New England can be traced

slip box

Atomicity fosters re-use which in turn multiplies the amount of connections in the network of Zettels.

try to grasp a whole cluster in a single note. This is especially useful when I can abstract away from the details and carve out a clear concept.

orthogonal to the content’: they don’t adhere to the succession of pages and sections. Instead, clusters form themselves around any purpose you deem fitting.

I can easily process them all at a later date/time if necessary.

aggregating my note data

mobile

time and effort

quick methods

Livescribe pen

going through my notes, reformatting them (if necessary), tagging them and expanding on them

highlights, annotations, and notes

tool that treats this method the same as the general online modality.

I’d rather be able to highlight, type some thoughts and have it appear in my notebook.

too painful

12% of Minnesotans age 25-44 (177,000 persons) enrolled in college but nevercompleted a certificate or degree. Of those individuals, 49,000 are persons of color or indigenous

Attainment rates for the basic race categories hide large disparities across ethnicities

Of those, 6,120 credentials must be earned by American Indians, 5,490 by Asians, 32,830 byBlacks, 4,240 by multiracial individuals, 37,300 by Latinx, and 24,050 by whites

Minnesota will need an additional 110,730 persons age 25-44 to complete a postsecondary credential by 2025.

Current estimates show that 62.2% of Minnesotans aged 25-44 years completed a postsecondary credential (Figure 1). This percentage increased slightly as compared to 2015 estimates (57.5%).

over 68% of jobs paying family-sustaining wages require postsecondary education beyond high school.

In 2015, the Minnesota Legislature enacted a state postsecondary educational attainment goal that 70% of Minnesota adults (age 25 to 44) will have attained a postsecondary certificate or degree by 2025

some people do absorb knowledge from books. Indeed, those are the people who really do think about what they’re reading. The process is often invisible. These readers’ inner monologues have sounds like: “This idea reminds me of…,” “This point conflicts with…,” “I don’t really understand how…,” etc. If they take some notes, they’re not simply transcribing the author’s words: they’re summarizing, synthesizing, analyzing.

The lectures-as-warmup model is a post-hoc rationalization, but it does gesture at a deep theory about cognition: to understand something, you must actively engage with it.

Failure is the default here.

underlying truth about your cognition

So why do books seem to work for some people sometimes? Why does the medium fail when it fails?

Open at the Margins

Report of the select committee No. 1 to investigate the alleged Crédit Mobilier bribery, February 18, 1873

Towandavillagewasafamouswhitepinecenterfiftyyearsago.Itslocationfavoredthis;for,beingsituatedontheSusquehannaRiver,which,withitstributaries,drainsallthenortheasternwhitepinecountiesofPennsylvaniaandsouthernNewYork,itwasanaturaloutletofthewhitepinelumberproduction.

NoefforthasbeenmadetopreserveorrenewtheforestsofwesternNewYork,andthestreamshaveshrunktomerecreeksordrybedsofsandandgravelinthesummer.TheAllegheny,thatoncewaslargeenoughatOleantopromisenavigation,istransformedinsummertoastreamofsmalldimensions

Hisfinancialendcameinthecrashofthe"MillionBank"inwhichIsaacWhippo,WilliamDuerandWalterLivingstonwereconcerned.

Duringtheperiodbetween1830and1840NewYorkStateasalum-berproducingterritorywasatthezenithofitscareer,withWestTroyand,alittlelater,Albanyasthegreatwholesalecenters

ActuallogdrivingwasbegunbyNormanandAlansonFoxin1813ontheupperHudsonandsoonbecamethemethodoftransportationinallthatcountry.Thesortingwasanaturaloutgrowthandin1849theHud-sonRiverBoomAssociationwasformedforcommonprotectionandco-operativeaction.Themaximumoflogshandledwasreachedin1872when,atthebigboomofGlensFalls,almost200,000,000feetoflogsweresorted.Itwasmagnificenttimber,too,fornothinglessthantwelveincheswascut.

riverswereusedfirsttogettheproducttomarketinsteadofgettingtherawmaterialtothemill.TheFoxbrotherswerethepioneerloggersofNewYork.TheyhadamillinWarrenCountyandoriginatedtheideaoffloatingthelogstothemillinsteadofmovingthemilltothelogs.TheysentthefirstlogdrivedowntheSchroon,abranchoftheUpperHudson

1865lumberhadpasseditszenithinthatStateandwasadecliningindustry.

