add: COVID-19?

Cascella, M., Del Gaudio, A., Vittori, A., Bimonte, S., Del Prete, P., Forte, C. A., Cuomo, A., & De Blasio, E. (2021). COVID-Pain: Acute and Late-Onset Painful Clinical Manifestations in COVID-19 - Molecular Mechanisms and Research Perspectives. Journal of Pain Research, 14, 2403–2412. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S313978

Numerical Pain Rating Scale To prevent inadequate treatment of a person’s pain, it is important to know about barriers and influences that may contribute to inaccurate reports of pain or ineffective pain assessments.(1) Optimal pain management interventions can be achieved by assessing the patient by gathering subjective and objective data to accurately measure the patient’s severity of pain. A person’s health can be negatively impacted if they over-rate or under-rate their pain level. Pain that is rated high in severity can interfere with a person’s daily life, delay healing, and may cause insomnia or anorexia. (2) In older adults with cognitive impairment, caregivers play an important role in documenting and communicating pain assessments. Nurses can coach and educate caregivers to keep record of the patient’s pain by using the Keele Pain Recorder app or a pain diary. (2) See Figure 10.# for the numerical Pain Rating Scale.

(1) Boring, B. L., Walsh, K. T., Nanavaty, N., Ng, B. W., & Mathur, V. A. (2021). How and Why Patient Concerns Influence Pain Reporting: A Qualitative Analysis of Personal Accounts and Perceptions of Others' Use of Numerical Pain Scales. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663890

(2) Horgas, A. L., Bruckenthal, P., Chen, S., Herr, K. A., Young, H. M., & Fishman, S. (2022). Assessing Pain in Older Adults. American Journal of Nursing 122(12), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000904092.01070.20

Insert Heading for Pain Scales above 'visual', create subheading for Pain Scales using the Nursing Fundamentals OER 11.3 section https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nursingfundamentals/chapter/11-3-pain-assessment-methods/

reword

considering updating to 12th edition for all Abrams' citations