And the next minute you’re plunging the toilet, or cleaning thebathroom, because we don’t have those little niceties in our budgets forcleaning people. So you’re doing the dishes or shoveling the sidewalk. Imean, all work is women’s work.
One person working various tasks due to systematic racism that has left them working from the literally, the ground up
I hereby swear to the truth of the following statement: I am a full-blood contemporary artist, of the sub-group (or class) called sculptors. I am not an American Indian, nor have I ever seen or sworn loyalty to India. I am not a Native "American," nor do I feel that "America" has any right to either name me or un-name me. I have previously stated that I should be considered a mixed-blood: that is, I claim to be a male but in fact only one of my parents was male. (q
Hits on everything. Colonialism, patriarchy, globalism, and blood quantum.
What kinds of histories do these bloodlines disguise?
The question of survival comes to mind.
7). She collates the number with bar cod
Her ancestor's land was considered profit rather than a home for various people.
ber. The children and grandchildren of those who did not register cannot prove they are Indian. ... Now the numbering and registering have returned to ha
When everyone knows their heritage, but are overlooked, they will demand for their share.
s, the Pechanga have been overwhelmed by an influx in new applications for member
The Pechanga casino in Temecula.
Therefore, those who quali- fied for membership were to be those of documented one-quarter Southern Paiute blood who were descendants of those whose names were on the 1940 census.
Interesting as the census is being used to qualify people. How about people who weren't listed in the census but identify as Southern Paiute?
This transformation has, in turn, attracted thousands of new applications for membership from people all across the country.
People in seek of wealth or recognition?
Had discrimination against women become so naturalized?
Yes.
the IRA promoted the development of restrictive membership criteria within the constitutions that it required of tribal governments, constitutions that had to be approved by the Department of the Interi- or (1999
I like how the words development and restrictive are used right next to each other. The United States wanted promoted limited membership.
Pueblo were a traditionally matrilineal tribe in which one's identity, position, social responsibilities, and land tenure were deter- mined on the basis of who one's mother w
Patriarchy and capitalism the real founders of America.
seem that in all of these rather diverse historical mo- ments, membership criteria determined rights to property (lands, hous- ? ing) and to shares in profits (from gaming and tourism to resource extraction and toxic storage) with immediate implications for cor- responding rights to electoral participation and treaty-provided social services (health care, educati
This only progress/success for certain groups, not all.
His real aim, as was Slade Gorton's (R.-Oreg.), was to reverse the "sovereign immunity" of tribes from lawsuits and taxation (Wilkins 2002, 78-81)
Wow. Some people wanted to make things more difficult to marginalized groups!
Therefore, the extensive fraud, errors, omissions, and illegali- ties surrounding tribal membership are only of concern to the United States when they undermine efforts to establish or maintain the power to govern indigenous peopl
The United States is always afraid of sovereign nations.
. Since the oil wells were producing very well by this time, each > head right was receiving approximately $1 million annually, making the Osage the richest per capita people in the world (xiii)
Empowerment through capitalism. To beat the system, you have to become part of it?
Blood quantum is, after all, a most effective means for readjusting individuals to the kinds of "normalizing standards" of group identity that can be managed by the stat
Is it though?
it. Possession of a certificate does not guarantee anything beyond the fact that the various departments and agencies have control over the definitions of who counts as indigenous for pur- poses of allocating their services and mon
Even when you have a paper trails that justify your land/services, you can still get denied.
esses made by federal agents based on racialized notions of identity or visual evalua- tions of physical features, to the false testimony of those who turned over the names of fellow tribal members to the agents for cash pay- ments
I was about to state that the assessment phase wasn't too specific. I see now that people were wrongly judged and bribed.
. Those who were deemed "competent," usually meaning that the person spoke English and so allegedly understood the property taxes for which they would be made responsible on receiving land title u and U.S. citizenship, received fee pate
I wonder if such statement holds today.
The General Allotment Act broke up communally owned reser- vations in severalty and issued single parcels of land to individuals who were determined to be members of the tribes
I pretty sure the US government followed the same procedure as their English ancestors to achieve such goals. The English bought lands off the peasants, forcing them to look for work elsewhere, most likely in the colonies.
