- Apr 2024
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saying to my son, here was my first home in America, where I lived with a woman who was 103.
my dad used to do this :(
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Mala and I live
present tense
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e discovered that a man named Bill sold fresh fish on Prospect Street,
similarity to Mrs. Sens
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there was a potato peeler in the kitchen drawer, and a tablecloth on the table, and chicken curry made with fresh garlic and ginger on the stove.
"there was" - not she bought; like work of wife is mysterious changes
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hands.
Mrs. Croft not used ot kindness/company
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grammar
foreshadowing, time in the future
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It is more sad even than your Beethoven, isn’t it?”
your Beethoven
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ou already taste the way things must be.
"taste" ?
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cafeteria ledge, and ate french fries heaped in a cardboard boat among students chat- ting at circular tables.
monotonous, gray, boring, lifeless things (Circle, french fries, cardboard)
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liot had the sensation that Mrs. Sen was no longer present in the room with the pear-colored carpet.
how words can transport
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nder an autumn sun that glowed without warmth through the trees, he saw how that same stream of cars made her knuckles pale, her wrists tremble, and her English falter.
mrs. sen's experience of Elliot's beautiful scenery
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Could I drive all the way to Calcutta? How long would that take, Eliot? Ten thousand miles, at fifty miles per hour?”
asks Elliot bizzare questions; seeking answers she knows he doesn't have
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something the rest of them could not.
sense of absence
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felt that my saying it made it true, that Mr. Pirzada’s daughters really were missing, and that he would never see them again.
speaking words into existence
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our jack-o’-lantern wore an expression of placid aston- ishment, the eyebrows no longer fierce, floating in frozen sur- prise above a vacant, geometric gaze.
symbolism of jack-o-lantern; to ward off evil spirits? to decorate, to provide homeliness
an escape amidst news watching
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etting it soften until the last possible moment, and then as I chewed it slowly,
delicate, intimaet, erotic?
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birthdays
grounding herself in colors
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tried not to think about Mr. Pirzada, in his lime-scented overcoat, connected to the unruly, sweltering world we had viewed a few hours ago in our bright, carpeted living room.
Pirzada's neatness as juxtaposition to state of Dacca
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were only a shadow of what had already happened there, a lagging ghost of where Mr. Pirzada really belonged.
ghostly, haunting language
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life, I realized, was being lived in Dacca first.
non linear timelines
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had learned Mr. Pirzada was not an Indian, I began to study him with extra care, to try to figure out what made him different.
how children can inherent their parents biases/opinions; like Claire from abeng & gay family member
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ensembles of plums, olives, and chocolate browns.
food + color
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it was as if California and Con- necticut constituted a nation apart from the US.
appealing to audience to understand
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Calcutta, was signified by a small silver star. I had been there only once and had no memory of the trip.
small tidbit of parents' hometown; almost blends into rest of description
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the great majority of Jamaican people,
** important for nervous conditions
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diaspora
sum- creation of Africa as a larger identity?
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transgressive
sum- explaining how Martinique both is and is not French, because of its ties to french but also because of the black & mulatto people that make it different but not quite other; the idea that there is somewhere between something and its other, between the Occident and the Orient. Nyasha & Tambu as in between/within these spaces of different
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Cultural identities are the points of identification, the unstable points of identification or suture, which ° are made, within the discourses of history and culcure.
** this fs connects to Tambu
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Masks
sum- connecting to Fanon's white skin/black masks; I could connect this to Nervous Conditions? how the dominant discourse begins to make colonized subjects see themselves as others, as inferior; how does Tambu see herself as the image of the Oriental female subject? well Baba somewhat enforces a mixture of pre traditional Rhodesian norms and also norms adopted from colonialism; idk what these are though; but Babamukuru as the figure in her mind that she aims to see herself through
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Cultural identity, in this second sense, is a matter of “becom- ing” as well as OF beMng-“Tt Helongs to the hittire as much as to the pase.
connect to cultural identity in Nervous conditions?
