but also asking if we might engage with students in the spaces in which they are comfortable and feel most empowered.

Involving users and stakeholders in project design or question formation is one way of fostering a broader sense of inclusion in the work we do.

Surfacing the interests driving the decision to undertake an assessment project can also enable us to be aware of how assessments can be mobilized to justify a decision that has already been made, what Hinchliffe calls “decision-based evidence-making”

methodological diversity, and analysis

Economic rights typically include:

the existence of moral rights in favor of an emphasis on economic rights in copyright.

divulgation

Ways to fight against bias in machine learning including carefully vetting training data and putting organizational support behind ethical artificial intelligence efforts, like making sure your organization embraces human-centered AI, the practice of seeking input from people of different backgrounds, experiences, and lifestyles when designing AI systems.

descriptive, meaning that the system uses the data to explain what happened; predictive, meaning the system uses the data to predict what will happen; or prescriptive, meaning the system will use the data to make suggestions about what action to take,” the researchers wrote.

overly intrusive and suspiciously personal.

company led with transparency

academic employees in the following categories and as further defined in RCW 28B.52.020: 1) instruction, 2) counseling, 3) library

Accretion

Requiring that cultural production be fixed in order to warrant protection perpetuates an age-old exclusion of the cultural traditions of non-Western, indigenous people groups worldwide.

who

when the very basis for those rights is predicated on antiquated values that exclude certain groups and types of cultural creation, then we run the risk of creating a narrowed view of what culture is and how it is reflected in the things we produce.

With a license, a rights holder gives to another permission to exercise all or part of the right that he or she holds, but does not surrender that right.

When-ever this is the case, one of two routes, which are sometimes referred to together as “paracopyright,” is used to achieve greater protection. One option is to rely on licensing agreements, which are contracts enforced under state laws that are far more adaptable than a federal statute like copyright. Indeed, licenses are a way in which copyright holders can leverage their rights to get either greater or lesser protection, depending on their perceived needs. We will examine this type of “private” legal protection for copyrights in the first part of this chapter.The other form of “paracopyright,” which will be discussed in the latter part of this chapter, is technological protection measures. As technologies have developed, all kinds of measures to prevent unauthorized access and copying have been utilized by rights holders and their agents. From different-sized sprocket holes to the complex encryption that protects commercial films distributed on DVD or as online streams, these tech-nological barriers are a sort of last resort for rights holders who feel that copyright does not protect them completely enough or when, as in the digital age, they fear that copyright will simply be ignored

h e interesting point is that those confl icts have seldom actually been resolved in the federal courts. Instead, the fi lm industries have usually found extralegal means, or at least means that are outside the system of federal copyright protection,

liminality p

they tend to stick to one choice; that is, if they start by attending online, they continue attending online.

it also allows the possibility for an enhanced sense of community between online and campus students (

encouraging student control

xpressly agrees to such waiver in a written instrument signed by the author

To “display” a work means to show a copy of it, either directly or by means of a film, slide, television image, or any other device or process or, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show individual images nonsequentially.

choreographic works,

pantomimes,

To perform or display a work “publicly” means— (1) to perform or display it at a place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or (2) to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times.

To “perform” a work means to recite, render, play, dance, or act it, either directly or by means of any device or process or, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its images in any sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible.

Copies” are material objects, other than phonorecords, in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device. The term “copies” includes the material object, other than a phonorecord, in which the work is first fixed.

hey can disassociate from the organization and feel like they work for themselves -- rather like freelancers -- and not their company.

You might the boiling presidents. chart is However, chart is depiction, explanation, copyright protection. chart If the if the and point of water, merely a presentation a creative display of at least those creative the urban of likely information, elements are rate of facts, crime, or the no protection with original likely within election of is available. organization, the scope ofCrews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 15:19:43.

Copyright is a legal concept, while plagiarism is an ethical consideration about intellectual honesty and appropriate credit. Plagiarism is failing to give attribution for the sources you use as a foundation or inspiration for your new work and insights. You can ordinarily avoid plagiarism through careful use of quotation marks and citations.Crews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 15:17:44.

no one should own the building blocks of human knowledge and communication. For example, ideas and theories are not protectable because they are the foundation of new knowledge and learning.Crews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 15:16:26.

