, "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The author talks similarly to what Schindler implies in her article, which is seclusion and discrimination exhibiting through certain physical designs of architecture. In London, the homeless are extremely unfortunate because there are benches that prevent them from sleeping on them (design shown above).

Rosenberger, Robert, Conor Friedersdorf, John Tierney, David A. Graham, Julia Ioffe, David Frum, David Sims, Emma Green, The Editors, Jaclyn Skurie, Caitlin Cadieux, Alice Roth, and Nadine Ajaka. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. The Atlantic , 19 June 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.

Image: https://c1.staticflickr.com/4/3042/2528899062_6f20925f16_b.jpg

Her ethos, also known as her credibility, is shown clearly and professionally in this section about her. Since she is well educated in her field of law, she brings strong evidence and claims regarding this controversy. In addition, she includes/gives credit to her various colleagues and scholars for their research assistance. With everything being said, I feel that Schindler's message is reaching out to those in higher education and power such as lawmakers, legislatures, and courts.

This defines as the study/philosophy of law.

I believe this is far more psychological than about a racial motivation. People have an inherent belief to block out negative stigma, they do not wish to see homelessness and poverty. They would much rather live theirs lives in ignorant bliss, in the protected bubbles to faves harsh realities and truths and that extends to all races and ethnic groups. Now that is not to say I don't believe race doesn't play a part I believe it does but I don't think it's the primary factor.

I never imagined the importance sidewalks had in blending and connecting different communities. I knew of their use and ease of access for mobility from one place to another but didn't realize the significance they placed on those who relied on the the most from inner city communities to people without motor vehicles.

I had lived in a 2 different gated communities from my early childhood to teen life and with a large scale of diversity and and sense of community. I would say overall the memories are incredibly pleasant with neighborhood picnics enjoying neighbors company and social get togethers. My case may have been more rare as I lived at one point in a immigrant sanctuary where the vast majority of the neighborhood was not natural born citizens, everyone coming from a different nation.

I find it absolutely astounding how if this is the case, how this figure would not be more of a controversial figure. Instead I find his Wikipedia page about him, praising him and how the debate of where this originally cited argument stems into a debate. In his legacy page, the view if he built low overhanging bridges out of racial idealogy is hotly debated between "Do Politics have Artifacts" article and "Do Artifacts have Politics" both taking opposing sides on this stance.

I found this specific detail about 12 foot tall buses very peculiar. It doesn't have any major focus to the article as a whole other than it supported lower income people and at the time, primarily people of color. The buses itself were before modern day air conditioning, there was very limited seats and were far less safe then modern buses we have now in days. this really relates the struggles some of these people went through on a daily basis that we just take for granted.

Did not Know the definition of this word, Google state the definition is "1. of the nature of a paradigm or model. "they offer this database as a paradigmatic example" 2. of or denoting the relationship between a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles." Hey maybe I'll be able to use the adjective in a paper one day to increase the ethos of my argument one day

This reminds of the Americans with Disabilities Act and how disabled people did not have access to enter public and government buildings because they weren't wheel chair accessible making it harder and more dangerous for them to move around. This in my opinion is one act that is universally loved and can't see many arguments against it.

Citation: "Americans with Disabilities Act." United States Department of Labor. N.p., 06 May 2016. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This small paragraph addresses the claim of the entire article focusing on specific examples from New York's Long Island bridges to Atlanta's MARTA system. This claim also links back to the How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away Article, how building design choices are relatively left unchecked from invasive or negative impacts to a certain group of people. It also shows how subtle and how incredibly hard it was to notice the design choices used that could severely addressing hurt a certain group of people in this case as well, the poor and homeless. They both focus on addressing those of lower incomes as something that need to be kept out of sight and out of mind by making it uncomfortable to be in more wealthy areas or outright not giving them the rescources to go to these places at all

Cited Article: Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This introductory paragraph really caused me to think back to my childhood parks and benches. It never once occurred to me why benches were so small or why they were uncomfortable or how no more than two people typically could sit on a bench at a time. Even when I did think longer onto it I believed it had to be for artistic value or because of budgetary cuts, and for all fairness it very well could have been, but now I began to look at the community as a whole I like many others avoid homeless people and try to keep it out of mind but now the issue has become more prominent to me because of this opening paragraph and opening my mind.

The Atlantic How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away deals with an almost identical premise. The paper describes how a Hotel in London had dull spikes indented into the sidewalk and concrete walkways surrounding the building and how they discouraged and harmed homeless people who used the shade and roof of these buildings to sleep away from the elements. Someone who took notice posted photos of these items and caused massive outrage worldwide at the terrible disregard for those less fortunate than ourselves. Mayors from Montreal to London criticized and were appalled by these additions to buildings.