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- Mar 2024
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Increased national productivity and efficiency mask a shifting of costs from the paid economy to the unpaid economy (Elson 11), from governments to women 1n households
**
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tate sector appears to save money when it ceases to provide basic service, but in fact the costs are shifted to women within house- holds
**
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clientelistic
the exchange of goods and services for political support; vote buying
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remittances
the action of sending money in payment
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ut the objection to this regime of rights is quite simple: to accept it is to accept that we have no alternative except to live under a regime of endless capital accumulation and economic growth no matter what the social, ecological, or political consequences.
overall sum
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citizens
sum- the difficulty of rights within neoliberalism, which is based around territory; the inclusion/exclusion of citizens as a problem;
confusing here
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us.
sum- we should note the strong connection between neoliberalism as a set of political-economic practices and the increasingly popular use of universal rights framework as an ethical foundation for moral/political justificationa
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the degraded vision of the social world provided by the ethical discourse of human rights serves, like any elite theory, to sustain the self-belief of the governing class’
?? confused by this section
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politics
sum-explaining difference between opposition ot accumulation and dispossesion-the later is more fragmented & particular
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neoliberalization
sum- becasue of neolib's focus on individuals often includes opposition through appealing to the judge, advocacy groups and NGOs (non govt orgs) form to step in. NGOS have somewhat helped global neoliberalism by allowing state withdrawn from social assistance
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he opposition cultivates methods that cannot escape the neoliberal frame.
** difficulty of opposition within neoliberalism
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one of this sits easily with the actual practices that underpin the restoration or creation of class power and the results in terms of impoverishment and environmental degradation.
sum-the true outcome of such goals
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he expansion of consumption as well as the increased pressure on natural resource exploitation.
sum-explaining how neoliberalism has split views on environmental impact, but generally has been harmful in numerous ways
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f Polanyi is right and the treatment of labour as a commodity leads to social dislocation, then moves to rebuild different social networks to defend against such a threat become increasingly likely.
sum- explaining how some alternative social structures have formed (mafias, drug cartels, secular cults, etc.) to make up for the void left by institutional forms that devalued the labor of these disposable groups
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‘I shop therefore I am’ and possessive individualism together con- struct a world of pseudo-satisfactions that is superficially exciting but hollow at its core.
*
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catastrophic
sum- how capitalism harms lower class women from traditional societies by undermining value of house-based labor (connects to Rodney on women's labor being less valuable)
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speaks
sum- how capitalism views individuals more simplistically as "a mere factor of production"
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For the alleged commodity ‘labour power’ cannot be shoved about, used indiscriminately, or even left unused, without affecting also the human individual who happens to be the bearer of this peculiar commodity.
basically how labor as a commodity is humane
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profit
- important point
how neoliberalism relies on fictitious commodities of labor, land, and money
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example
sum- explaining concept of commodification and how there is generally a limit on it in each society, but disagreement as well
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In the US, conscience and honour are supposedly not for sale, and there exists a curious penchant to pursue ‘corruption’ as if it is easily dis- tinguishable from the normal practices of influence-peddling and making money in the marketplace.
authorial voice criticizing us market?
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marginalization
sum-last factor is state redistributions
expalining how neoliberalized state launches privitization shcmeed which appear beneficial but truly direct more wealth to upper classes. Also redistribution of wealth through tax codes, which tax corporations less and less in the US. Rise of surveillance and policing, as well as prison-industrial complex, indicate emphasis on social controla s a contrast
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elsewhere
sum-another factor is the management and manipulation of crises
gives some examples of countries; allows for redistribution of wealth while also avoiding significant revolt against system that creates crises
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One of the prime functions of state interventions and of inter- national institutions is to control crises and devaluations in ways that permit accumulation by dispossession to occur with- out sparking a general collapse or popular revolt
**
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risks
sum- another factor is financialization; emphasis on finance industry & lack of sufficient regulations
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ll of these processes amount to the transfer of assets from the public and popular realms to the private and class-privileged domains.
sum- one of 4 main features of accumulation by dispossession is privatization & commodification; removes ownership form the public and privatizes it, includes loss of rights, appropriation, exploitation
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Biopiracy
def: the unauthorized appropriation of knowledge and genetic resources of farming and indigenous communities by individuals or institutions seeking exclusive monopoly control
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US
sum- explaining how neolib primarily redistrubutes (rather than generates) wealth, and uses Marx's og/primitive accumulation practices--includes slave trade, supression of rights, commodification of labor power, forceful expeulsion of peasant populations from land, etc.