Itwasessentiallyawhitepinestate,forthismagnificenttreegrewinalmosteverymaindivisionand,insome,almosttotheexclusionofotherspecies.PineStreet,inNewYorkCity,issaidtohavereceiveditsnamefromthefinewhitepineswhichgrewonthefarmofJanJansenDamen.

MaineforestsweredenudedofgoodpineandSt.John,NewBrunswick,wasrapidlycomingtothesamepoint.By1872theeasternpinewaspracticallyoutofthemarketandfinishinglumbercameonlyfromtheWest

After1867thecartradeinlumberreceivedbyrailincreasedenor-mously

OntheopeningoftheChamplainCanalandtheperfectingofthewatercommunicationswithNewYork,thetradeinlumbershifteditsdirectiontothesouth,andtheywhohadraftedlum-bertoQuebecnowtookitinthesamemannertoNewYorkandothermarketsontheHudson,allofwhichwerebetterthanthoseatQuebec

TheroughcharacterofcentralandnorthernNewHampshireresultedinthepreservationofthepinemuchlongerthaninanyoftheadjoiningstates.Aslateas1883MaineandMichiganlumbermenboughtatractof47,000acreswhichwasestimatedtocut250,000,000feetofpine

Merrimac,Saco,AndroscogginandConnecticutallflowoutoftheStateintoothercommonwealths,sothatthetimberofNewHampshirehasbeenquitelargelycutbeyonditsborders

Inthesouth-easternpartoftheState,betweentheSalmonFallsandtheMerrimacrivers,reachingtenorfifteenmileswestofthelatterstream,andextend-ingnorthwardtotheWhiteMountainregion,wasawhitepinesectioninwhichthatwoodwasthepredominatingone.AnotherwhitepinebeltwasalongthewesternborderoftheState,extendingfromtheCon-necticutRivereastforfromtentotwentymilesandreachingfromtheMassachusettslinenorthtothemiddleofCoosCounty.

ThegreattimbercountyoftheStateisCoos.

FornearlyfortyyearsafewAmericanfirmsandindividualshavebeencuttinglogsalongtheheadwatersoftheSt.JohnanditstributariesinnorthernMaineanddrivingthemdowntoFrederictonandSt.John,NewBrunswick,sawingthemintolumberatthoseplacesandthenship-pingtheproductintoUnitedStatesmarketsfreeofduty,underanactofCongresspassedin1867andsincethenincorporatedineverytariffact

extremesouthwesternpartofMainewastherealbirthplaceofthelumberindustryoftheState,asitwasofNewEnglandandoftheUnitedStates.

1832-1906

Asmuchpinewaswastedintheflushdaysasiscutnow,

pinewascutalmostexclusively,spruceattractingnoattentionuntilaboutthemiddleoftheNineteenthCentury

PenobscotBoomCompanywascharteredin1832

portofBangorupto1890maybesummarizedasfollows:Priorto1832(estimated)200.000.0OOfeet.From1832to1855(surveyed)2,969.847,201feet.From1855to1890(surveyed)5.902.755,919feet.Total9.072.603.120feet.

Bandsawswereusedforthefirsttimein1889.

In1832thefirstrailroadinMaine,andamongtheearliestintheUnitedStates,wasbuiltbyGen.SamuelVeazietohaultimberfromtheOldtownmillstoBangor.

Bangor,settledin1769_andincorporatedin1791,jsacitybuiltupbythelumbertrade,and,untilrecently,lumberwasalmostthesolesupportoftheplace.IntheearlypartoftheNineteenthCenturythecitythrivedonthepinetrade

Maine,NewHampshireandVermontcutinarecentseason(1901-2)1,400,000,000feetoflogs,employing40,000menand13,000horsesinthewoods,atanexpenseinwages,horsehireandkeepingofabout$6,500,000.Ofthisaggregatecut,thatac-creditedtoMainewas750,000,000feet;toNewHampshire500,000,000,andtoVermont150,000,000feet

fourgreatriversystems,theSt.John,thePenobscot,theKennebecandtheAndroscoggin,

BinghamPurchase,"bywhich,in1793,WilliamBingham,awealthyPhiladelphian,becamepossessedof2,107,396acresat12Jcentsanacre

in1888over29,000,000feetofpinetimberwassur-veyedattheportofBangor

'70's,however,thesawmillshavehadacompetitorinthelogmarketsoftheStateintheshapeofmillsmanufacturingwoodpaper.