However, in October 2018, economic and legal pressures led Congress to enact the Music Modernization Act, which created an entirely new “neighboring rights” system of protection for pre-1972 recordings. That new law is examined in some detail in Chapter 20 of this book.Crews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 15:12:04.

Sandcastles, ice sculptures, and spray-painted graffiti all can qualify as fixed in tangible media.Crews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 15:05:55.

Copyright protection can also apply to a new work that is built on an existing work, but any new copyright protection will apply to only the added creativity.Crews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 14:56:47.

Originality can also exist in a new organization or presentation of existing facts or information. Scientific findings or facts may not themselves be copyrightable, but their arrangement in a table or their presentation in text may be sufficiently original to be copyrightable expressions.Crews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 14:54:12.

Consider the profundity of this principle: Copyright protection vests immediately and automatically upon the creation of “original works of authorship” that are “fixed in any tangible medium of expression.” 1 Under that provision, copyright protection applies instantly to nearly every e-mail, vacation photo, scribbled missive, and rant on Twitter.Crews, Kenneth D.. Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators : Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions, American Library Association, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/washington/detail.action?docID=6166805.Created from washington on 2021-10-01 14:51:49.

The second stage of the legal section applies the general legal principles to the particular facts of the dispute. As you might guess, this part is in many ways the heart of the opinion: It gets to the bottom line of why the court is ruling for one side and against the other

The procedural history explains how the legal dispute worked its way through the legal system to the court that is issuing the opinion.

the named party

WHAT’S IN A LEGAL OPINION?

last printed edition of the circular

Internet must certify CIPA compliance.

digital content and related resources, particularly in support of education, health, and workforce development need

the logical extension of the rapid and intentional rollout of the CARES

this funding is to be used to in help communities respond directly and immediately to the pandemic, as well as to related economic and community needs through equitable approaches

flow of customers to eliminate choke points and reduce crowding. Mark hi

sign employees to assist and monitor customer

distance markers outside

00,000 square feet, no more than 400 people or 50% of the building’s occupancy, whichever is less, is permitted. If t

25% or lower of the maximum building occupancy.

face covering

Content is not downloadable, although the text of articles can be printed and emailed; and the URLs assigned to articles and multimedia content by the Times seem to be relatively fixed and stable, and are thus likely to support persistent citation.

The proposed terms include faculty and students in a subscribing library's FTE count, an unusual condition for database licensing to libraries.

imesMachine is currently available via a web browser, and not in the NYT app

Subscribed users are granted access to NYT archival content via the TimesMachine (more information on the The Times archives in the "Collection Content" section above). The TimesMachine provides access to page scans of The New York Times issues published between 1851 and 2002.  TimesMachine includes PDF versions of articles from 1851-1980, articles published after 1980 are available only in full-text form and not as PDFs. Subscribers can download up to 100 PDFs per month.

Once a pass expires, users need to register for a new pass and re-authenticate via a valid email domain or within the institution's IP range.

nder the Academic Site License users must each register for an academic pass with The Times individually, using a valid campus email address, or from within the subscribing institution's IP range. Once an academic pass is obtained, users have unlimited access in any location via a web browser, mobile phone apps, and tablet apps.

web browsers as well as mobile phone apps (for androids and iPhones) and tablet apps.

ubscribed users can engage in discussions on the NYT website through the commenting tool

n addition, daily limits to access articles published during the years 1923-1980 have been removed by the New York Times.

As of October 2014, the online archive also incorporates the text of articles published in the print edition from its beginning in 1851, more than 13 million articles total searchable via https://www.nytimes.com/search/

such as the business blog DealBook.

n 2012 The Times introduced a Chinese-language edition, cn.nytimes.com, with reporting by staff based in Shanghai, Beijing and Hong Kong

Since November 2016, The Times offers a daily "virtual reality" 360-degree video with "more than 200 Times journalists filing these videos from 57 countries."7

ome organizations, for example, have made it very clear that research is ‘off limits’. The best­known of these is the Te Kohanga Reo National Trust. This anti­research stance has applied to all researchers. Other kinds of limits also being set, as more Maori begin to work in the various fields of social science research.

With very few trained indigenous researchers available, one of the roles non­indigenous researchers have needed to play is as mentors of indigenous research assistants. Increasingly, however, there have been demands by indigenous communities for research to be undertaken exclusively by indigenous researchers.