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economy
sum- success/hype around emergent industries (films, music, advertising, etc.) that use IT as basis for innovation distratced from neolibs' inability to contribute to more fundamental infrastructures
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more useful for speculative activity and for maximizing the number of short- term market contracts than for improving production.
q- what is info tech?
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Information technology is the privileged technology of neoliberalism.
*
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survive
important section- explaining how so many are persuaded that neoliberalism is best approach; explains that it has benefitted upper classes, which dominate media and can push narrative that any failures of neoliberalism or resulting class inequalities are truly bc of ppls failure to enhance human capital/competition
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ith the media dominated by upper-class interests, the myth could be propagated that states failed economically because they were not competitive
*
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claim
sum- explaining how neoliberalism has largely had a negative /inconsistent impact on different economies
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well
sum- how ruling class are unlikely to surrender their capitalist more; more likely to be a working-class movement-those who are actually effected in capitalist crises
-im confused what crisis we're talking about
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sovereignty
sum- the banks & its allies actively worked to destabilize the Haitian govt and used this instability to strengthen the ostensible need for military occupation bc the money was unsafe
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he white man’s guiding mind
nice phrase
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ruly a virgin territory ready for the white man’s guiding mind to help it to get back to the condi- tions existing when, as history tell us, Haiti was the richest of all of the colonics of France.”
** overall view of large separation between white America and Black Haiti, with haiti needing intervention to be tamed, colonized
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llen argued that without the tutelage of white rule Haiti wowld continue along the path of degeneration that had, in his view, seen the country return to a primitive state of nature in the absence of slavery.
*
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tional City’s representa- tions of Haiti were not without their contradictions. On one hand, in their attempt to market Haiti to US investors and businesspeople they bac to debunk a set of anti- black stercotypes about the republic. On the other hand, while dismissing one set of stereotypes, they simultaneously reinforced others.
** contradictions within racial capitalism logic
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waik
sum- Actually had nuanced classifications of racial difference, sometimes viewing women as more capable than men, Jamaicans above haitians, etc.
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acial difference explained economic deficiency while economic aptitude was cali- brated along a hierarchy of color wherein whiteness reigned supreme and blackness was demeaned, despised, and degraded,
**
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with its paternalistic model for benevolent interventionism and financial tutelage based on the belief of the inherent inability of the Haitian people to govern themselves, Farnharn’s plan emerged out of a broader discourse of early twentieth-century racial capitalism.
** how Farnham's proposed military intervention was nothing original and part of the dialogue in this period
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York
sum- explaining how Farnham gained his reputation and played an important role in Panama (Canal?) as well which historians often overlook; first visited Haiti in June 1911, surprised that n**s speaking french; had close relatinship with Ryan, pres Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state
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established
sum- explaining how the national bank became established in Haiti? I think
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purview
sum-initially National City Bank was unscucesful with its overseas ventures. Then formed the National City Company, which was legally separate but still connected and allowed them to overstep regulations that prevented monopoly. Other banks did this, but they received criticism for their relative size, and decided to appeal to the US by promoting the National City Bank as having a main purpose in stimulating international banking to minimize its negative image domsetically
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ames Stillman was appointed bank president in 1891.
another bank president
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Their interest in Haiti was in the establishment and reproduction of white supremacy.