Penobscot,KennebecandAndroscogginrivers.

1,381sawmillsin1840

In1832thePenobscotoutputwasnearly40,000,000feet,thatriverbeingthenfarintheleadofallothers,havingimmensetimberresourcesclosebygoodwaterandtheriverbeingnavi-gableforlargevesselstoBangoratthehead

In1890Mainehad894sawmillsandtimbercamps,employing11,540hands,

In1770theexportationofmasts,boards,staves,etc.,fromNewEnglandwasvaluedat45,000

urveyalloursaidWoodsandTimber;andalsoetomarksuchofthesaidTreesthatnoworhereaftershallbetinandpropertobetakenfortheuseofourNavy;andtokeepaRegisterofthesame;

1784Massachusettspassedalawtoprotectthewhitepineyetstandinguponthepubliclandsintheeasternforests(ofMaine),whichitcharacterizedas"byfarthenoblesttrees."Thepenaltyforcuttingthemwas$100atree,

allpinetreesfitformasts,twenty-fourinchesindiameterandupward,withinthreefeetoftheground,thatgrewmorethanthreemilesfromthemeetinghouse

drivenbywaterpower,andthesawingmachineryconsistedofanuprightsawinaframedrivenbyaconnectingrodfromacrankattachedtooneendofthewaterwheelshaft.

SalmonFallsRivernearthepresentcityofPortsmouth,NewHampshire,andbuiltsoonafterthelandwasgranted,in1631,

Thehistoryofthosewonderful,virginforestswhichstretchedfromtheSt.CroixRiverofMainetotheRedRiveroftheNorthhasalmostbeenfinished,andtheresurviveonlytheremnantsofthosegreatresourcesinscatteredgroupsoftreesorindecimatedwoodlands,

ndustrial Workers of the World (IWW

build without pine, and marvel at the thoughtless reckles�ness of his ancestors. .. f

hose given me a few

ousand acres of pine land along the Lake Huron coast, south of Saginaw Bay, and destroyed whole towns, many lives, and millioris of dollars' worth of property, the lumbering interests were utterly destroyed. Not a single mill, I am to-ld, in all that region has since been built. It was thought the fire had ruined the future of the bur

to be much greater than was formerly supposed. Clearings are being made, and good crops of Wheat, oa

when tbe pin

from the Saginaw Valley to the Straits of Mackinaw, sufficiently large to float a raft of logs, becomes a highway

conflict with EauClaire lumbermen, was the logging of the Chippewa River country, theuse of the river, and mastery of a great boom for handling the logs

By 1869 there were fifteen saw-mills at or near the Falls of St. Anthony. The Minneapolis lumber busi-ness leaped far beyond that of Stillwater as expansion continued in the1870s and 1880s. By 1890 Minneapolis, cutting close to a half billionfeet, was the premier lumber market not only of Minnesota but of theworld.

Stillwater continued itsdominance in the St. Croix region, sent 225 log rafts down river in 1869,and had nine mills in busy operation by 1874. The St. Croix Valleypersisted bountifully as a source of white pine. It did not reach its peakuntil 1895, when it produced 373,000,000 feet of lumber

1864-1906, thestate sold stumpage rights for a total of more than five million dollars.Dr. Folwell writes that the "number of millions of dollars lost to the state,especially to her school and university funds, by a vicious forest policyand unconscionable depredations will never be computed.

Funds and leadership from the East

it was a later generation that awakened to a realization that essen-tially the same timber yield could have been harvested from the Minne-sota forests in such fashion as to have averted their depletion.

pioneer Minnesota mills on the St. Croix River.

