ed in two studies (.96 and .91). Studies conducted with the DASS-Depression scale have

reported that the DASS has sound psychometric properties and high to moderate correlation with other similar measures (e.g., BDI). The DASS depression scale has a moderately high correlation (.74) with the BDI. Although the BDI has a number of somatic symptoms of depression among its 21 items, 13 reflect cognitive symptoms of depression; thus, a moderate-high rather than a high correlation between these two measures is to

atory ability, frequent use of adaptive strategies, fewer depressive symptoms, and fewer risk-taking behaviours. The authoritative parenting style lies somewhere between the authoritarian and the p

5.36, p < .0001. The scores of the permissive and authoritative parenting styles among the gifted adolescents were significantly higher than that among the normal adolescents, F (1, 232) = 4.65, p < .031 and F (1, 223) = 22.22, p < .000, respectively, whereas the score of the authoritarian style among the normal adolescents was significantly higher than that among the gifted adolescents, F (1, 230) = 19.45, p < .000 (see Table 1). For the psychological measurements, the attitude of the normal adolescents towards their parents according to CAP were significantly more negative than that of the gifted adolescents: F (1, 220) = 4.43, p < .030. Th

2. MethodFour scales of parenting styles and other psychosocial adjustment measures were administered to 118 gifted (38 males and 77 females) and 115 normal (36 males and 82 females) adolescents between 11 and 14 years old. The study was conducted in three academic grades (sixth, seventh and eighth and ninth) of students' junior high school in Amol city. In the gifted children's school to which they had been admitted, the gifted subjects were administered an IQ test by the Ministry of Education, while the normal subjects were administered the text from the normal children's school.

s – The Parental Authority Questionnaire, Child Attitude Toward Parents, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – were administered to 118 gif

Other authors have taken yet a different approach to studying parenting by emphasizing that specific combinations of parenting practices within a parent particularly impact child development rather than separate parenting practices or dimensions (e.g., Baumrind 1991; Maccoby and Martin 1983). Within such a configurational approach, one examines which patterns of parenting practices occur within the same parent and how these patterns—commonly labelled as parenting styles— are related to children’s development. Such parenting styles have the clear advantage of accounting for different parenting practices at the same time within the same person. As such, it comprises a person–centered approach that focuses on configurations within individuals rather than a variable–centered approach that focuses on relationships among variables across individuals as has been used to identify parenting dimensions