- key sum-Farnham had unique economic experience that allowed him to influence Haiti, but he also operated under paternalism, a subset of "racial capitalism." This meant he/other whites had to maintain full economic control over haiti, which was part of the racial ideology that Black people couldn't themselves
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paternalism
making all the decisions for the people you govern, employ, or are responsible for, so that they cannot or do not have to make their own decisions
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expansion
sum- arguing how the National City Bank was seeking to internationalize and avoid regulations that prevented its expansion
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particular
sum- Johnson's analysis has value for many y ears after its publishing, influenced a US investigation which absolved the military and believed Haiti would resort to barbarism without them
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republic
sum- he directed the reasoning behind this extended occupation to the National City Bank
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Ostensibly initiated on humane grounds, the occupation had not feliilled any of its stated goals of building infrastructure, expanding education, or providing internal or regional stability. Repressive violence emerged as its only purpose and logic.
sum- Johnson came to Haiti to discover how conditions were horrible & US were torturing Haitians and had stolen economic control
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foodstuff
sum- monoculture was not natural & it caused famine
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iversified agriculture was within the African tradition. Monoculture was a colonialist invention.
sum- discussing "growth without development" or how some African sectors were seemingly able to profit (i.e. from more exports) but it still mainly benefitted external powers and not internal econony; also the growing popularity of monoculture (specializing in one crop) which was not in line w/ African tradition and v limited
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develop
sum: discussing how colonial life provided no growth points or stability for African people; only unstable, skillless employment; as such, things like cash crop farming & mining helped end the "traditional" African lifestyle because they were so exploited & sought after that it impacted many other areas of African life & was unsustainable
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he problem posed to capitalists and workers in Europe while making insecticide from African pyrethrum was one requiring that resourcefulness be expressed in a technical direction. But the problem posed to an African market woman by the necessity to make a penny more profit on every tin of imported sardines was resolved sometimes by a little more vigor, sometimes by a touch of dishonesty, and sometimes by resort to “juju.
sum- destruction of handicraft industries was not just in Africa, but in Europe as well; however, in these places they were able to turn to factories and learn new skills, whereas in Africa there was no where to turn;
same idea of how production required different skills of Africans than of Europeans; one was higher level and could help you progress, the other was for surviavl
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more recent phase of capitalism virtually obliterated African industries such as cloth, salt, soap, iron, and even pottery-making.
Nwamgba :(
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op- sidedness is today part of the pattern of underdevelopment and dependence.
- africa today still unequally dependent on trade w/ Europe bc of how they were denied ability to trade elsewhere
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only 10 per cent of Africa’s trade was internal.
sum- there was limited internal trade in Africa as it didn't benefit Europeans
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he story is often told that in order to make a telephone call from Accra in the British colony of the Gold Coast to Abidjan in the adjacent French colony of Ivory Coast it was necessary to be connected first with an operator in London and then with an operator in Paris who could offer a line to Abidjan. That was one reflection of the fact that the Gold Coast economy was integrated into the British economy, and the Ivory Coast economy was integrated into the French economy
joke about needing to call from Accra to Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), call needed to go through London & Paris first
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examined
sum- giving various examples of how tribalism is misused to blanket disputes in Africa that were in reality caused by the colonial powers' enforcing divisions within Africa; important point that "tribalism" is a central phase that all countries go through, and Africa was already emerging out of, but Europe took steps to entrench & institutionalize it, thus halting their development
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Human activity within small groups connected only by kinship relations (such as the tribe) is a very transient phase through which all continents passed in the phase of communalism. When it ceased to be transient and became institutionalized in Africa, that was because colonialism interrupted African development.
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back
sum: these states were already weakening the solidarity of "tribalism," but colonialism interfered with national solidarity for disrupting the formation of these groups and encouraging hostility between tribes to maintain colonial rule
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communities
sum- a tribe was the largest group based on a common ancestor, often had significant language similarities & ethnicity. but this didn't mean they shared political/social values; states were often a combination of ppl from different ethnic communties
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er influence was considerable, and there were occasions when the “Queen Mother” was the real power and the male king a mere puppet.
sum: explaining the two frequent role of women in pre-colonial Africa; 1) where women were in polygamous arrangements (multiple wives) to maximize labor of women but were also oppressed; 2, where some women actually held political power, often through family blood, and in some instances were the ones pulling the strings of the more powerful male puppet
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ment
sum: colonial powers often set up puppet rulers in African nations out of convenience, so the people could view them with prestige but they truly lacked power outside of the colonial boundaries set
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Colonialism determined that Africans were no more makers of history than were beetles—objects to be looked at under a microscope and examined for unusual features.