Such laws meant that a part-Indian of one- eighth American ancestry and seven-eighth European ancestry would not have acquired sufficient European "blood" to be accorded the legal privileges of whiteness
The United States was a melting pot, however, it didn't always grant you social mobility and equality.
1989). The mitigation of the type of land titles to be issued through blood's coding of racial purity only further reified blood as a means of disposs
This is a combination of scientific racism and systematic racism to disempower a group.
the Indian "arts and crafts"3 market within the Un
Call it what it is, cultural appropriation.
However, Native fishing actually accounted for a fraction of what white fisheries claimed.
The United States never changes. Pointing the blame on others.
NIYC activists as un-American
Two contradictions.
The two were arrested on the violation of the state’s restraining order and taken to jail
Being arrested during the 1960's was not looked down upon but rather a sign of progress.
They notified local and national media outlets of their plans
Reminds of a lot of what is happening today. The media is publicizing our grievances.
intertribal action
I have challenge to that. I think intertribal action also occurred in the Ghost Dance movement.
“reasonable and necessary
The mentality of Big Brother
raid
Raiding is very different from monitoring.
A decline in salmon runs due to pollution, sportfishing, and massive fisheries led state authorities to enact conservation measures, restricting fishing in certain areas or during certain times of year.
It reminds me of the buffalo decline over the 19th century. They were almost hunted to extinction as colonials shot them from trains for sport.
For those who did not have information of one or both parents, or who didn’t know the level of detail required about their family history, or who were confused about the whole concept of a “degree of blood” it would have been formidable.
The United States is so sinister, it forces people to have their own paper trail, when the United States could have that if they included Native Americans in Census/elections.
It provided tribes with the opportunity to organize governments of their own choosing, but did not make clear the authority of those governments.
But wasn't the goal to make them follow the American democratic style?
But, he did not really understand the nuances and complexities of actual reservations, where tribal territories were checkerboarded with non-Native properties, and he did not necessarily understand the diversity within Native communities.
Having someone in charge who doesn't know how tribal communities and governments work.
Collier felt that tribal members needed a process by which they could learn the democratic processes of government. That is why he developed the concept of tribal governments operating under a constitution.
So even when granted autonomy, they must follow it in the American way.
The suggestions included tribal land, tribal rolls, the form of the governing council with rules for election and for removal from office, and how amendments could be made. In order for the tribal constitutions to be legally recognized in the US, they had to fit within the basic form of a legal document under US laws, and their language had to use proper terminology.
I understand how these suggestions could be useful as they provide a backbone for the various constitutions, but it can also deter such diversity of the constitutions.
When a majority of adult tribal members approved the IRA, they could then write a constitution, which had to be approved by another majority vote and the Secretary of the Interior. Tribes who approved the IRA could then elect a tribal council
I think this was purposely made to be complicated so many Native American tribes could get lost and not make any progress to their sovereignty.
A special Court of Indian Affairs would be established
Now the question is, will a white man run it or will a Native American?
establish local self-government and tribal corporations to develop reservation resources
They could have for the last 100+ years, but the United States government saw it as a threat.
But for the Cherokees, a set age wasn’t the marker of maturity, it was behavior
Say it louder for the people in the back.
Adult males were designated as heads of household, while wives and biological children, and occasionally grandparents and stepchildren were beneath them
Patriarchy established in the household, erasing the past identity of matriarchal power.
Creek by blood” but her husband was “Creek Freedman,” their children would be considered to be “Creek Freedmen” as well, overriding matrilineal rules
The concept of patriarchy overrules another nation's power system. Smh the United States.
“full-blood,”
Yes I was right. Yet, this is a truly racist method. Checking if you had some type of ancestry to determine your future
Thus, in the process of allotment, government agents also attempted to officially define and designate who tribal members were.
If I remember correctly, the American government did this by assessing the blood quanta of a Native American.
It is a case that gave the tribes the standing—the power—to sit down at the table with other governments as equals.
I see. Salmon is a method of leveling out the playing field between Americans and Native Americans.