As he has argued, espousing an emancipatory model of research has not of itself freed researchers from exercising intellectual arrogance or employing evangelical and paternal­istic practices.

The colonization of Maori culture has threatened the maintenance of that knowledge and the transmission of knowledge that is ‘exclusively’ or particularly Maori.

Moreover, it is also important to question that most fundamental belief of all, that individual researchers have an inherent right to knowledge and truth.

When studying how to go about doing research, it is very easy to overlook the realm of common sense, the basic beliefs that not only help people identify research problems that are relevant and worthy, but also accompany them throughout the research process. Researchers must go further than simply recognizing personal beliefs and assumptions, and the effect they have when interacting with people.34 In a cross­cultural context, the questions that need to be asked are ones such as:• Whodefinedtheresearchproblem?• Forwhomisthisstudyworthyandrelevant?Whosaysso?• Whatknowledgewillthecommunitygainfromthisstudy?• Whatknowledgewilltheresearchergainfromthisstudy?

Research methodology is based on the skill of matching the problem with an ‘appropriate’ set of investigative strategies.

This suspicion is not just of non­indigenous researchers, but of the whole philosophy of research and the different sets of beliefs that underlie the research process.

Research is an important part of the colonization process because it is concerned with defining legitimate knowledge.

Maori have a highly developed story of how knowledge was gained. In one of our first ‘research projects’ Tane­nui­a­rangi, one of the children of the first parents, (the sky father and the earth mother) journeyed to the twelfth ‘universe’ to gain knowledge.

Research is about satisfying a need to know, and a need to extend the boundaries of existing knowledge through a process of systematic inquiry.

Te Kohanga Reo, furthermore, discouraged research but encouraged autonomy amongst its individual units. A consequence of such autonomy is that there was space for whanau to solve problems for themselves, and this process generated a wide range of activities, one of which was information gathering.

his was followed by another level of interpretative research,

There were few Maori people skilled in research and many of those available to do the work were unemployed or retired.

he work being carried out by Western feminists has been countered by the work of black women and other ‘women with labels’.

phenomenological

relating to the science of phenomena as distinct from that of the nature of being.
"phenomenological parameters"
    denoting or relating to an approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience.
    "the phenomenological approach's reliance solely on personal experience"

Such approaches to research are often regarded as deriving from Freirian approaches, which are seen to be ‘Western’.

world indigenous movemen

organic and indigenous approaches to research,

post­positivism, a term which comes out of poststructuralist and postmodern approaches to knowledge.12

notion of reflexivity in research, a process of critical self­awareness, reflexivity and openness to challenge.

This critique has two aspects. First, it points to the failure of critical theory to deliver emancipation for oppressed groups.11 The second aspect highlights the failure of critical theorists who belonged to the academy of scientists to recognize their own patriarchal practices, which continued to marginalize and silence women academics.

Each field of study has been subject to a critique from feminist theorists

deterministic models of analysis and denial of culture as a mediating force

imposed ideals about the Other.

although the death camps of Nazi Germany were seen by critics of positivism as demonstrating the ultimate irrationality of science and of modernity.

The notion of research as an objective, value­free and scientific process for observing and making sense of human realities is taken for granted by many social scientists. Philosophers of science refer to this attitude as ‘positivism’.

The notion of research as an objective, value­free and scientific process for observing and making sense of human realities is taken for granted by many social scientists.

The question that begins the second part asks, ‘Whose knowledge has been extended by research?’

feminist and critical critiques of positivism,

a humanistic religious system founded on positivism.
another term for logical positivism.

bumping up against the limits of what amateur sleuths with no money can accomplish, they hope to flip the script followed by most citizen-science projects.

hould have a voice in how it is researched and treated

The aggressive protests got them a foot in the door, but it wouldn't have made a difference if they hadn't done the homework needed to offer insightful and viable proposals once they did get a meeting. "What made this work was not just the anger. But the anger coupled with the intelligence," says France. Shots - Health News Halting U.S. HIV Epidemic By 2030: Difficult But Doable ACT UP came to call this approach its "inside-outside strategy."

They were blocking traffic with their bodies.

central as anger was to ACT UP's success

Unfortunately, many legitimate journals fail to make their peer-review processes sufficiently transparent, for instance by sharing peer reviewers’ comments and other data.