sum: discussing how Africa was removed from history in it's role as a "passive object;" it was not seen as an actor, an enforcer, an entity with power, but merely something to be examined and to reap benefits from
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spheres
sum: While the period of time that Africa was colonized was only 70 years and relatively short within the context of overall universal development, it was in a crucial window of technology being reinvented & inventiveness hriving
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question
sum- painting a picture of what it would look like if underdeveloped countries gained collective self-sufficiency, thus limiting exports to European nations and causing a crisis between the working-class and capitalists and threatening the capitalist regime; this would pressure them to give true aid to underdeveloped countries without unfair conditions
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autarky
collective independence/self-sufficiency
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straits
sum- Western financial groups set unrealistic expectations of economic stability in newly (or seeking to be) independent countries, which allows them to continue setting conditions & demands to maintain control
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erves to keep the factories in the ‘ mother country going.
sum- private companies only try to help independent countries when they can still gain profit for the mother country
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colonization
sum- any acts of helping colonized countries from capitalist powers is not an act of charity/good will; simply reparations being made, for Europe was created by the labor & exports of the Third World
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Europe is literally smothers her_is that which was stolen from the=under- developed peoples
**
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Nazis
sum-colonialists haven't paid for their crimes committed, and we must reject the situation they "condemn" developed countries to (that they must forever be dependent)
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enturies will be needed to humanize this world which has been forced down to animal level by imperial powers
sum- this effort requires a complete revolutionizing of the production that underdeveloped countries have operated under thus far. Colonial regimes carved out the current methods, and while they may appear different, they still use the same channels; posits rethinking nature of exports in every way as no one has truly examined natural resources from a perspective of benefitting the colonized country
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contempt
sum-arguing against capitalist exploitation (Enemies of underdeveloped countries) and pro socialism, which will prevent unequal distribution of power
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them
sum- underdeveloped countries need to find their own lens/frame for viewing themselves and create their own values separate from the reputation they have been defined by
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.
sum: explaining how Third World countries, often aware of the immense effort to rise themselves to independence without support form ex-colonial powers, often agree to accept conditions of these former powers
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Europe
sum: talking about how the unity formed between European nations was at a crucial time when the middle class was thriving and there wasn't a significant gap between these countries; now, underdeveloped lack unity that has founded the modern world; because these nations fundamentally rely on developed countries economically, finding complete independence would require a significant effort that often manifests through leaders rallying their subjects to make that big effort
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The well-being and the progress of Europe have been built up with the sweat and the dead bodies of Negroes, Arabs, Indians, and the yellow races. We
*
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it has been nourished with the blood of slaves and it comes directly from the soil and from the subsoil of that underdeveloped world.
*
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- Feb 2024
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is choice of alternatives was narrowly dictated by the colonialists, and he was only “free” to participate in the money economy and in the European- oriented cultural sector at the very lowest and uncreative levels
sum: debunking idea that Africans had more individual freedom- whatever freedom they had was at lowest level
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implication is that such a level of political organization and stability would otherwise have been impossible.
sum: debunking idea that colonialism brought nationalism, as it was based on European created divisions & implies inability of finding unity & political organization otherwise
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cotton
differing value of labor
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it is necessary to realize that the African contribution of unskilled labor was valued far less than the European contribution of skilled labor.
key pt.
very interesting to read this and see how complex the construction of Africa as a subordinate position in the international economy starting with the limited skillset afforded to the people
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t was on the desk of the skilled cutter that the rough diamond became a gem and soared in value. No Africans were al- lowed to come near that kind of technique in the colonial period.
**sum: the levels of work into producing a commodity; Africans only allowed into a specific portion where the true value didn't lie (manual labor) key point
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non-industrialization policy: Sudanese and Ugandans grew cotton but imported manufactured cotton goods, Ivory Coast grew cocoa and imported tinned cocoa and chocolate
*highlighting irony; africans importing african (Based) goods
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soil
sum: industrialization of Africa worked against desires of Euro capitalists
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hey were dependent both on European-owned capital and on the local capital of minority groups.
sum: why they were so few African capitalists; kinship ties?