To witness the return is spiritually invigorating.
It's much more than just salmon.
And for many of them, they haven't had salmon for twenty years.
This is a demonstration how intrusive white America has been for the Native American peoples of the area.
Nations within the NWIFC work together to effectively manage and preserve salmon populations. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission.
Standing in solidarity and working together for the greater good.
treaties as being supreme over state law
Wow! This reminds me a lot of court cases in which court cases overrule years' worth of limitation on certain peoples.
Because we know if it wasn't for their tribe
Is there also some type of guilt/acceptance of their mistakes in this quote?
What did comanagement mean?
Again the use of jargon to throw off and hid the true meanings of a treaty/law.
employ a blacksmith, carpenter, and farmer, for the term of twenty years, to instruct the Indians in their respective occupations
This statement enforces my last annotation. The assimilation process begins with the forcing of Native Americans into new systems of specialized labor.
tribes, who is guilty of bringing liquor into said reservations, or who drinks liquor, may have his or her proportion of the annuities withheld from him or her for such time as the President may determine.
I find this interesting as alcohol, a colonial lifestyle, is barred from the tribes, yet the American wants to continue their Anglicization process.
the same rule shall prevail as that prescribed in this article, in cases of depredations against citizens
Is this a preface/preview to the Major Crimes Act?
debts of individuals
Paying for land debt that you have been living for several generations. Weird.
three thousand two hundred and fifty dollars
Who will the money go to? Capitalists or an aspiring farmer from the urban east coast?
That they shall not take shellfish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens, and that they shall alter all stallions not intended for breeding-horses, and shall keep up and confine the latter.
I found this weird. Communal spaces are established, but the Native Americans are barred from doing certain activities. Is there lack of trust or is social mobility a threat?
it shall be lawful for them to reside upon any ground not in the actual claim and occupation of citizens of the United States,
This statement quickly counteracts my past annotation.
all which tracts shall be set apart, and, so far as necessary, surveyed and marked out for their exclusive use; nor shall any white man be permitted to reside upon the same without permission of the tribe and the superintendent or agent.
So limitations were put in place so the Native American peoples could have some type of autonomy.
hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States
This statement is being said as if Native American lands willingly gave up their lands to the American people.
Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs of the said Territory,
Did some research on this man. Ah yes, a military officer in charge of Native American lands.
The Supreme Court put a stop to that, and until Congress issues a correction to that decision, tribes have their hands tied if the perpetrator of a crime is non- Indian.
It is made for the best intention of white people in power.
but I went in a different direction and started thinking more about policy and how federal law really impedes the ability of Native women to find justice.
To solve the issue, you must go to the core to stop the problem, rather than attacking the side effects.
United States is held up as this bastion of free-dom and democracy, and we have to model ourselves after the freedom that the USA provides
Tell that to our imperialistic motives seen abroad through cheap wage labor, forts in every country, etc
And as long as the legal response includes that, I think we’re going to see a vast improvement over the Anglo- American legal system
A simple statement that can change the future, but unlike the Brock Turner case, the government fails to do condemn actions.
and articulate why this isn’t going to work with our community.
It is self-explanatory but I can see why other people need to be educated.
f you’re so devastated and so hurt by what has happened that you’re not able to contrib-ute?
I have never really taken to account this. Being so destroyed by actions and then followed up by the absence of the government, will lead you to not be a productive person of change.
Advocacy and support without pathologizing women
A step in the right direction.
a lot of barriers there.
Even when there is progression, there's a barrier to prevent such actions.
So, the Anglo- American judicial construct of rape has never been one that is victim- friendly. It is set up and designed to protect white, male property owners and their right to have sex with whom they want, and not to look at the world through the eyes of a victim.
Believing the rapist/offender, and not the victim. What has our society developed to?
The federal government is supposed to protect tribes
I am having a hard time coming to terms with the word "protect."
Sexualized racial profiling
Saving this term for any future essay of mine, or for it to be talked to other historians
It’s very paternal-istic, the view that we have to turn to the Great White Father
In this case, it instead of being Big Brother, it is Great White Father aka the white savior.
any tribal languages don’t even have a word for rape, because there wasn’t a need for a word for rape prior to colonization.