Orange Walker: Marine pioneer

the forest was inexhaustible, its natural destiny was firstto yield lumber and then to be cleared for producing cereal crops,and everyone's well-being would be promoted

condition of labor in general

When we speakof logging districts, we are speaking specifically of river systems,watersheds, the Ottawa in Ontario, the Saginaw in Michigan, theChippewa in Wisconsin. Pineries that were not well served by suchsystems had to await the completion of rail construction beforecontributing their produce.

the pinery reached from Lake Winnipeg on thenorth to the westernmost headwaters of the Mississippi on thesouth. Eastward to the ocean, with the important inclusion of theupper Mississippi and its Wisconsin tributaries, the pine regiongenerally encompassed the basin of the Great Lakes and St. Law-rence system, with the addition of most of Pennsylvania. Thus atits Atlantic breadth, it stretched from the head of Delaware Baynorthward to the mouth of the St. Lawrence

July 22, 1852, Wisconsin Congressman BenEastman informed his colleagues in the House of Representativesthat "Upon the rivers which are tributary to the Mississippi, and alsoupon those which empy themselves into Lake Michigan, there areinterminable forests of pine, sufficient to supply all the wants ofthe citizens . , . for all time to come" (Congressional Globe,1851-52).

widespread drought and fire in the Lake States, and was responsiblefor the development of the "Lake Forest" of white pine.

Samuel P. Hays is best knownfor his Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The ProgressiveConservation Movement, 1890-1920 (1959)

George Perkins Marsh, whose classic Man andNature, dealing with the role of man as a disturbing agent, was pub-lished in 1864 just as the onslaught on the Great Lakes forest wasbeginning.

All these theories had in common the notion ofdevelopment toward a mature or climax condition that wouldpersist indefinitely in equilibrium until some cataclysm

north of the effective limits of agriculture

the Great Lakes forest formeda distinct region in the westward advance of the logging empireduring the second half of the nineteenth century

a multidisciplinary consideration ofecological and institutional change in the forest environment ofthe upper Great Lakes region

TheopeningoftheErieCanal,in1825,gaveaccesstotheforestsofwesternNewYorkandtothewonderfulpineresourcesofMichiganastheydeveloped;butthroughitsOswegofeederitfurnishedaninlettotheCanadianproducttributarytoLakeOntario,and,inconnectionwiththeRideauCanal,furnishedanewrouteforOttawalumber

figuresforloggingcamps

valueofproducts

numberofestablishments

Aremarkableincreaseisnotedinthecapitalinvestedinthelumberindustry,especiallyfrom1880to1890.

atanearlydatethereweremillsasfarinlandasthesiteofAugusta,ontheKennebecRiver,inMaine,andasearlyas1682thereweresixsawmillsinKittery

itwasnotuntiltheopeningoftheErieCanalanditsfeeders,theWellandCanalandthecanalsconnectingtheSt.LawrenceviatheSorelRiverandLakeChamplainwiththeHudson,thatanylargeimportationofCanadianlumberwaspracticable

TheDingleylawof1897,

whiletitleandallnecessarydutiesandrightsrelatingtheretoremainedwiththeinteriordepartment,themanagementoftheforestreserves,assuch,wasconcentratedintheDepartmentofAgricultureasrepresentedbytheBureauofForestry,which,afterJuly1,was,bytheagri-culturalappropriationactofMarch3,1905,forthefiscalyearendedJune30,1906,erectedintothe"ForestService,"tobeginwithJuly1,1905

dirondackForestPreserve

ThegreatHinckleyforestfireof1894arousedthepeopleofMinne-sotatothenecessityofforestprotection

TheAmericanmethod,orrather,themethodmostgenerallyadoptedbytheforemostAmericanforesters,isnottheplantingoftreesinanopenfieldasonewouldplantturnips,butratheracontinuousselectionandcuttingofonlymaturetimber,

GiffordPinchot,

March2,1833,authorizingtheStateofIllinoistodiverthercanallandgranttothepurposeofconstructingarailroad.

MixedwiththewhitepinealmosteverywherewasredorNorwaypine(Pinusresinosa).Thiswasahappycombination,forwhatthewhitepinelackedinstrength'andhardnesstosuititforcertainstruc-turalandmanufacturinguses,wassuppliedbythisheavierwood,sothatfromearlytimestheywerecuttogetherandoftenmarketedto-gether.

FromtheearliesttimesinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesuntilto-wardtheendoftheNineteenthCenturythenorthernconiferoustimberbeltconstitutedthebasisofthechiefsupplyofforestproductsforthedomestictradeofthecountryandalsoenteredlargelyintoforeigntrade,althoughanimportantcommercewasfoundedupontheyellowpineofthesouthAtlanticCoastandGulfstates.TheearlydiscoverersandexplorerswerestruckbythewealthoftheforestresourcesofthenorthAtlanticCoast,andparticularlywiththewhitepine,Pinusstrobus.Ashasbeenrelatedpreviously,theEnglishCrownmadereservationsofthetreesofthistimbersuitableforships,mastsandspars.ThewhitepinegrewinprofusioninNewEngland.Itwasseldomfoundinsolidbodiesofgreatextent,foritwasusuallymixedwithspruceandotherconifersandhardwoods,

thoughalmosteverywheremixedwiththebroad-leavedtrees,stretchesacrossNewEngland,NewYork,northernPennsylvania,MichiganandWisconsinandintoMinnesota.ThecontinuityofthisbeltisbrokenbyLakeErie.Disregardingtheinternationalboundary,itiscontinu-ouseastandwestacrossthenortheasternstates,Quebec,OntarioandthedistrictaroundLakeSuperior.

earlierestimatescoveredonlywhitepine,

PerhapsthemostremarkableexampleofmistakenestimatehasbeenregardingthepineforestsofMichigan,WisconsinandMinnesota.Thefirstattemptatacensusofthetimberofthesestateswasmadeinconnectionwiththecensusof1880.

Theestimateofstandingtimberhasbeenbasedupontheloggingcustomofthetime.Whenitwasthepracticetocutlargetimberonly,asinMichiganforexample,whensixteen-footlogswereofsuchasizethatitrequiredbuttwotofivetomakeathousandfeetboardmeasure,whenonlythebesttreeswerecutandonlythebestlogsfromthetreesweretakentothemill,leavingperhapstwoorthreetimesasmuchtimberincubiccontentsinthewoodsaswaspre-sentedtothesaw,theestimateastothequantityoftimberstanding

bestinformedstudentsofthesubjectbelieve,afterascarefulinvestigationsastheyhavebeenabletomake,thattheforestsyetremaining,ifoperatedalongconservativelines,wouldannuallyproduceinperpetuityanamountofforestproductslittle,ifany,morethanthepresentannualoutput.Ifthatbetrue,theUnitedStateshascometothepointwhereitcannolongerbelavishinitsuseofitswon-derfultimberresources,butmustrigorouslyconservethem

uptoabout1850,inmanyinstancesapositivedetriment.Forestsstoodonmillionsofacresoffertilelands

Ottawaregion,unliketheothersections,occupiesanenviableposition,inasmuchasithastheprivilegeofchoosingthebestofthreedifferentmarketsandcanshiptothemallbywaterconveyancetotheUnitedStates,toEurope,ortoSouthAmericaandAustralia.

TheGrandOttawaisaverylargeandimportantriver,over750milesinlength,anddraininganareaof80,000squaremiles.Itreceivesmanytributariesvaryingfrom100to400milesinlength.Thewholevalleyhasbeen,andisnow,mostlycoveredwithdenseforestsofwhitepineandredpine,

twenty-ninemills,mostlyoflimitedcapacity,togetherwiththirteenquiteinsignificantones,send70,000,000feetoflumberandlogs(embracingsomesquareandsparrafts)toCleveland,Erie,BuffaloandTonawanda.

millsofRatPortage,RainyRiver,FortFrancesandothercentersintheRainyRiverdistrict

MichiganlumbermenarelargelyinterestedinlumberingoperationsandtimberpropertiesintheGeorgianBaydistrictofOntario.About1890lumbermenintheSaginawdistrictbeganmakinginvestmentsinCanadianpine,andincreasinglylargequantitiesofCanadianlogswereraftedtoeasternMichiganmills80,000,000feetin1891,300,000,000in1894and238,843,024in1898.

LargequantitiesofsawlogswerebeingexportedtofeedMichiganmills

WiththedepletionofthepineforestsinMichiganthedependenceoftheAmericanconsumeruponCanadaforaportionofthelumbersupplyincreased.ItbecametheinterestoftheAmericanmanufacturertosecurethissupplyasfaraspossibleintheformofrawmaterialtobeworkedupintheAmeri-cansawmillsinthoselocalitieswherethedomesticforestsnolongerremainedwithinaccess.ItwasequallytheinterestoftheCanadianstoexporttheirforestproductinashighlymanufacturedaformaspos-sible.

Fallingoffduringtheprotractedperiodofworldwidedepressionwhichfollowed,itincreasedagainin1880

prosperityreacheditsclimaxin1873,andwasthetimeoftheriseofthegreatlumberingindustryofMichigan,Wiscon-sinandMinnesota,w

About1870theindustrywasmainlycenteredintheOttawaValleyandontheupperwatersoftheTrentRiverandwaterstributarytotheGeorgianBay.