We are not saying that peer review is unimportant, only that it is currently impossible to asses

atements of knowledge produced by research disciplines differ from statements of private conviction

e-working, recreation and intervention

different levels of agency which embody reading processes

Authority also needs to acknowledge the role of the responder who brings his or her own ideas and experiences to bear on its meaning and who may accept or reject premises of the text. In this way, authority is always in a state of negotiation between composer(s) and responders.

distributed authority through the joint construction of knowledge and opinion, for example Wikipedia, trending on Twitter, Likes in Facebook and the number of views on Youtube.

The author of a text is not so much a person as a function that we ascribe to a text, producing one possible context for interpretation.

which these are privileged in making meaning

the ‘moral clarity’ of the immature

interpretation, or else paralyzed by cyni-cism and anomie, or else—worst—seducedby some particular set of dogmatic talking-points, whether these be PC or NRA, rational-ist or evangelical, ‘Cut and Run’ or ‘No Bloodfor Oil.’

. Butyou never sense, from this year’s Best, thatfacts are being specially cherry-picked or ar-ranged in order to advance a pre-set agenda.They are utterly different from the party-linepundits and propagandists who now are insuch vogue, for whom writing is not think-ing or service but more like the silky courtier’smanipulation of an enfeebled kin

It’s amazing to me that no one much talksabout this—about the fact that whatever ourfounders and framers thought of as a literate,informed citizenry can no longer exist, at leastnot without a whole new modern degree ofsubcontracting and dependence packed intowhat we mean by ‘informed.’8

Such an argument would be justnoise here—redundant for those readers whofeel and believe as I do, biased crap for thosewho believe differently.

any published essay is a burst of infor-mation and context that is by definition partof 2007’s overall roar of info and contex

It’salso more openly, candidly subjective: sincethings have value only to people, the ideaof some limited, subjective human doing thevaluing is sort of built right into the term

What exactly arethe connections between literary aesthetics and moralvalue supposed to be?

ey’re signs of passion and shared ethos, but I now also recognize them as narcissism (a need to prove to myself that my work truly matters) and anxiety under capitalism (a need to prove to my employer that my work truly matters to their survival).

accessible libraries became key to a “free society” that increasingly viewed (white male) self-education as crucial to a democratic republic as the eighteenth century progressed. I

What may be a new idea is approaching programming as an integral aspect of collection development and devoting the same attention and intentionality to program planning as one does to managing a collection of print and digital materials

you have access to the tools and the skills and knowledge of everyone else around you.

ou may have noticed that maker culture has taken the library world by storm in recent years, and it seems like everyone (public libraries, academic libraries, archives & special collections, etc.) is stumbling over themselves to fund the purchase of a 3D printer or laser cutter

What if you could collect the intangible skill-knowledge of an artist just like you collect a book, DVD, or database – not by writing down his knowledge but by partnering with him?

we wanted the site to collect as many accounts of that relationship as we possibly could so that the Library as Incubator Project could become a resource and an advocacy tool.

We saw real potential for libraries to come to the fore as arts incubators in the same way that they have become necessary job-search hubs by providing Internet access, resume workshops, and professional development materials for many, many job seekers during this recession.

We were blown away by the response: not only do libraries play a huge role in a lot of artists’ work and creative process, but in so very many different ways! We heard everything from “I found books that inspired me” to “I actively seek out library resources to help with project research” to “I love working in the hushed quiet of a library.

Martha Glowacki whose art installation pieces were strongly influenced by library research—so much so that they wouldn’t exist without the library.