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capitalism in the form of colonialism failed to perform in Africa the tasks which it had performed in Europe in changing social relations and liberating the forces of production.
**sum: there was not the necessary structures in place (burgeoise and working class) to allow capitalism to thrive, so it couldn't benefit Africa in same way it did Europe
very important point. Potential essay focus; our framework fo viewing Africa is stuck in a Western (capitalistic one); understanding function & value of different economies - ex. kinship based ones
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moneychangers
lowkey confused on this section about developent groups/funds in Africa
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development
sum: how capitalism did not seemlessly integrate into Africa; it challeneged the socio-economic structures in place & kinship ties
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oth CD&W and FIDES were part of the public relations propaganda of colonialism
sum: discussing propaganda of colonialism,how to explain the continuation of it by arguing profits & need for civilizing natives
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rest went to the various beneficiaries of the colonial system.
summarizing again how little of the fruits of African labor was returned to africans, and the rest went to those perpetuating colonial system
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ecause of the superprofits created by non-European peoples ever since slavery, the net flow was from colony to metropole. What was called “profits” in one year came back as “capital” the next
- summative/explanatory
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zambique
sum: debunking myth/re-evaluating notion that European capital invested in Africa helped them; in reality, this capital was a result of exploitation of African labor & of profit from slave trade
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effort
sum: railroads are one example of oppression/exploitation/disregard of Africans; they were not focused on African development but on how Europeans could not efficiently extract goods; didn't go to places with no exports
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ven the scanty social services were meant only to facilitate exploitation, they were not given to any Africans whose labor was not directly producing surplus for export to the metropoles. That is to say, none of the wealth of exploited Africans could be deployed for the as- sistance of their brothers outside the money economy.
- money had to be contained within exploiters; different levels within African economy, those at lowest (peasant cash-crop farmers) could not be brought into the wealth, or system could not maintain
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hospitals
sum: social services were disproportionately distributed among whites & blacks, affecting infant mortality, quality of life, etc.
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They failed to exercise any independent judgment on the great issues of war and peace, and
damn he's really attacking working-class Europeans; sum- saying they were led by sheep and partook in colonialism, not seeing how small battles were reworked & not truly solved in bigger issue
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the evidence points to this cynical use of Africa to buttress capitalism economically and militarily, and therefore in effect forcing Africa to contribute to its own exploitation.
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verseas France and that colonized Africans were euphemistically called “overseas Frenchmen.”
wweirdddd
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Sweden or where Belgium could gain at the expense of the U.S.A. They were all drowning, and that was why the benefits of the colonies saved not only the colonizing powers but all capitalist nations.
sum: devleoped capitalist countries couldn't gain from/inhibit each other, so they all benefited from further exploitation of colonies
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olonialists did the best they could to transfer the burdens of the depression away from Europe and on to the colonies.
*sum- in great depression, colonialists sought to transfer burden to colonies by lowering prices & raising cost of imported goods
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oundaries. It consisted of the proportions in which capitalist powers divided up among themselves the monetary and non-monetary gains from colonial Africa.
- economic partition of Africa
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ndoubtedly, European capitalism achieved more and more a social character in its production. It integrated the whole world; and with colonial experience as an important stimulus, it integrated very closely every aspect of its own economy—from agriculture to banking. But distribution was not social in character. The fruits of human labor went to a given minority class, which was of the white race and resident in Europe and North America. This is the crux of the dialectical process of development and underdevelopment, as it evolved over the colonial period.
overall summary
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he strengthening of the military apparatus of the European powers through colonial exploitation was doubly detrimental. Not only did it increase the overall technological gap between metropole and colony, but it immeasurably widened the gap in the most sensitive area, which had to do with concepts such as power and independence.
this is so interesting to think about; how the primary reason why places like North America & Europe are so developed/technologically advanced today ties back to the exploitation of raw African materials for re-investment in Western economies to stimulate capitalism
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Unskilled production by Africans was required to get the ore for export,
"unskilled production" idea - essay topic?
