This demands that mobile technologies take into account differences in gender, education, and resource levels among farmers, and are responsive to changing circumstances. The impact and success of these tools and programs should be monitored and evaluated, with ineffective approaches being improved or replaced.

turning to SMS-based services for technical support that allows them more easily to adopt new crops and growing techniques, with benefits for both natural resources and household income and nutrition.

e delivering real-time weather data to vegetable farmers via SMS. In West Africa, private companies such as Ignitia are expanding the accuracy and precision of SMS weather alerts to remote farmers.

as more people in emerging economies connect to mobile networks, and apps designed to collect and share agricultural information become increasingly accessible.

by investing in new technologies that enable farmers to connect with information and institutions that can decrease uncertainty and mitigate risk.

networks on which farmers have traditionally depended to cope with these disasters have been lost or degraded.

floods, conflict, and displacement have hurt harvests and weakened output.

The main aim ofprecision engineering is to improve and optimize agricultural processesto maximise production. It requires fast, reliable and distributed mea-surements to give farmers holistic and detailed overview of the situa-tion across the cultivation area as well as coordination of differentautomated hardware to optimize the use of energy, water and pestcontrol measures for optimum plant growth

Precision agriculture

Lastly, the large number of con-nected sensors and devices can produce a huge amount of data whichcan easily overwhelm small scale server infrastructure

Power consumption canbe an issue since these IOT equipment requires power sources, whichcan increase the production cost of the vegetables

Farmers are also connected to agronomists and technologiststhrough the platform to help them develop advanced farming protocolsand automate their farming practices

blockchain

With this technology,urban farmers in Singapore would be able to detect diseases and pestsbefore they are visible. Moreover with such real-time data available,farmers would be able to better monitor the growth of crops in terms ofwhat is working and what is not (Teh, 2019).

These nanosensors would be able to detectminor changes in the plant ranging from temperature to growth impactby soil acidity to pest infestations and diseases

he system would be able to tell farmers whatkind of vegetables grow best on the soil and send messages to thefarmers’smart phones when in need of water and light. It also hasvoice-recognition capabilities as well as the ability to access specificinformation and make logical deduction

Another important facet of aquaponics is in pH stabilization. One ofthe most commonly reared fish species in aquaponics is nile tilapia(Oreochromis).

Pest and disease control is another challenging aspect of aquaponicsthat requires attention.

Firstly, for aquaponics to be a sustainable system for food produc-tion, nutrients input have to be used efficiently with minimal discard toachieve a zero discharge recirculating

aquaponics isdifficult to sustain due to several factors such as temperature control,lack of sunlight, excessive wind and moisture of air.

appropriate levels of machine intelligence required

Automation requires different domains of informa-tion technologies such as perception (sensing and data acquisition),reasoning and learning (mathematical and statistical methodologies),communication (delivery platforms such as wireless and local areanetwork), task planning and execution (involving control logic, roboticsand flexible automation workcells), and systems integration (providingcomputation resources and capabilities of system informatics, model-ling and analysis). Successful implementation of automation wouldrequire more research into the different domains and how they can beintegrated to achieve system optimization

Another area that requires muchattention is in the implementation of automation

Another area that vertical farming can benefit the environment isthe reduction in usage of fossil fuels. Traditional farming consumeshuge amount of fossil fuels during transportation and storage. For in-stance, Besthorn (2013) stated that in America, 20% of fossil fuels areconsumed for farming activities. It is well known that combustion offossil fuels contributes greatly to global warming. It was reported thatin 2015, 45% of CO2 emissions came from coal burning,

internet-driven agriculture, technology-driven food wastemanagement (zero waste food processing) as well as platform tech-nology to develop alternative and unconventional food sources

climate change may cause severe flooding and droughts inneighbouring countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, which cancause crop failure and in turn affect supply.

he current COVID-19 pandemic perfectly re-flects Singapore's vulnerability in food security with supermarketsrunning sho

lanting tech-nologies such as chemical fertilizers, pest and weed contro

changing consumer palate, climate change and natural resource

relatively nascent with numerous challenges, which have to be addressed before they can be widely acceptedand implemented.

Anthropogenic factors such asrapid urbanization and industrialization have strained finite resources like land and water.

With the world's population projected to increase from the current7.7 billion to 9.2 billion in 2050, food security is becoming an in-creasingly important global issue