Wow. This is both interesting and disgusting. I will be keeping this information and sharing it to fellow historians.
The report also details how that neglect is exacerbated by structural barriers such as jurisdictional questions and chronic underfunding of law enforcement and Indian health services
I think this can best described as the result of systematic racism.
when the federal government agreed to offer more protection for tribal lands, it really provided less
In times of need, you can't trust your government to help you out.
The core of Oklahoma’s argument is that a reservation must be land “reserved from sale.”
But they had the power to relocate people through urbanization or dispossession?
Oklahoma tells us, is that it thought the eastern half of the State was always categorically exempt from the terms of the federal MCA
Doesn't this violate the past statement?'
For example, the Creek Nation retained the power to collect taxes, operate schools, legislate through tribal ordinances, and, soon, oversee the federally mandated allotment process.
Autonomy!
Yet maintaining the order of another government, sounds weird to me.
If allotment by itself won’t work, Oklahoma seeks to prove disestablishment by pointing to other ways Congress intruded on the Creek’s promised right to self-governance during the allotment era. It turns out there were many
The biggest take away is that this is an if statement. In other words, if all other methods of Native American removal don't work, there is a chance to change the plan of action.
the reservation system would cease” “within a generation at most.
100 years later, and this a lie.
cede[d] and convey[ed]
In other words they "gave up willingly" their land. Such a bold statement by the US when in reality, the United States must have promised death threats if failure to comply
forever secure and guaranty to them
I think this statement is once sided. The United States would then only benefit from the security they provided.
Both parties settled on boundary lines
Yet these boundary lines weren't fully explored as there was no set map to determine. It was rather a place holder.
his Court is aware of the potential for cost and conflict around jurisdictional boundaries.
I like they how mention money. As money would be a setback to the American government.
permanent home
Yet, thousands of Creeks are forced to relocate due to the allotment policy.
New World himself, but he did make numerous illustrations of Native people that simultaneously drew upon and contributed to the new discourses of Indianness
It's like not going to class for the entire quarter, but still deciding to go the final
The kitchen table is no longhouse or tribal council chamber, but decisions and community are made in this democratic space, and in that regard it might have something in common with spaces invented by peoples migrating home in traditional time
I find it really interesting, that my family does the same. Both the democracy aspect and the arguing aspect.
The right to self-determination of subaltern nations is really a right to secession from the control of dominant powers.”35 In their analysis, subaltern nationalisms tend to advance a political content that can subvert the nationalisms of more powerful nations, because the cul-tures from which indigenous nationalisms emerge are defined by different value system
Challenge governments, beliefs, and actions through the use of art!
. If you are a non-Native, or an Indian hailing from elsewhere, you fall under the jurisdiction of the state of Minnesota, in keeping with Public Law 280
This reminds me of how federal jurisdiction overrules tribal ordinances.
This space is poor, economi-cally speaking, and therefore to be pitied; at the same time it is an honor to inhabit this space, if only for a moment.
Economic injustices can last very long by the looks of things. It gets worse then the government doesn't compensate you.
Being a woman, she was never asked for her x-mark by American treaty commissioners, but she is still honored today in a tribal and familial consciousness
American Patriarchy vs Native American matriarchs
a real old-time Indian
I think this term can go both ways. It applauds their ancestors and for what it stood for. However, it also shows how assimilation has changed Native Americans into separating themselves, identity wise.
“an incomplete project” that “still depends on vital heri-tages, but would be impoverished through mere traditionalism.
So a combination of both the past and the future?
Americans are no longer pursuing removalism
I disagree. United States' encroachment is occurring elsewhere in the world. it doesn't always have to be in America.
We are still living the legacies of this history.
For example, UCSD is built on Kumeyaay land.
Native people have a lot to forgive. When Columbus came there were around ten million people living north of the Rio Grande; by 1900, only 250,000 Natives survived in the United States.