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it was helping to promote self-sustained growth and to produce the gap which is evident in any comparison of the developed and underdeveloped countries.
sum: how this division of labor grew the gap between developed/underdeveloped countries
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.
sum: imperialism prioritized the profitable skills for capitalist nations-refining goods brought tech & skills, where as Africa/colonies stayed in position of developmental subordination
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ilitary research had become the most highly organized branch of scientific re- search, and one that was subsidized by the capitalist states from the profits of international exploitation
sum: miltiary expansion supported by international exploitation
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These investment funds acquired from the colonies spread to many sectors in the metropoles and benefited industries that had nothing to do with processing of colonial products.
sum: specific arena developed for scientific research to be funded/guided/prioritized; also focus on reinvesting African surplus, and not into African economy
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metropoles
parent state of colony
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different
sum: colonization of african enabled series of events that heightened the technological & innovative transformation of Euro capitalism
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an intricate financial network which served the common end of enriching Europe at Africa’s expense.
*
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Boards
sum: numerous other boards that exploited African profits; unrest growing & peasants sought to escape boards, smuggling crop to nearby territories
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secure
sum: example with coaca, where Marteting Board for Coco control was set up to provide farmers living wage- became fixed wage that remained stagnant despite rising profits, which went to private companies
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practice
sum: using compulsory labor-"public works" for the construction of infrastructure to benefit export of cash crops
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profits
sum: these systems in palce allowed colonizing powers to intervene more directly in African society; find ways to influence Africans to participate in cash-crop farming; if they didnt, use tax, law, and force
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reserve
sum: levied taxes against Africans to pay for governors & police systems, effectively regaining money they invested in colonizing Africa
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how effectively foreign banks served to dispossess Africa of its wealth.
summative
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European banks transferred the reserves of their African branches to the London head office to be invested in the London money market. This was the way in which they most rapidly expatriated African surplus to the metropoles.
sum-how banks directly took money out of Africa and reinvested in in European economies
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One can say “in the background” because the peasant never dealt directly with such institutions, and was generally ignorant of their exploiting functions
notion of forces of exploitation "in the background"
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ifferences between the prices of African exports of raw materials and their importation of manufactured goods constituted a form of un- equal exchange.
** summative?explanatory
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nlimited because of his power in the colonial state, which insured that Ugandans worked long hours for very little. Besides, the price of the finished cotton shirt was so high that when re- imported into Uganda, cotton in the form of a shirt was beyond the purchasing power of the peasant who grew the cotton.
interesting** made price of shirt so high that those who worked to make it could not buy it
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easants worked for large numbers of hours to produce a given cash crop, and the price of the product was the price of those long hours of labor. Since primary produce from Africa has always received low prices, it follows that the buyer and user of the raw material was engaging in massive exploitation of the peasants.
I'm confused by wording of this section
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those businesses directly exploited African wage labor, while in one way or another all operations skimmed the cream produced by peasant efforts in the cash-crop sector.
sum: trading forms had a hand in multiple sectors of African economies, finding ways to further exploit labor and profits; formed pools to keep a high profit margin and owned nermous factories/trades
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offered
sum: African peasants faced the brunt of losses as they faced two-way pressure from not being able to choose how much they sold crops for how much to pay for imported goods
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companies were simply receiving tribute from a conquered people, without even the necessity to trouble themselves as to how the tributary goods were pro-. duced.
*important section: how companies could exploit peasant cash-crop farmers, who relied on European goods, had to pay taxes/debts, or were forced; because of nature of work (farming), companies didn't need to pay them living wage for food
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iverpool firms were no longer exploiting Africa by removing its labor physically to another part of the world. Instead, they were exploiting the labor and raw materials of Africa inside Africa.
** shift in form of exploitation
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expatriation
removal from one's native land
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fficials have admitted that the mining companies could pay whites higher than miners in any other part of the world because of the superprofits made by paying black workers a mere pittance.