AmericanCivilWar,andthelavishexpenditureswhichresulted,createdagreatdemandforCanadianlumberathighprices,

increasingdemandsoftheUnitedStatesforCanadianlumber.

1835and1836speculatorscameoverfromMaineandNewYorkandpurchasedaboutamillionacresoflandsaidtobewoodedwithpineorspruce.

therewasnowbutlittlepineleftintheUnitedStatesexceptinMaineandCarolina,

nolandshouldbeallottedtosettlersuntilthedistricthadbeensur-veyedandthosepartscontainingmastingorothertimberfitfortheuseoftheroyalnavyreserved

In1807Mr.WrighttookthefirstraftofsquaretimberdowntheOttawatoQuebec.

ThepioneerinthetimbertradeoftheOttawaValleywasPhilemonWright,anadventurousAmerican,

ThewatershedoftheOttawaembracesaregionofabout80,000squaremiles,muchofitgoodagriculturalland,andproducingorigin-allysomeofthefinestpinetimberintheworld.

TheseignioryofLotbiniere,intheProvinceofQuebec,isoneoftheoldestinCanada,havingbeeninthepossessionofthedeLotbi-nierefamilysincetheyear1673.TheseignioryissituatedontherightbankoftheSt.LawrenceRiver,aboutfortymileswestoftheCityofQuebec,andembracesanareaof87,000acresofforest.

thefamousMontmorencysawmills,atthefootoftheFallsofMontmorency,neartheCityofQuebec.

timberimportedintoLowerCanadafromLakeChamplainfrom1800to1820included10,997,580feetofredandwhitepine,3,935,443feetofoaktimber,34,573,853feetofpineplankand9,213,827feetofpineboards.

uptothetimeoftheconstructionoftheChamplainCanal,connectingLakeChamplainwiththeHudsonRiver,whichwascompletedin1822,andoftheOs-wegoCanal,connectingLakeOntarioatOswegowiththeErieCanalatSyracuse,N.Y.,completedin1828,timbergrownontheSt.Law-rencewatershedofNewYork,VermontandNewHampshire,largelywenttoMontrealorQuebecandthenceabroad

St.Lawrencewatersys-tem,reachingfromtheheadofLakeSuperiortotheAtlantic,withthenever-failingstreamsflowingintoitfromthenorth,givesanadequateoutletforthetimberandlumberproductionofQuebecandOntario,whiletheMaritimeProvinces,withtheirdeeplyindentedcoasts,findmarinetransportationsufficient

Withintherough.triangleboundedbytheOttawaRiveronthenortheast,GeorgianBayandLakeHurononthewestandLakeErieandLakeOntarioonthesouth,

TheHeightofLand,whichisthedividingridgeorboundarylinebetweenthewaterswhichflowintoHudsonBayorintotheAtlan-ticnorthoftheStraitofBelleIsle,andthosewhichbytheGreatLakesfindtheirwaythroughtheSt.Lawrencetotheocean,marksasome-whatclearlydefinednorthernboundaryofthemostvaluablesoftwoods.Southofthatlinearefoundwhiteandredpine,hemlock,tamarack,spruce,etc.,ofsizeswhichfitthemforsawmilluse.Northofthatlinewhiteandnorwaypinepracticallydisappearandotherspeciesdecreaseinsizeasonegoesnorthuntil,ofcommercialwoods,spruceofdiminishedsizeisleftstandinginacontinuousforest,ex-tendingtoHudsonBay

AmericancapitalistransformingthelumberbusinessofNewfound-land.Acorporation,TheTimberEstatesCompany,headedbyH.M.Whitney,ofBoston,Massachusetts,acquiredseveralofthelargestpropertiesintheislandandin1904

historyofthelumberindustryforthelumbertradeasabranchofcommercewasalaterdevelopmentisthehistoryofprogress,ofsettlementandofcivilization.

he first logging railroad in Beltrami County was built in 1898 from Nebish northward to Red Lake, a distance of fifteen miles. The road was operated by the Red Lake Transportation Company, which also had a steamboat line across Red Lake. Large amounts of logs were hauled to Red Lake for the Walke

ometimes a demand for tiemakers and laborers on a railroad project competed with the need for men in the woods and raised wage levels. In 1901 wages with board for sawyers were thirty to thirty-five dollars per month; for teamsters, thirty-five to forty-five; for cooks, forty to eighty; for blacksmiths, forty to sixt

ith the approach of the logging season each fall, hordes of men arrived seeking work in the woods. "They come on every train, on foot, and on horseback," reported a Bemidji newspaper in December, 1900. "For a month past, trains from the west dump their passen gers at Bemidji and give our streets the appearance of an Oklahoma land rush

n unsuccessful attempt was made by Bemidji civic and business leaders to induce Walker to build a sawmill in their city.

avorable sites for saw mills.