The next paragraph focuses on "skate stoppers" and how these indents are placed into concrete sidewalks or rails to stop skateboarding in that area. These "pig ears" as they are also referred bring up an interesting point saying how damaging and negatively they affect a skateboarders life but not the average passerby, who would not even bat an eye to these additions to structures.

The article then rounds back around to the issues focusing on the homeless and how important architecture is to our perceived subconscious and repressed ideas or morals for those who use it. It brings up specific benches throughout many different cities that were designed to be either uncomfortable, meant for short term use and just not meant to be laid down on. It also addresses cities anti-loitering laws and how they are specifically used to harass the homeless and less fortunate who, either sleep or spend their days in public establishments. The final conclusion addresses how the public and mayors were outraged by these implementations and calls for actions asking if the mayors or governments would do anything to remove these "additions" and justify their anger.

Sarah Schindler "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment" addresses how architecture itself can be used as an invisible and sometime completely unnoticeable divider between people, from social class, religion, ethnic groups to race. It addresses how built environments use their physical features to make some things harder to reach or less obtainable to a focused group of individuals. It gives many examples from lower designed bridges so buses could not pass through them which were characterized by low income, and mostly people of color, basically cutting people's access off to something that was meant to be a public resource for all. It goes into detail to show the ways many communities segregate or monopolize public attractions or services or divides others to a public resource.

Citations: Schindler, Sarah. "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment." The Yale Law Journal - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Referencing the other article by rosenberger, this would be an example of a use of architecture to divide communities, and a problem that those unaffected would never know about unless awareness was raised.

I have seen this just outside of Atlanta. Just outside of the areas dominated by businesses such as hotels, education or banking are the transitionary areas in which highway ramps merge in and out of the city. Past these areas are neighborhoods that are primarily low income individuals reliant on public transportation. Between this low income neighborhood and the city, there existed no sidewalks and little to no pedestrian light assistance. Those that do have personal transportations would have to take longer routes as these roads leading into the city were often 1 way streets.

This seems appropriate and fair that only those who are connected in some way to the neighborhood are allowed to use the area to park. I think that this prevents free-riding and doesn't promote segregration.

A few years ago, fully covered bench bus stops were almost always occupied at night with a homeless person, whereas now I have seen the rise of the use of signs to indicate where MARTA buses will stop, and the decline of covered benches.

I have lived in both cities and suburbs and this refusal to expand the transportation system to areas previously unaccessible to those without personal transportation detriments both areas. Suburbs are limited in the amount of development that can be sustainably achieved when the only individuals willing to work minimum or blue collar jobs are either the children of suburban residents or those that live within the city. Since innercity individuals cannot physically access the jobs out in the suburbs as a result of restricted public transportation both communities are harmed simply because citizens and lawmakers wish to keep out those they deem to be lower or undesirable.

This article goes into detail various methods that architects and law makers can implement in the built environment in order to affect neighborhoods or the population that interacts with the environment. Whether by refusing to allow bus stops to reach certain areas, not building sidewalks between low and high income areas or placing physical barriers such as concrete walls or fences, all these methods change how people and traffic move and interact with the environment. Division, whether caused or enforced by the perception of race or class, separates the populace and increases the difficulty of the struggle that an individual must undertake in order to move through economical classes.

This is an idea that both this article and the Atlantic article by Robert Rosenberger share. Rosenberger speaks about how groups not directly targeted by architectural devices would simply pass these deterrents everyday and never know the social implications of these devices. If media and people do not both voice their concerns and listen to those affected, change will never be made. However in the case of anti-homeless spikes public concern banished this specific method of homeless deterrence from occuring in public places. In the yale law journal, those traveling to Jones beach in a car would never realize that the low overpasses prevented poorer residents who rely on public transportation from accessing the beach. In other situations, subtle situations such as the lack of sidewalks or bus stations prevent those in need from accessing resources only those able to afford their own transportation would be able to access.

I noticed that this article focuses heavily on what in the built environment is changed or implemented and how these changes affect populations, but the majority of these changes seem to be made in mind to keep certain groups away, and that the only reasoning for these changes is as a result of classism or racism. Several times in this article it is said that there would be benefits to having low income individuals having access to higher income areas in the form of jobs and increased economy, but it seems ironic to me that these low income individuals who cannot physically access more jobs are kept poor as a result of those architects and lawmakers who designed these areas as to keep low income individuals out, but in turn prevent these individuals from progressing economically. It seems backwards to allow the continuation of this circular logic, in which individuals are held in contempt in the eyes of those that forced the "low class" in that situation.