*white could get more pay with sacrifice of black living wage
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month
sum: European & African workers payed differently for same work
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regimes
sum: numerous reasons contributed to devaluing of African/Black worker compared to white worker
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docdrop.org docdrop.orgUntitled5
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first things first!
dismissing entire feminist movement in one line
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my love,
patronizing language
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hy should they be allowed to come between us?
now inclusion of you-reader- women
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have been scattered
use of "i voice"
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My world has been raped
gendered language
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docdrop.org docdrop.orgUntitled15
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Grace
important that narrator maintains her voice as Grace throughout this section; she's still situating her personhood/identity
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hard, obvious things that are printed in books and the soft, sub- tle things that lodge themselves into the soul.
- personification of knowledge
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heathen
use of word "heathen" from both sides
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he year that Afamefuna left for secondary school in Onicha, Nwamgba felt as if a lamp had been blown out on a moonless night.
Descriptors- felt significant darkness, loss of hope; something out of her control, in situation she already disliked; Afemefuna was the lamp, the hope she had left
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ad they converted, too?
Nwamga feels everything in world she's come to know changing; Obierika was only sense of normalct
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nikwenwa cleared his throat and said she had been called Mgbeke before she became a Christian,
level of discomfort Anikwenwa has w/ these customs now
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He told her to tie her wrapper around her chest instead of her waist, because her nakedness was sinful.
shift in attitude towards nakedness
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hese people;
shift in voice
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His name was Anikwenwa as far as she was concerned; if they wanted to name him something she could not pronounce before teaching him their language, she did not mind ac all
her stubbornness/headstrongness; believes she can resist white missionary influence through will
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mission
somewhat of a warning from teacher about the missionaries; foreshadowing?
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He awoke to find a white man rubbing his feet with oil, and at first he was terrified, certain that he was being prepared for the white man’s meal.
interesting that they're turning myth of cannibalism onto whites; how ignorance can spread
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unthinkable that her only son, her single eye, should be given to the white men,
"her single eye"- what does that mean?
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Nwamgba saw the glowing malevolence that their smiles could not hide.
personification of their smiles; similar to envy
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wamgba’s retort was sharp, because she did not like Ayaju’s tone, which suggested that Obierika was impotent,
moodle comment-weight of fertility placed on women; so ingrained that she feels it about herself
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a group of girls saw Nwamgba and began to sing, their aggressive breasts point- ing at her.
"aggressive breasts"- highlighting their sexuality
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docdrop.org docdrop.orgUntitled3
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But she didn’t say that.
passivity
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.
Chioma maybe looks up to her mother
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insult of this: the Yel- low Woman coming to her boutique, looking at shoes and planning to pay for them with money that really belonged to her husband.
similar idea of crossing a boundary like w/ Imitation
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docdrop.org docdrop.orgsomeTitle11
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Europe
sum: political fragmentation/lack of unity within Africa aided Europe conquest & finding allies
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possible
sum- previous trade enabled the easy recruitment of colonial victims to become its enforcers
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imperialism
sum: how Africans helped with enforcing colonial rule; reminds me of TFA
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Religion
sum: Africans trading w/ Europe were pressured w/ need to secure education-learn white man's ways- which led to further subjugation
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the educational process also meant imbibing values which led to further African subjugation.
*
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trade goods, many of which had ceased to be mere curiosities or luxuries, and were regarded instead as necessities.
- sum- how European goods became integrated in African economies
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It was economics that determined that Europe should invest in Africa and control the continent’s raw materials and labor. It was racism which confirmed the decision that the form of control should be direct colonial rule.
** key summary
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conflagration
**sum: initially an idea that w/ imperialism, local population should have some political control; this fell apart with Africa, as each country wanted to profit, which would come through direct control & influence over as much as possible-- the "Scramble"
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Sudan
sum: Mohammed Ali brought change and independence to Egypt, which was opposed to needs of European capitalism. British & French in turn found way to turn Egypt into a place for "international monopoly financiers" who could use the land to exploit India and Arabia
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Africa
sum: one interpretation that Africa needed European colonization in order to meet their level & exit backwards/underdeveloped state they were in
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anti-slaving sentiments being at best superfluous and at worst calculated hypocrisy.
sum: arguments for colonization were said to be pure desire to stop slave trade; only stopped when it was more convenient/profitable to focus effort on gaining profit within Africa
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