Bemidji was the largest. Rough wagon trails linked the com

ntil a man-made highway ? the railroad ? was built, no extensive logging operations were possible in the Mississippi headwaters region

amboats plied the Red Lake River with supplies for the logging camps along that stream, while the railhead at Fosston

ed Lake Falls, Crookston, and Grand Forks, th

ginning in the St. Croix Valley in the 1830's, t

CrookstonandGrandForks,

CrookstonandGrandForks,

Butler&Walker.

In1868,Mr.Walkerformedacom-binationwithLeviButlerandHowardW.Millstoexploitthelumberregions

Sept.11,1895Abouteightyearsago,Ienteredin-T?^.PartnershipagreementwithMr.T.B.Walkerforthepurposeofbuyingandhandlingpinetimber,logsandlum-ber.Ipurchasedanundividedhalfin-terestinalargetractthatMr.Walkerowned,andfurnishedmeanstopur-chaseothertracts;wejointlyownedbetweentwoandthreehundredthous-andacres.Mr.Walker

Duringthelastfortyyearshehasalmostcontinuallyemployedanarmyoflaborersinandabouthissawmill,constructinglargebuildingsorworkingatotherenterprises,yethehasneverhadastrikeamonghisemployesnorhastherebeenanydissatisfactionwiththetreatmenttheyhavereceivedorthewagespaid.Foryearsthesawmillsinthenorthwestwereoperatedelevenandtwelvehoursaday.Mr.Walker,however,neverhadthemeninhismillworkmorethantenhoursandpaidthemthemaximumwagesthathaveprevailed.

eldestdaughterofMr.andMrs.WalkeristhewifeofErnestF.Smith,presidentoftheHennepinLumberCompany,

GilbertM.Walker,hadthecontrcjlandman-agementoftheextensivelumberingandloggingbusinessontheClearwaterriverandthemillsatCrookstonandGrandForks.

extremelysensitivetemperamentandkeenlyfeelsanyunjustcriticism.

combinationorconspiracyintendedvorestraintrade

Thegreedytaxsharkandtheexigenciesofthetimes,

SoonaftermigratingtotheNorthStarstate,hewasaffordedanop-portunityofrealizingthecomingvalueofthelargevirginforeststhatgrewalongthenorthernborder.

severetaskmaster,

romanceofafatherlessboywho,bydeterminationandperseverance,hasbecomeanhonoredandrespectedcitizenandanimportantandusefulfactorintheindustrial,educationalandfinancialworld.

“Authorities” by their nature are untrustworthy.

The people who want to add a censorship regime to a health crisis are more dangerous and more stupid by leaps and bounds than a president who tells people to inject disinfectant.

H.L. Mencken once said that in America, “the general average of intelligence, of knowledge, of competence, of integrity, of self-respect, of honor is so low that any man who knows his trade, does not fear ghosts, has read fifty good books, and practices the common decencies stands out as brilliantly as a wart on a bald head.”

private allocators of public capital taking a direct governing role

private institutions who govern in their stead.

American institutions are organized entirely around the short-term horizon of financiers

The

Herbert Hoover

an America uncomfortable with having democratic institutions take care of its people

clarification usually takes a few years, because we have to let the illusions drop

Walter Cronkite, trusted by millions

modified one-party system

When winning the majority becomes possible, the logic of cooperation dissolves.

political histories tend to be presidential histories

Whose grievances get heard?

self-described independents who tended to vote for one party or the other were driven more by negative motivations.

We are a collection of functional parts whose efforts combine into a dysfunctional whole

hopeful about Obama

We focus on their genius

Introduction

instea

White

Which came first: geology theories or religious doctrines? Neither

an active hand

God was activ

Whiggish

two epistemological schools

catastrophist

de Luc had the funding