The Atlantic article, "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away" by Robert Rosenberger begins with the exhibition of metal spikes built into the floor of a corner in front of a business. This case of architechural design was implemented in order to deter the homeless away from this area. While public opinion managed to get these metal spikes removed, many other cases where architechture is used to exclude certain individuals are less obvious.

Many deterrents are only obvious to a passerby if you are affected by them. Benches or areas to sit that have what seem to be extra armrests actually prevent the homeless from laying on them for extended periods of time. Studs or large attachments to benches or edges in public space prevent skateboarders from using them to perform tricks. While architecture can be used to subtly divide communities, law and policy can be used visibly to target specific groups such as the homeless from entering unwanted areas.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.

A gated community is not necessarily harmful to anyone, and it makes sense that most cities would not outlaw this type of architectural exclusion as it does not prevent anyone from trying to live there, it simply prevents the entry of anyone that does not have any real connection. Just as in the case of residential parking permits, this is a appropriate use of architecture. I don't fully understand why this was included, other than to be used as a transitioning point by the author to jump to another subject.

Edit: When positioned in certain areas, gated communities show people a visible difference in wealth and the economic divide between those that live within and those observing from outside. Aside from this, gated communities do not necessarily inhibit others from achieving growth. In many other cases, communities are gated in order to deter unwanted behavior and people such as criminals and solicitors from entering.

In Schindler's argument she discusses mostly about architectural discrimination among the African American community, but in Marak's argument the issue revolves around the elderly community; this raises the question of how many of the elderly are African American or are living in African American communities? It could strengthen both arguments if there is some form of correlation between the to issues.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2016/09/08/elder-orphans-have-a-harder-time-aging-in-place/#3783a7e43bae

In my neighbor, Henderson Mill Rd is a dangerous road for pedestrians. We are located near two major expressways, I-25 and I-285. Often, drivers will get off the expressways and cut through my neighborhood to avoid traffic. My neighborhood only has one sidewalk for us to walk on. The sidewalk is located on the less populated side. On the other side, they are three sets of apartments and two sets of condominiums. This side is filled with a lot of immigrants and families. But there is no sidewalk located on this side, there is only a dirt path filled with debris and broken glass. If you wanted to travel across the street, you must run while avoiding incoming cars. I get the impression that I’m not wanted on the other side.

Then: Now: Today, the 8-mile wall is painted with large murals. Artist tend to paint on the side facing Alfonso Wells Playground, because there is an exposed stretch of wall with no homes behind it. In 2006, community activist and Detroit residents came together to paint the wall. On the wall, scenes of the civil rights movements including Rosa Park boarding the bus, neighborhood children blowing bubbles, and a group of a cappella singers. Now, the wall is a symbolic piece, because the message represents harmony and unity rather than segregation.

Bollard-is a short post in the street used to guide traffic protect vehicle collusion

In Atlanta, driving can be a stressful experience for commuters and visitors. The downtown roads are not only packed but difficult to navigate. Some of the roads are one ways or dead ends. Different roads unexpectedly end or merge into another road out of nowhere. The lack of signage make this situation even more stressful to drivers. For example, a restaurant is located on your right but the restaurant is located on a one-way street. A driver must past their destination and navigate their way back to the restaurant to enter. This makes drivers avoid the downtown Atlanta area when driving.

This example shows how architectural decisions manipulate our minds in the simplest way. A cafeteria manger simply switches the placement of the healthier food options to the front to guide people towards healthier choices. Now, the junk food options are switched to the back out of eye range. If a person usual order is junk food but does not see it displayed in front of them, it creates a switch in their mind. They just want the option in their line of vision and decide to select the healthier option over their usual order. This person is so programmed to the mandate that he does not expand or breach out to other choices.

In Atlanta, homelessness is a growing issue facing the city. Homeless people often tend to sleep or station themselves in public parks. They create their own community with each other and form their own village. For example, Hurt Park located outside of Georgia State University hosts many homeless people. When I pass by the park on the way to class, I notice homeless people either sleeping on the ground or on park benches. I understand when a new park is built; these types of benches are not built. I did not know they were built to deter homeless people from sleeping in the park. I think instead of preventing homeless people from sleeping in the park; we need to assist them in getting back onto their feet.

In the article, “How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away”, journalist Rosenberger explains how cities use architecture to deter the homeless population from loitering in park, subways stations, and bus stations. In London, spikes were placed outside of an apartment building to prevent homeless people from sleeping there. People were outraged about this and started a petition to remove the spikes. The spikes were a visible display of homeless-detergent technology, but there is more subtle design out there. An example, the design of park benches. Benches are7/ designed with slats/ large armrest create individual seats for each person to prevent comfortable sitting on them and laying down across them. They create this design to prevent homeless people+ in the park from sleeping there. Also, the same designs are implied in bus stops and transit systems. Ordinary people would not notice the reasoning behind the design, but if you’re a homeless person this sends a message that you’re not wanted here. Architectural design only truly impacts a person if they are the issue themselves.