creative advocacy for libraries

I chased emotionally unavailable alcoholic men in my early twenties

As outlined above, libraries collect a lot of data, but unless there is dedicated staff, funding, and anintention to implement a comprehensive assessment program, it’s probably not necessary—or evenTable 2.Example data inventory.MetricCategoryDifficulty toobtain (1 = easy5 = difficult)Data sourceCompiledPurposeTitle countCollections2ILS (manually requestedreport)Annually, fiscalyearAnnual report; externalsurveysPurchase costsCollections2ILS (manually requestedreport)Annually, fiscalyearAnnual report; externalsurveys; internal budgetmanagementSubscriptioncostsCollections2ILS (manually requestedreport)Annually, fiscalyearAnnual report; externalsurveys; internal budgetmanagementAnnualpercentageincreasesCollections5Subscription trackingspreadsheets (manuallook-up)As-neededInflation requestsCOUNTER usage Usage2Vendor websites (manuallook-up); ERMS (manuallyrequested report)Monthly; as-neededDemonstrate use ofelectronic resourcesDegrees awardedby programUserInformation3Institutional reportingwebsite (manual look-up)By semesterEnsure subject holdingsappropriately supportdegrees awardedFull-timeequivalent perstudent typeUserInformation2Institutional reportingwebsite (manual look-up)By semesterEnsure collection isappropriate level(undergraduate, graduate)Impact FactorCitations3Web of Science; otherAs-neededUnderstand the relative valueplaced on a journal by aparticular community22WORKSHOPS

A useful first step, therefore, can be to create a data inventory toprovide a complete picture of all the available data sources. This requires listing out all types of datathat are currently collected, whether as part of day-to-day operations or deliberately for assessmentpurposes. There are different ways to characterize data in an inventory. For example: How easy—ordifficult—is each data point to collect? How—and how often—are the data collected? Why are datacollected?Table 2provides an example data inventory

Citation data include metricssuch as Impact Factor, Source Normalized Impact per Paper, and SCImago Journal Rank.

or example, because of thehistorical ways library value was measured (e.g., size, scope), librarians continue to have anabundance of affection for item counts—but unless there is a reason for the counting (e.g., high-lighting a need for more space), and an action that can be taken (e.g., lobby for more space, movematerials off-site) then it may be best to avoid using precious staff time counting.

While those assessing services have more quickly embraced the use of outcomes (throughmeasures such as pre- and post-surveys), outcomes for collections can be more difficult to evaluate.Privacy concerns, staff and time limitations, organizational silos, and technological infrastructure allmake it challenging to match metrics, such as graduation rates, to e-resource usage or interlibraryloan (ILL) requests. There is also the unknowable nature of how collections are used

transferable collections assessment approaches that do not rely on specificsoftware, strategies for assessment implementation, and strategies to successfully communicate theresults of assessment work to different populations.

It’s also important to consider how the report will be distributed; whether it will be an internal or external document. Other considerations include the format in which it will be distributed and whether the report will be distributed in an open forum – whether publishing the results on an internal (or public) website may also be useful.

It's important to document all the steps in the analysis process so that it can be repeated easily. (Johnson 201

Most assessment reports also include some type of data visualization to make the large amounts data more understandable to various audiences.

e purpose of data analysis is to gain insight into the collection.

Subject librarians, even those not on the project team, will play an important role throughout the assessment project also as they have direct contact the primary library users: faculty and students. Finally, particularly for large collection assessment projects or those that may take much time and many staff, while they may not be directly involved with the design or implementation of a project, it is advantageous, if not necessary, to have the support of the library administration or management team

A team will ensure that there are enough staff to complete the project in a timely manner and will allow tasks to be divided and assigned to those with certain skill sets.

Given that assessments are conducted by library staff with full-time jobs, when planning an assessment project, it is important to list each step and consider how much time it will realistically take to complete each step.

Establishing a timeline or schedule Describing existing collections

literature review,

Creating an assessment team or group

require careful planning.

nstead, we began by identifying ele-ments of our instruction that were less inclusive.

The biggest challenge was that it was difficult to imagine how the principles and guidelines could fit into a 50-minute one-shot session––the most common instruction for-mat for our library work.

The purpose was to help faculty un-derstand and incorporate UDL principles into their credit-bearing courses

ACRL Standards for Proficiencies for Instruction Li-brarians and Coordinators.”

A community of learners “promotes interaction and communi-cation between students and between students and faculty” and an instructional climate has “in-struction...designed to be welcoming and inclu-sive...[with]...high expectations for...all students”

Low physical effort, which works to design instruction without having nonessential physical effort

Flexibility in use, which works to provide choice in the methods of instruction to accom-modate different abilities and learning styles

Multiple means of engagement, which ad-dresses WHY students learn and attempts to engage and motivate students based on their interests (“CAST: About Universal Design for Learning,” n.d.)