Capitalistic needs and drives create genocide.
but perhaps the more urgent lesson is simply a cautionary tale about the risks of dealing with people who don’t keep their word
There's a lot of shade being thrown here. I love it!
Home is a stopping point,
This embodies the word nomad.
“a river that slices like a knife,” in all likelihood near the Detroit River where Lake Erie and Lake Huron connect.
I'm surprised how large the distances were covered. We're talking hundreds and thousands of miles over months/years.
iplomatic relations.
Diplomatic relations means being able to talk things out and compromising. The United States walked in and stole Native American land.
Creeks relinquish all claim for improvements.
So there is some type of autonomy? I sadly think though if the Creek people requested an improvement, the US would say no as for the land is meant to be used and refurbished by American capitalists.
ARTICLE 1. The Creek tribe of Indians cede to the United States all their land, East of the Mississippi river.
What I find problematic about this statement is that no set borders were 100% outlined nor respected. For anything "West of the Mississippi" is just a place holder term.
textualist
As a result, wouldn't this propose the idea of looking at all the texts and then comparing them?
broken promises
A theme that became part of the American lifestyle.
Oklahoma rejected that argument, arguing in part that in Oklahoma, the Creek Reservation no longer existed—or was no longer recognized.
Oh dang. This a representation of the erasure of cultures the United States has prompted.
Addressing these issues is something that is necessary for community survival and well-being
Addressing is the first step to progress.
It is impossible to have a truly self-determining nation when its members have been denied self-determination over their own bodies
Such an empowering quote. This can sum up the Native American identity against the United States government.
the sovereignty of women has always been sacred.
Recognition and empowerment of women!
creates a federal trust responsibility to assist tribal governments in safeguarding the lives of Native women. The reauthorization of VAWA in 2013 built on this finding even further.
There is connection between US and Native nations, but I think there is more that can be done. This is a step in the right direction, though.
cross-deputized
This is a large if statement, and as we all know that state governments working hand in hand with tribal governments is not as common.
incorporation
This is always a back and forth between incorporation and sovereign nation!
Amendments in 1986 (as part of drug control legislation) allowed for up to one year’s incarceration and/or a $5,000 fine.
Even when there is progress, you can count on the American government to change the ultimatum of a goal through the enactment of new legislations
1968
52 years ago this was passed. Let that sink in.
In about 1956, there was a case of an Indian shot in the Platte Valley of Nebraska; only when courageous citizens in the valley persisted for months in the face of entrenched authorities did justice finally prevail.
It reminds me a lot of today where public pushing and protests are advocating for justice to crimes, rather than the government actively doing something about it.
until 1968, after which the consent of the reservation was required.
It only takes centuries for progress to be made. In this case, for the simple idea of consent, or yes/no. It shows how authoritative the United States has been in their conquest of expansion.
The list of “major crimes” included murder, kidnapping, and rape.
My question here is, where did they get the term major crimes from? From another socially disadvantaged group or from a rhetoric from a white man?
The Act provides the federal government with criminal authority on many reservations today.
The transition from no authority on tribal land, versus, I command the rules around here.
These types of state laws and extensions were perceived by some as directly conflicting with federal treaty provisions that guaranteed tribal self-governance.
It literally is attacking the methods of certain groups and putting them under an umbrella term of white expansionism/jurisdiction.
For offences, either pretended or real, charged to be committed by them while journeying through the dominions of these sovereigns, they might be dragged before their chiefs and other head men, and upon the most crude and unsatisfactory testimony, be consigned to ignominious or fatal punishments.
So y'all don't want to get trialed? Are y'all excused of punishment?
In this case, Creek legal rights were lost in Alabama in a trial where the Creek Nation was not even a party
This is just as equal as waiving someone's presence.
The court ruled that it was impossible for a sovereign nation to exist when it could not hold the title to the land—only the right of occupancy.
So this overrules last week's treaty that gave Cherokee's jurisdiction to their own land.
Wirt urged the Cherokees to use Corn Tassel’s case as a test case in the US Supreme Court, for the Cherokees to assert their status as an independent nation.