In the United States, the term ghetto is often associated with the African American community, but other ethnic groups reside there such as Hispanics and whites. Ghettos tend to be made up of ethnic minorities, but neighborhoods filled with majority ethnic minority residents are not considered ghettos. For example, African Americans were segregated into northern communities such as Chicago’s Bronzevile. The residents were affluent African American families and the neighborhood had successful businesses in it.

In modern times, regardless of race or ethnicity, forty percent or more ghettos residents are poor. A neighborhood is considered a ghetto if there is a prevalence of poverty. There is a difference between other racially or ethnically homogenous communities and ghettos. The difference is ghetto residents cannot relocate even if they desire to. Poverty makes it difficult for residents to migrate out of these neighborhoods. Ghettos do not have many residential choices compared to non-ghetto locations. In the past, historic ghettos were formed due to indirect or direct racial or ethnic coercion and isolation. Now ghettos are based on class-based information which results in isolation.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/art-and-architecture/architecture/ghetto#A

In my neighborhood, there’s a bridge underpass that creates an invisible division. One side, the neighborhood is primary white. The people living there either own or lease their house; the houses are very cookie cutter style and maintain a presentable appearance. But once you go under the underpass, there are more apartments compared to houses. Most of the residents are non-white or immigrants, new to the neighborhood. It creates these two separate neighborhoods when they are the same.

In the article “Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment”, Schindler discusses how the architectural design of an environment creates unknown discrimination and segregation. Schindler describes how a certain architectural choice such as one way roads, benches with arm rests in between, and the lack of sidewalk in an area creates segregation in communities. One way roads created segregation by deterring other drivers from entering a certain area or neighborhood. For example, if an African America cannot navigate into a white neighborhood because of the configuration of a street this is a form of segregation.

Architecture gives a different message to each person. A design can communicate something to a certain population that another population would not notice. In the article, “How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away”, journalist Rosenberger describes how one city added skateboard studs to edges of handrails to ledges. If I saw those studs, I would not understand the meaning behind them. I might think it adds an interesting design to the railing but to skateboarders it means do not skate here. The studs were added to the railing to prevent skateboards from sliding along the edges. Those edge studs did not communicate that message to me, but the message was not meant for me. Architectural design has different implications that give a certain message to an individual.

This is a very interesting claim. Was this the sole purpose of building it low? I truthfully find this hard to believe. In fact, I don't think the architecture of the bridge would have been effective in preventing people of color from accessing the beach.

Schindler’s article, Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment, delves into the issue of architectural segregation in our modern american society. She discusses many of the political and judicial actions that are not being taken to not resolve this issue.

She argues that our environments that have been constructed (whether it had been the MARTA of Atlanta, or the gated fences of predominately white communities) leaves a restraint on minority groups living in these communities. She adds that these communities are a result of judicial negligence and unlike other deterring architecture such as; Robert Moses’s low hanging bridges, makes life difficult for low economic communities to live in an equally balanced and distributed environment.

Schindler’s article brings to question whether businesses architectural choices are actually based on homelessness or on race. In rosenberger’s article it talks about how some businesses design their space to deter homelessness, but in doing so create a form of segregation; not between race but by living standard. This can be considered unethical, however this could be the result of businesses trying to satisfy their customers, while unintentionally being discriminatory.

https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/06/how-cities-use-design-to-drive-homeless-people-away/373067/

If Schindler claims are that architectural decisions form a hindrance or control on our environment, then the design of our architectural environments should be a fair representation of our "class" society. According to the New York Times there was a rise in discriminatory housing toward minority groups during 2015: this indicates that there may me an unbalance of power in our society.

This article takes time to introduce ideas of discrimination found through built environments. it breaks up into sections and goes through a list of different ways this can happen and different places it can be seen without day to day civilians even blinking an eye at it. Schindler defines these ideas as an ongoing problem, relevant before the people doing it even knew what they were doing. Since American culture hasn't always been as united as it is, we see architecture rejecting certain groups as far back as anyone can remember, even if there intentions through built environments weren't as direct at that time. Reading the opened my eyes to every one way street, neighborhoods lacking connecting sidewalks, and even bus stations that fail to construct in certain areas. Every form of environment around us depicts an understanding of some idea deeper than the building itself, and while sometimes lawmakers, judges, and courts can't always define them as what they are, we as the people now can work to eliminate this discrimination and work to connect it all.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.