Electronic Journals

The first is more time- consuming but can be performed by library staff using software already available. The library must download title lists for each database from each vendor’s website, importing the lists into an application such as Excel or Access in order to compare the two lists for overlap. It’s important to note that the lists provided by the vendors may not be complete or current, as content can shift frequently in databases. So, while some titles may be listed when the library downloads the list, they may not be there a few weeks or months later. The second method for an overlap analysis is to use commercial products such as the 360 Core: Overlap Analysis, if feasible. The ExLibris product is subscription-based, but allows quick and easy comparison of title lists between databases.  Belvadi (2015) provides a low-cost alternative to overlap analysis.

Analyzing annual costs and inflation rates is a critical activity in libraries for these expensive resources, particularly as collection budgets are developed and justified.

he user-centered approach can also be helpful in assessing the usability of a database. For example, if use statistics illustrate that a database is not being used by library patrons, the library can conduct a usability study to identify problems there may be with a database’s interface. Such usability studies, however, do not need to be limited to library users, and should include librarians who not only use, but teach users how to use these resources.

Examples of studies describing e-book use include an assessment conducted at the Claremont Colleges Library that analyzed e-book use (Savova and Dickerson 2015); another conducted by Fry (2016) that compared the rate use of e-books to print books in an academic research library, and a study in Alabama that looked at e-book use by undergraduates, faculty, and staff (Melcher 2015). 

Finally, libraries may also be interested in comparing circulation of e-books with print books to draw any correlations between the two types of formats (Matthews, 2018).

Some vendors use LC call numbers to classify their e-book titles, but other vendors organize titles in collections using subject headings they have created and do not assign any standard call numbers.

If a publisher pulls their e-books out of the aggregator’s platform, libraries can be impacted quite significantly.

MINES (Measuring the Impact of Networked Electronic Services), developed by the Association of Research Libraries is an example of a web-based survey tool for gathering data on satisfaction with a library's electronic resources (Johnson 2018).

Has the user used e-books or not? If user has used e-books, what did he/she like or not like about the platform or content? How easy was it to find and access e-books in the library’s collection?   Was the e-book vendor’s interface easy to use? How did the user use the e-book (to browse, for coursework, for example)?   What is the likelihood that the user will use an e-book in the future? 

They can also provide information on why users do or do not use e-books or why they may prefer the interface or content of one e-book vendor over another.

r libraries to have a system in place to collect and harvest usage statistics

Electronic Resource Management (ERM) sy

Scholarly Stats, 360 Counter, and Intota.

Counting Online Usage of Networked Electronic Resources

libraries appear to favor the latter approach, examining usage statistics for electronic resources overall or on a title-by-title (or product) basis.

a majority of funds are spent on serials

COUNTER reports are not specific; they may pertain to all titles that the vendorhas, all titles that libraries owns, or only those titles with uses.

Also reported multiple uses of a single title mayin fact be a single user navigating to a different part of the book which happens to be stored indifferent files

COUNTER defines and tracks sections of a book and how they are used,212R. FAGER ET AL.

imited scope of the COUNTER reports. Reports lack cost-per-use informationand use by publisher, subject, and acquisition type (e.g. single purchases, DDA, subscription)

They are: (1) to aid in collection man-agement, (2) ascertain the effectiveness and appropriateness of particular purchases, (3) to ascer-tain the relevance of the collection criteria, and (4) to provide assessment to the administrationand funding agencies.

Nonetheless both studies noted liabilities with the COUNTER system. In addition, Yuan notesthe difficulties of comparing usage over time due to the numerous updates of the COUNTER sys-tem (Yuan et al.,2018, p. 34)

the importance of the age of the collection. What percentage of titleswere published in the last 5 years? What percentage of downloaded titles are less than 10 yearsold? What is the cost per title of those titles download within the last 5 years (

lack of a common identifier across vendor offerings such as the ISBN number; the inability todistinguish between purchase, subscription and DDA unpurchased titles; and the difficulty intracking titles as they are added or removed from a vendor package (Conyers et al.,2017, p. 27)

usage by subject classification

Conyers emphasizes theimportance of demonstrating a return on investment (ROI) (Conyers et al.,2017, p. 23)

In essence the subscription model has democratized access to information from the vari-ous publishers (Harris,2014, p. 22).

Harris reported on theimportance and power that aggregation has had in the growth of eBooks in academic libraries(Harris,2014, p. 24).