Smart! Know your resources and have an action plan to get your voice heard. This is a huge applause moment for the Cherokee people
Worcester was a victory for the Cherokees, and explicitly stated that states did not have jurisdiction in Indian country, this ruling did not accurately reflect the reality throughout most of the nineteenth century
Again, one law that says something, only to get contradicted by another law saying another thing.
The government officially recorded only 424 deaths along the way.
Only note small deaths, so that the future government could do the same when displacing groups of people
Military units plucked people from their homes, sometimes not even giving them time to pack a bag.
Why am I getting Vietnam comparisons?
prominent headmen and their families.
This defeats the whole matrilineal lineage. By giving it to the male lead figures, the idea that men are superior to women, are exerted to forget past customs/culture.
we therefore claim the right to the soil
Stand your ground and know your rights.
matrilineal
I find this very interesting as matrilineal clans are a direct opposite to the United States patriarchal government. Yet, I have the sense that the United States was not going to listen to women.
Cobell
Seeing the video, Cobell is heavily invested in bringing back the land/money back to the Native American people. As well, I enjoyed how many people were supporting her actions, but the key factor being, having a paper trace.
Native American Community Development Corporation (NACDC)
Just an example that one's success shouldn't stop you from reaching other goals.
failed
Failed is the right word.
She wrote letters for the tribal elders that came to ask her for help as well, finding yet more holes in the accounts.
She became a beacon for others!
Because few Indians—many of whom could not speak English, much less write—had written wills, this usually meant that property descended to the heirs determined by state intestacy laws.
Reminds me of the literacy tests African Americans had to take in order to vote.
Cobell later joked about having made the leap from "dumb Indian" to "genius" in one lifetime
Weird how the racist rhetoric still stood, only 40 years ago.
he wanted to know why, when trustees are supposed to placetrust assets in safe, profitable investments, the tribe was receiving negative interest checks.
Go get 'em!
here, she saw many othersdismissed when they came to ask about their trust accounts.
First hand experience of fraud and identity erasing
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) management of their land
The BIA was run by white people, when it was meant to be designed and made for the Native peoples.
boarding school
Boarding schools: where the native identity dies and a white one is imposed.
Native American bank, won a MacCarthur “genius” grant, been honored as a warrior by her tribe, and madethe United States to agree to pay 3.4 billion dollars—the largest federal class action settlement ever made--for its mismanagement of Indian property.
I think she requires more recognition.
Although the United States was supposed to provide rations under its treaties with the Blackfeet Nation, the local federal agent hoarded therations to sell on the black market.
Translation: genocide.
ward
There's that word again: "ward"/ wardship.
omestic de-pendent nations” rather than “foreign nations
Domestic meaning they were supposed to follow certain rules, versus foreign meaning that they could abide to their own. In other words, stripping them from their sovereignty.
The Cherokees, after being rebuffed by President Andrew Jackson and his Democrat- controlled Congress in their pleas for protection of their rights under their treaties negotiated with the United States, turned to the Supreme Court in an effort to block Georgia from extending its racist regime of state laws over the tribe’s federally established, treaty-guaranteed reservation
When it don't work the first time, try and try again.
First and foremost, the Marshall Model of Indian Rights recog nizes the exclusive right of the United States to exercise supremacy over Indian tribes on the basis of the Indians’ presumed racial and cultural inferiori-ty.
Big brother mentality or master mentality?
It elevates a European colonial- era fantasy of white racial supremacy and dictatorship over entire continents of nonconsenting, non- European peoples into a skeletal principle of the U.S. legal sys-tem.
The glory for wealth and power go hand in hand with racist and subjugating ideologies.
In other words, it was the “system” of colonial governmentality adopted by Europeans in the New World and unequivocally acceded to by the Founders that required the Court to rule the way it did in Johnson v. McIntosh
In other words, blame the societal norms?
as successor to Great Britain’s imperial inter-ests
The United States became everything they didn't want to become.
“were all in pursuit of nearly the same object,” that is, control and empire over the lands of non-European peoples deemed inferior by Europeans
The search for wealth and be like the white rich people in power.
“doctrine of discovery”
If I'm not mistaken, this is basically Manifest Destiny right? The United States was just trying to market the same idea but in different terms.
In this sense, the Supreme Court’s “Indian law” always functions ambivalently in its limiting and unappealable pronouncements on Indian rights, as, simultaneously, a form of anti-Indian law.
The American government was good at setting ground rules/restrictions for people who weren't white.
The English book stands as emblem and insignia of colonial authority.
It's like the Bible in some sense?
They have been taught to believe that when used and interpreted correctly, the principles and doctrines derived from these foundational cases can work reliably and steadily enough to protect Indian rights in a legal system constructed upon a Founding- era vision of white racial supremacy and dictatorship intend-ed to be established over the entire continent of North America
Throughout history, I learned that future generations of judges attempt to contextualize the decisions of past judges only for the future generations' comments to be overturned.
The legacy of white racial superiorit
A legacy that is being felt for 244 years.
Founders through a diverse and infl uential set of sources, texts, and narrative traditions
Imagine making traditions to make fun of people who are very similar. Yet, racist notions and physical differences demean the complexity of Native Americans.
white racial dictatorship
This is how our government is best summed up. It is led by old white people who abuse their power.
to be punished according tothe ordinances of Congress;
It's weird how vague the punishment is. My guess would be that the punishment would then be decided on the spot.
THREE hostages shall be immediately delivered to the commissioners
What would be the punishment if the hostages were not returned "immediately"?
and the peace given by the United States
I think peace is used as a statement rather than a promise. I think it was used to please the Cherokee/Native Americans for the time, until the Americans explored westward.
they think proper
Again, giving autonomy to the Native group. My dislike is that they're being called "Indians." Is this consent from one tribe which consequently applies to all tribes?
and the punishment shall be in presence ofsome of the Cherokees,
This is the if statement. A Cherokee must be present to witness the crime to then indict the criminals. It is an easy get-out clause as one can defend themselves by saying they weren't there on such day.
such personshall forfeit the protection of the United States, and the Indians may punish him or not asthey please-provided nevertheless,
This is very important. The fact that the United States said, you're on your own, gives such authority and power to the Cherokee, whomst I believe were looking for such recognition for the longest of times.
under the protection of the United States of America,and of no other sovereign whosoever
The thing about this statement is that it acknowledges the Cherokee as independent, but only by the definition of the United States.
HEAD-MEN and WARRIORS
Who were the head-men and who were the warriors? Could there be an overlap of both, because on what I've learned is that warriors held a lot of political power.
In 2009, the plaintiffs settled with the Secretary of the Interior. The US would distribute $1.5 billion among the plaintiffs to compensate for mismanagement of the accounts, provide $1.9 billion to consolidate fractionated lands, and devote $60 million for higher education scholarships.
Happy ending?
They just wanted the BIA to say where the money was and what they had done with it.
Call them out! This bring backs the idea of showing your taxes.
filing official complaints in Washington and testifying to Congress, which resulted in the 1994 American Indian Trust Management Act, legislation which required the Secretary of State to make a full accounting to each trust account holder each year.
Always keep a paper trail if you want to bring someone to court for justice
The Indian tribes are the wards of the nation. They are communities dependent on the United States
I see this as the United States claiming ownership of the Native American tribes/peoples.
According to Morgan and other government officials, Native peoples’ only alternative to assimilation was death
This comes to show how encroaching the American government is. Killing people for the purpose of one's idea.
Because the Dawes Act led Natives to citizenship, it was referred to by many politicians as the “Indian Emancipation Act.”
The American government knew what it was doing. The Dawes Act was a double edged sword as it allowed for American expansion, but also the losing of the culture/tradition.
Dawes Act
Again, the Big Brother gets to have and sell your property because they feel entitled to such actions.
In contrast to common legal and social practice governing the separation of whites and African Americans, Natives were subject to concentrated efforts of assimilation and “civilization
I find it weird that the United States have the ability to choose who gets to "assimilate" versus who people are "others."
Wardship
Throw in a word that is known to the American government, but not to the people being affected.
The ambiguous definitions
When its not the ultimate denying of people's rights, it is creating an obscure response/answer that leave people scratching their heads.
But, it didn’t matter to Georgia.
An important event only to be washed away by a land thirsty person in power. Sounds familiar.
The Court ruled that the state of Georgia did not have criminal jurisdiction to prosecute a state offense that occurred in Cherokee country.
This reminds me of when the United States has convicts flee to Mexico but cannot do anything because the lack jurisdiction unless given permission. One country, to another.
guardian
Big Brother mentality once again!
territorial integrity and powers of self-government.
They had access to self-government, but it was illegal to participate. The United States counters its own statements!
Native people were warlike, and too uncivilized to be recognized under the US Constitution as a foreign state.
What?! What's the vision that comes to mind when we think of America ('Murica)? Guns and bald eagles being ridden by G. Washington.
The Cherokee Nation argued that its lawsuit was one involving an action brought by a foreign nation against a state.
Props on the Cherokee nation for recognizing encroachment and the violation of the treaty. They knew their rights!
The US would pay for moving coasts, provide support for their first year of residence in the West, and compensate individuals for the value of improvements they had made to the land they left behind. (
It was proposed as a bargain for the greater good of parties. Yet, the United States came out as the successor?
blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion
The irony. Native Americans were exercising their liberties only to get challenged by another groups liberties.
Not one to respect treaty rights
clap clap
Native people were also denied the right to testify in court on their own behalf.
In the history books, you're taught that the land was lost through the tactics of the American military and the superiority of power. But here we are learning that the United States went out of its way to criminalize things from the bottom up, as it aided in the larger scale of things.
they passed a law which prohibited the functioning of Creek national government
Was the United States of mobilization of the Creek Nation through a government, or where they afraid of the system itself as it was a challenge to American Democracy?
Many white settlers argued that Native people, because they were not white, would never be able to integrate into white society on equal footing with other non-Native white southerners.
Oh how wrong they were.
sword
The idea of Manifest Destiny ran hand in hand the idea of war or violence as it was seen as the quickest and most effective way of ideology.
be fruitful, multiply, and replenish the earth and subdue it.
Woah that statement is a bit harsh. I understand this as the genocide of Native American groups through the dominance of the white population.
It is almost unthinkable that anyone living in the 1820s wouldn’t look back at the last thirty years and see just how wrong this idea was. But it was pitched not only as historical fact, but also inevitable historical fact.
I love facts like these! Learning about the nitty gritty stuff always excites me, but I'm often disappointed, but not surprised about the actions of the American government.
It is historical fiction
Historical fiction plays a key role in our society today as it manipulated to either be glorified or to just twist it out of proportion. The saddest thing is that historical fiction is being taught in various schools today.
savages
These were the same "savages" who aided in the American Revolution (and the 7 years War) that were pivotal in such success. However, racist ideology wins in the end.
civilized inhabitants
But Native American tribes had stratified political, economic, and culture systems much like the colonizers.
“discoverers” to divide amongst themselves.
This reminds greatly of the Treaty of Tordesillas. Imaginary lines had to be drawn to separate Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and French lands.
and consequent war with each other,
Could you imagine being a having war against another nation in one part of the "New World" and then having them as allies in a different part of the "New World"?
The plaintiffs in the case were Joshua Johnson and Thomas Grahame, descendants of a citizen of England who claimed title to a piece of land located in Illinois territory under a direct purchase from the Illinois and Piankeshaw nations. The defendant, William McIntosh, claimed title under a grant from the United States. The defendant, McIntosh, won the case.
Disputing over land that the humans still lived on at that moment.
In the interest of national unity, those states ceded their western claims to the central government,
I can see how unifying for the purpose of capitalistic expansion can be appealing to different social classes.
“moral” obligations were applied
Big Brother mentality
American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages
Hmm. The term American Indian is all encompassing of the mainland USA, but the Alaska Natives obtain a completely different because of their specific region.
This obligation was first discussed by Chief Justice John Marshall in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Is this a lasting precedent that gives only recognition or does it want to do more?
574 federally recognized Native nations
Does anyone know the amount of federally recognized Native nations of today?